Toxicity and Field Efficacy of Acetamiprid on Asparagus Beetle

The asparagus beetle, Crioceris asparagi L., is a major pest of asparagus in the United States. Commercial growers typically apply a foliar insecticide in the spring to kill adults before they can oviposit on asparagus spears. However, very few new insecticides have been registered on the crop in the last twenty years, and many chemicals have lost their registrations due to enactment of the Food Quality Protection Act. Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a novel neonicotinoid insecticide, acetamiprid, to control all life stages of the asparagus beetle. Laboratory toxicity assays revealed that acetamiprid is highly toxic to asparagus beetle eggs and larvae. LC50 levels were 8.95 mg ai/liter for eggs and 0.012 mg ai/liter for larvae. Field efficacy trials in Virginia showed that acetamiprid applied at 0.112 kg ai/ha significantly reduced the numbers of asparagus beetle adults, eggs, and larvae on asparagus equal to or greater than that of the insecticide standard, methomyl. Acetamiprid also provided excellent control of aphids on spears, equal to or greater than that of methomyl. Accepted for publication 3 May 2006. Published 18 August 2006.

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Multiple herbicide-resistant horseweed (Conyza canadensis) dose response to tolpyralate and tolpyralate plus atrazine and comparison to industry standard herbicides in corn

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/wet.2019.20 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

pp. 366-373 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Brendan A. Metzger ◽

Nader Soltani ◽

Alan J. Raeder ◽

David C. Hooker ◽

Darren E. Robinson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Field Experiments ◽

The United States ◽

Conyza Canadensis ◽

Biologically Effective Dose ◽

Herbicide Resistant ◽

Field Crops ◽

Industry Standard ◽

Excellent Control ◽

Management Challenge

AbstractHorseweed biotypes resistant to glyphosate and ALS-inhibiting herbicides are becoming more prevalent in Canada and the United States and present a significant management challenge in field crops. Tolpyralate is a recently commercialized herbicide for use in corn that inhibits 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD), and there is little information regarding its efficacy on horseweed. Six field experiments were conducted in 2017 and 2018 at four locations in Ontario, Canada, to determine the biologically effective dose of tolpyralate and tolpyralate + atrazine and to compare label rates of tolpyralate and tolpyralate + atrazine to currently accepted herbicide standards for POST control of glyphosate and cloransulam-methyl resistant (MR) horseweed. At 8 wk after application (WAA), tolpyralate at 4.8 and 22.6 g ha–1provided 50% and 80% control, respectively. When applied with atrazine at a 1:33.3 tank-mix ratio, 22.3 + 741.7 g ha–1provided 95% control of MR horseweed. The addition of atrazine to tolpyralate at label rates improved control of MR horseweed to 98%, which was similar to the control provided by dicamba:atrazine and bromoxynil + atrazine. The results of this study indicate that tolpyralate + atrazine provides excellent control of MR horseweed POST in corn.

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Interaction of dicamba, fluthiacet-methyl, and glyphosate for control of velvetleaf (Abutilon theopharsti) in dicamba/glyphosate-resistant soybean

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/wet.2021.40 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-21

Author(s):

Jose H. S. de Sanctis ◽

Amit J. Jhala

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Field Experiments ◽

The United States ◽

Application Rate ◽

Herbicide Application ◽

Soybean Yield ◽

Agronomic Crops ◽

Split Plot ◽

Main Plot ◽

Biomass Reduction

Abstract Velvetleaf is an economically important weed in agronomic crops in Nebraska and the United States. Dicamba applied alone usually does not provide complete velvetleaf control, particularly when velvetleaf is greater than 15 cm tall. The objectives of this experiment were to evaluate the interaction of dicamba, fluthiacet-methyl, and glyphosate applied alone or in a mixture in two- or three-way combinations for velvetleaf control in dicamba/glyphosate-resistant (DGR) soybean and to evaluate whether velvetleaf height (≤ 12 cm or ≤ 20 cm) at the time of herbicide application influences herbicide efficacy, velvetleaf density, biomass, and soybean yield. Field experiments were conducted near Clay Center, Nebraska in 2019 and 2020. The experiment was arranged in a split-plot with velvetleaf height (≤ 12 cm or ≤ 20 cm) as the main plot treatment and herbicides as sub-plot treatment. Fluthiacet provided ≥ 94% velvetleaf control 28 d after treatment (DAT) and ≥ 96% biomass reduction regardless of application rate or velvetleaf height. Velvetleaf control was 31% to 74% at 28 DAT when dicamba or glyphosate was applied alone to velvetleaf ≤ 20 cm tall compared with 47% to 100% control applied to ≤ 12 cm tall plants. Dicamba applied alone to ≤ 20 cm tall velvetleaf provided < 75% control and < 87% biomass reduction 28 DAT compared with ≥ 90% control with dicamba at 560 g ae ha−1 + fluthiacet at 7.2 g ai ha−1 or glyphosate at 1,260 g ae ha−1. Dicmaba at 280 g ae ha−1 + glyphosate at 630 g ae ha−1 applied to ≤ 20 cm tall velvetleaf resulted in 86% control 28 DAT compared with the expected 99% control. The interaction of dicamba + fluthiacet + glyphosate was additive for velvetleaf control and biomass reduction regardless of application rate and velvetleaf height.

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Exotic Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae) in the United States: Biology, Ecology, and Strategies for Management

Journal of Integrated Pest Management ◽

10.1093/jipm/pmaa019 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Brittany L Schappach ◽

Rayda K Krell ◽

Victoria L Hornbