A Postharvest Fruit Rot in d'Anjou Pears Caused by Sphaeropsis pyriputrescens sp. nov

During a survey of postharvest diseases in stored pears conducted in the 2001-02 storage season, a new postharvest fruit rot in d'Anjou pears was discovered in Washington State. Symptoms of this disease were stem-end rot, calyx-end rot, and wound-associated rot, which presumably originated from infections of stem, calyx, and wounds on the fruit surfaces, respectively. The decayed area on the fruit was firm or spongy and appeared brown. During the late storage period from March to May 2002, this disease was observed in 19 of 39 lots and accounted for 2 to 21% of all decayed fruit. The causal agent, Sphaeropsis sp., was consistently recovered from decayed fruit with the symptoms described above. Two isolates of the fungus were used for pathogenicity tests on pear fruit. Decay symptoms developed on fruit inoculated with spore suspensions of the fungus on the stem, calyx, and wounds on the fruit surface. The fungus was reisolated from these decayed fruit. The fungus, Sphaeropsis pyriputrescens sp. nov., was characterized and described. On potato dextrose agar (PDA), oatmeal agar, and pear juice agar at 20°C, the fungus grew at mean rates of 21, 15, and 24 mm day-1 in colony diameter, respectively. On PDA, the fungus formed a circular colony with dense, hyaline hyphae and a few or some aerial mycelia. Colonies appeared light yellow to yellow on 2-week-old PDA cultures. The fungus grew at temperatures from 0 to 25°C, with optimum growth between 15 and 20°C, little or no growth at 30°C, and no growth at 35°C. This is a low-temperature species.

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A New Canker and Twig Dieback Disease of Apple and Crabapple Trees Caused by Sphaeropsis pyriputrescens in Washington State

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pd-89-1130c ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 89 (10) ◽

pp. 1130-1130 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

C. L. Xiao ◽

R. J. Boal

Keyword(s):

Apple Orchard ◽

Washington State ◽

Fruit Rot ◽

Sodium Hypochlorite Solution ◽

Outer Bark ◽

Light Yellow ◽

Mycelial Plug ◽

Dieback Disease ◽

Fuji Apple ◽

Water Cut

Crabapple (Malus sylvestris) is commonly used as a source of pollen in apple production. During September and October 2003, a canker and twig dieback disease of ‘Manchurian’ crabapple trees was observed in some commercial apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) orchards (7- to 10-years-old) in north-central Washington State. A fungus was consistently isolated from 40 to 77% of sampled crabapple trees. During May 2004, the same symptoms and fungal association were observed in an 8-year-old ‘Fuji’ apple orchard in which all crabapple pollenizers and 43% of the Fuji trees were diseased. Canker and dieback appeared to originate from infection of dying or dead fruit spurs or pruning wounds. Cankered areas were slightly sunken, brown and the margin of diseased area often developed cracks in the cortical tissue. Pycnidia were often present in older areas of the lesion. Pycnidia were black, 0.3 to 0.6 mm in diameter, separate to aggregated in small numbers, and partially immersed to nearly superficial in the diseased tissue. To isolate the fungus, outer bark tissues of diseased twigs were scraped and small tissue segments were cut from the canker margin. Tissue segments were surface disinfested for 5 min in 0.5% sodium hypochlorite solution, rinsed three times with sterile water, cut into small pieces, and placed on acidified potato-dextrose agar (APDA, 4.0 ml of a 25% solution of lactic acid per liter of medium). Isolation plates were incubated at 20°C in the dark. Colonies of the fungus first appeared as dense colorless mycelium that later turned light yellow to yellow. The fungus was identified as Sphaeropsis pyriputrescens Xiao & J. D. Rogers (1). To complete Koch's postulates, two isolates (one each from apple and crabapple) were used in pathogenicity tests on ‘Fuji’ apple and ‘Manchurian’ crabapple trees. In the orchard, selected 2-year-old twigs were sprayed with 70% ethanol and allowed to dry. Twigs were wounded to a depth of 1 to 2 mm with a sterile 5-mm-diameter cork borer; a 5-mm mycelial plug from 4-day-old PDA cultures of S. pyriputrescens was placed into each wound. Twigs wounded and treated with sterile APDA plugs were used as controls. Inoculation sites were covered with moist cheesecloth and sealed with Parafilm that was removed 3 weeks after inoculation. Four twigs per isolate on each of four trees were inoculated. The experiment was conducted twice (April and November 2004 for apple; two different locations in March 2004 for crabapple). At 2 and 6 months after inoculation, two apple twigs per treatment were removed from each tree. All crabapple twigs were removed 2 months after inoculation. Canker sizes were measured and reisolation of the fungus was attempted as described above. Both isolates caused cankers on apple and crabapple twigs. Mean canker sizes at 6 months after inoculation were 11 and 32 mm on apple twigs inoculated in April and November 2004, respectively and 7 to 8 mm on crabapple twigs at 2 months after inoculation. No cankers developed on control twigs. S. pyriputrescens was reisolated from all inoculated twigs and was not recovered from noninoculated controls. S. pyriputrescens is the cause of Sphaeropsis rot, a recently reported postharvest fruit rot disease of apple and pear (1,2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of this fungus causing cankers and twig dieback on apple and crabapple trees. Reference: (1) C. L. Xiao and J. D. Rogers. Plant Dis. 88:114, 2004. (2) C. L. Xiao et al. Plant Dis. 88:223, 2004.

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A Postharvest Fruit Rot in Apple Caused by Phacidiopycnis washingtonensis

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pd-90-1376 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 90 (11) ◽

pp. 1376-1381 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Y. K. Kim ◽

C. L. Xiao

Keyword(s):

New Species ◽

Washington State ◽

Fruit Rot ◽

Postharvest Diseases ◽

Disease Symptoms ◽

Fruit Skin ◽

Golden Delicious ◽

Phacidiopycnis Washingtonensis ◽

A New Species ◽

Decay Development

During a survey of postharvest diseases in Red Delicious apples (Malus domestica) conducted in 2003, a previously undescribed postharvest fruit rot was discovered in Washington State. The causal agent has been described as a new species, Phacidiopycnis washingtonensis. In this study, we described the symptomatology of this disease, determined its occurrence and prevalence in Washington State, tested pathogenicity, and determined infection courts on fruit of three apple varieties. Decayed fruit were sampled from 26, 72, and 81 grower lots during March to August in 2003, 2004, and 2005, respectively, during packing operations from commercial packinghouses. Symptoms of decayed fruit were recorded and isolations were made from decayed fruit to correlate causal agents with the disease symptoms observed. Fruit of Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, and Fuji apples were inoculated in the orchards with conidial suspensions of the fungus at 1 and 2 weeks before harvest. All fruit were harvested and stored at 0°C, and decay development on the fruit was monitored monthly for up to 9 months. The symptoms were primarily stem-end rot and calyx-end rot. Infection also occurred at lenticels on fruit skin, particularly on Golden Delicious. The decayed area was spongy to firm and appeared light brown to brown. On Red Delicious, brown to black specks at lenticels often appeared at the decayed area as the disease advanced. This disease occurred in 23, 26, and 17% of the total grower lots, accounting for approximately 1, 4, and 3% of the total decay in 2003, 2004, and 2005, respectively. In 2004 and 2005, severe losses of fruit were observed in three grower lots of Red Delicious, and their losses were as high as 24%. After 9 months in storage, 48, 48, and 24% of Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, and Fuji that were inoculated in the orchards, respectively, developed symptoms of this disease, and the fungus was reisolated from decayed fruit. Stem-end rot was common on Red Delicious and Golden Delicious, whereas calyx-end rot was common on Fuji. We propose “speck rot” as the name of this disease.

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Prevalence and Incidence of Phacidiopycnis Rot in d'Anjou Pears in Washington State

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.2004.88.4.413 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 88 (4) ◽

pp. 413-418 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

C. L. Xiao ◽

R. J. Boal

Keyword(s):

The United States ◽

Gray Mold ◽

Washington State ◽

Postharvest Disease ◽

Wound Infections ◽

Postharvest Diseases ◽

Pear Fruit ◽

Blue Mold ◽

Penicillium Spp ◽

Organic Orchards

Phacidiopycnis rot, caused by Phacidiopycnis piri, is a newly recognized postharvest disease in pear fruit (Pyrus communis cv. d'Anjou) in the United States. To determine the prevalence and incidence of this disease, decayed fruit were sampled during packing and repacking operations from four packinghouses in 2001 and 2002. During March to May (repacking) in 2001, Phacidiopycnis rot was found in packed fruit that were stored in cardboard boxes from 22 of 26 grower lots (orchards), and accounted for 5 to 71% of the total decay. Phacidiopycnis rot, gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea, and blue mold caused by Penicillium spp. accounted for an average of 34.1, 10.3, and 33.6% of decayed fruit from conventional orchards, respectively; and 22.8, 35.7, and 23.5% of decayed fruit from organic orchards, respectively. During November 2001 to January 2002 (packing), Phacidiopycnis rot was observed in fruit that were stored in field bins before packing from 30 of 33 grower lots, accounting for 18.4% of decayed fruit sampled. During March to May in 2002, Phacidiopycnis rot was responsible for 2 to 68% of decayed fruit sampled from 36 of 39 grower lots. Phacidiopycnis rot, gray mold, and blue mold accounted for an average of 19.6, 26.8, and 37.4% of decayed fruit from conventional orchards, respectively; and 42.2, 25.7, and 8.2% of decayed fruit from organic orchards, respectively. Most Phacidiopycnis rot that occurred in field bins before packing appeared to originate from wound infections; whereas after packing, approximately 60 and 30% of Phacidiopycnis rot originated from stem and calyx infections, respectively. This study indicates that Phacidiopycnis rot should be considered one of the targets for control of postharvest diseases in d'Anjou pears in the region.

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Effect of three storage methods on fruit decay and brown rot of apple

International Journal of Horticultural Science ◽

10.31421/ijhs/13/3/746 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

B. Balla ◽

I. J. Holb

Keyword(s):

Health Status ◽

Storage Period ◽

Brown Rot ◽

Storage Condition ◽

Storage Conditions ◽

Fruit Rot ◽

Low Oxygen ◽

Controlled Atmospheres ◽

Fruit Decay ◽

Storage Methods

The aim of our two-year study was to evaluate fruit decay and Monilinia fruit rot in three controlled atmospheres (CA), ultra-low oxygen (ULO) and traditional storage methods on apples for a duration of several months storage period. Four phytopathological treatments were studied under each storage condition: 1) 48 healthy fruit per unit, 2) 48 injured fruit per unit, 3) 47 healthy fruit and 1 brown rotted fruit per unit, and 4) 47 injured fruit and 1 brown rotted fruit per unit. Our results clearly demonstrated that fruit loss during storage is highly influenced by storage conditions and health status of the stored fruits. In the 2005 experiment, the lowest and largest fruit decay occurred under the ULO and traditional storage conditions, respectively (Table 1). The fruit decay was significantly different for the different storage methods. Fruit decay was fully suppressed in ULO storage except in the treatments of injured and injured + 1 brown rotted apple. Under CA and traditional storage conditions, when healthy fruit was stored, fruit decay was significantly lower compared with injured fruit including 1 brown rotted fruits. However, half of the fruit decay was caused by M. fructigena in CA store irrespective to phytopathogenic treatments. In 2006, results were not so consistent on cv. Idared but were not essentially different from the 2005 experiments.

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Disease Incidence—Inoculum Dose Relationships for Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum and Decay of Pear Fruit Using Dry, Airborne Conidia

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.2001.85.7.755 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 85 (7) ◽

pp. 755-759 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Robert A. Spotts ◽

Louis A. Cervantes

Keyword(s):

Botrytis Cinerea ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Gray Mold ◽

Fruit Rot ◽

Penicillium Expansum ◽

Pear Fruit ◽

Blue Mold ◽

Inoculum Dose ◽

Airborne Concentration ◽

Fruit Decay

The objective of this research was to determine quantitative relationships between incidence of pear fruit decay and inoculum dose of Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum using dry conidia applied to wet or dry pears in a settling tower. On wet fruit, incidence of gray mold fruit rot increased from 0.1 to 83.1% as the airborne concentration of B. cinerea conidia increased from 0 to 8.6 spores per liter of air. Significantly less decay occurred in fruit inoculated dry compared to wet, particularly in fruit wounded after inoculation. Incidence of blue mold increased from 1 to 100% as the airborne concentration of P. expansum conidia increased from 0.1 to 803.5 spores per liter of air. Blue mold incidence was not affected by fruit wetness or time of wounding relative to inoculation. All regressions of decay incidence versus airborne and surface conidial concentrations were highly significant (P = 0.01).

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Pruning of Manchurian Crabapple for Management of Speck Rot and Sphaeropsis Rot in Apple

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci12672-17 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 53 (3) ◽

pp. 329-333 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Parama Sikdar ◽

Mike Willett ◽

Mark Mazzola

Keyword(s):

Pacific Northwest ◽

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Market Access ◽

Primary Source ◽

Washington State ◽

Fruit Rot ◽

Chinese Government ◽

Postharvest Diseases ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Sphaeropsis Rot

Phacidiopycnis washingtonensis and Sphaeropsis pyriputrescens are fungal pathogens that cause postharvest speck rot and Sphaeropsis rot, respectively, in apple. Under quarantine regulations established by the Chinese government, export of apple from Washington State to China was banned between 2012 and 2014 because of detection of these pathogens in apple shipments. Previous studies established that pycnidia of P. washingtonensis and S. pyriputrescens survive in twig cankers on manchurian crabapple which serves as a dominant pollinizer in the Washington State apple industry. These pycnidia serve as a primary source of inoculum for infection of apple fruit in the orchard. The objective of this research was to conduct a study at multiple locations in Washington State to determine the efficacy of implementing manchurian crabapple pruning as a method to control speck rot and Sphaeropsis rot in storage. Four commercial orchards at geographically distant locations in Washington State were selected in 2014 and three in 2015. In 2014, two treatments included preharvest pruning of manchurian crabapple and postharvest application of pyrimethanil and untreated control. In 2015, preharvest pruning alone (PO) of manchurian crabapple was included in addition to the two treatments examined in 2014. Pruning conducted in concert with postharvest fungicide treatment significantly reduced the incidence of speck rot and Sphaeropsis rot in storage during the initial experimental field season. During year 2, both the PO and pruning with postharvest fungicide application controlled fruit rot with no significant difference between the two treatments. Findings from this study will be instrumental for the control of these postharvest diseases and maintenance of international market access for fruit from the Pacific Northwest.

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A Postharvest Fruit Rot of Apple Caused by Lambertella corni-maris in Washington State

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-03-14-0327-re ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 99 (2) ◽

pp. 201-206 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

M. S. Wiseman ◽

F. M. Dugan ◽

Y. K. Kim ◽

C. L. Xiao

Keyword(s):

Ribosomal Subunit ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Aerial Mycelium ◽

The United States ◽

Skin Lesions ◽

Apple Fruit ◽

Washington State ◽

Fruit Rot ◽

Postharvest Diseases ◽

Diseased Fruit

During surveys for postharvest diseases of apple conducted in Washington State, an unknown fruit rot was observed on stored apple fruit collected from commercial fruit packinghouses. This disease was present in 66 of the 179 grower lots sampled, accounting for an average 1 to 3% of the total decayed fruit sampled. The disease appeared to originate from infection of wounds on the fruit skin. Lesions were brown and decayed tissues were spongy. A Lambertella sp. was consistently isolated from the decayed fruit. Sequences of the fungus and those of Lambertella corni-maris in GenBank differed by 0 to 4 bp across the combined small ribosomal subunit + internal transcribed spacer + large ribosomal subunit regions with a maximum identity ranging from 99 to 100%. The fungus grew at 0 to 20°C and formed apothecia on artificial media after 8 to 24 weeks. On potato dextrose agar under a 12-h photoperiod, apothecial dimensions were variable, ranging from 1 to 6 mm in diameter with stipes of 1 to 4 by 0.5 mm. Asci were 76 to 125 by 3.5 to 5.5 μm, inoperculate, eight-spored, clavate, and narrowed at the base. Ascospores were aseptate, 7 to 10 by 2.5 to 4.5 μm, uniseriate to biseriate, and orange-brown at maturity in the ascus. Colony characteristics included little or no aerial mycelium, dark-yellow to gray-black mycelium, gray-black pseudosclerotia, and yellow pigmentation in the agar. Morphological characteristics of the fungus overlapped with the description of L. corni-maris. ‘Fuji’ apple fruit that were wounded, inoculated with representative isolates, and incubated at 0°C yielded the same symptoms as seen in packinghouses, and the fungus was reisolated from the diseased fruit. This is the first report of a fruit rot in stored apple caused by L. corni-maris in the United States. We propose Lambertella rot as the name of this disease.

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A New Postharvest Fruit Rot in Apple and Pear Caused by Phacidium lacerum

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-02-15-0158-re ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 100 (1) ◽

pp. 32-39 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

M. S. Wiseman ◽

Y. K. Kim ◽

F. M. Dugan ◽

J. D. Rogers ◽

C. L. Xiao

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Analysis ◽

Ribosomal Subunit ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Apple Fruit ◽

Fruit Rot ◽

Morphological Data ◽

Postharvest Diseases ◽

Pear Fruit ◽

Diseased Fruit ◽

Molecular Phylogenetic

During surveys for postharvest diseases of apple and pear, an unknown postharvest fruit rot was observed in Washington State. The disease appeared to originate from infection of the stem and calyx tissue of the fruit or wounds on the fruit. An unknown pycnidial fungus was consistently isolated from the decayed fruit. Isolates from apple and pear were characterized and identified by molecular phylogenetic analysis and morphology. Pathogenicity of representative isolates on apple and pear fruit was tested under laboratory or field conditions. A BLAST search in GenBank showed that isolates differed from Phacidium lacerum and its synonym, Ceuthospora pinastri, by only 0 to 4 bp in sequences within part of the combined large ribosomal subunit + internal transcribed spacer + small ribosomal subunit regions. The phylogenetic analysis confirmed the taxonomic placement of the unknown fungus in the genus Phacidium, with the highest match being C. pinastri (formerly anamorphic P. lacerum) and with closely related taxa from GenBank forming congeneric clades. The fungus grew at 0 to 30°C and formed unilocular to multilocular pycnidial conidiomata on artificial media after approximately 5 to 7 days at room temperature. On potato dextrose agar incubated for a 12-h photoperiod, semi-immersed globose to subglobose pycnidial conidiomata were 250 to 1,000 μm in diameter (mean = 350), with 1 to 3 nonpapillate to slightly papillate ostioles and a buff conidial matrix. Conidia produced on phialides were 8 to 13 by 1.5 to 2.5 μm, hyaline, aseptate, cylindrical, with an abruptly tapered, typically slightly protuberant base, 2 to 3 guttules, and sometimes with a mucilaginous, flexuous, unbranched appendage which is attached to the apex of the conidium and disappears with age. Conidiogenous cells were flask shaped and 6 to 15 ×1.5 to 3 μm. Colony characteristics included felt-like aerial white mycelium, gray olivaceous at the center becoming greenish to colorless toward the margin, in concentric rings, with pycnidia forming in 5 to 7 days originating from the center of the plate. Morphological characteristics of the fungus had the greatest conformity with the description for C. pinastri. Based on molecular and morphological data, the fungus is identified as P. lacerum. ‘Fuji’ apple fruit and ‘d’Anjou’ pear fruit that were wounded, inoculated with representative isolates, and incubated at 0°C yielded the same symptoms as seen on decayed fruit collected from commercial fruit packinghouses. Stem-end rot, calyx-end rot, and wound-associated rot developed on fruit inoculated in the orchard after 3 months of cold storage. The fungus was reisolated from the diseased fruit. This is the first report of a fruit rot in apple and pear caused by P. lacerum. We propose Phacidium rot as the name of this disease.

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Identification of Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae Causing Fruit Rot of Citrus in China

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10020202 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 202

Author(s):

Jianghua Chen ◽

Zihang Zhu ◽

Yanping Fu ◽

Jiasen Cheng ◽

Jiatao Xie ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Elongation Factor ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Citrus Fruit ◽

Economic Loss ◽

Fruit Rot ◽

Post Inoculation ◽

Citrus Reticulata ◽

Postharvest Diseases ◽

Citrus Reticulata Blanco

Considering the huge economic loss caused by postharvest diseases, the identification and prevention of citrus postharvest diseases is vital to the citrus industry. In 2018, 16 decayed citrus fruit from four citrus varieties—Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu), Ponkan (Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Ponkan), Nanfeng mandarin (Citrus reticulata cv. nanfengmiju), and Sugar orange (Citrus reticulata Blanco)—showing soft rot and sogginess on their surfaces and covered with white mycelia were collected from storage rooms in seven provinces. The pathogens were isolated and the pathogenicity of the isolates was tested. The fungal strains were identified as Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae based on their morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses using the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS), translation elongation factor 1-α gene (TEF), and beta-tubulin (TUB) gene sequences. The strains could infect wounded citrus fruit and cause decay within two days post inoculation, but could not infect unwounded fruit. To our knowledge, this is the first report of citrus fruit decay caused by L. pseudotheobromae in China.

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Outbreak of Leaf Spot and Fruit Rot in Florida Strawberry Caused by Neopestalotiopsis spp.

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-06-20-1290-re ◽

2021 ◽

pp. PDIS-06-20-1290

Author(s):

Juliana S. Baggio ◽

Bruna B. Forcelini ◽

Nan-Yi Wang ◽

Rafaela G. Ruschel ◽

James C. Mertely ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Taxonomic Status ◽

Spore Production ◽

Potato Dextrose Agar ◽

Fruit Rot ◽

Low Genetic Diversity ◽

Pathogenicity Tests ◽

A New Species

Pestalotiopsis-like species have been reported affecting strawberry worldwide. Recently, severe and unprecedented outbreaks have been reported in Florida commercial fields where leaf, fruit, petiole, crown, and root symptoms were observed, and yield was severely affected. The taxonomic status of the fungus is confusing because it has gone through multiple reclassifications over the years. Morphological characteristics, phylogenetic analyses, and pathogenicity tests were evaluated for strawberry isolates recovered from diseased plants in Florida. Phylogenetic analyses derived from the combined internal transcribed spacer, β-tub, and tef1 regions demonstrated that although there was low genetic diversity among the strawberry isolates, there was a clear separation of the isolates in two groups. The first group included isolates recovered over a period of several years, which was identified as Neopestalotiopsis rosae. Most isolates recovered during the recent outbreaks were genetically different and may belong to a new species. On potato dextrose agar, both groups produced white, circular, and cottony colonies. From the bottom, colonies were white to pale yellow for Neopestalotiopsis sp. and pale luteous to orange for N. rosae. Spores for both groups were five-celled with three median versicolored cells. Mycelial growth and spore production were higher for the new Neopestalotiopsis sp. isolates. Isolates from both groups were pathogenic to strawberry roots and crowns. However, the new Neopestalotiopsis sp. proved more aggressive in fruit and leaf inoculation tests, confirming observations from the recent outbreaks in commercial strawberry fields in Florida.

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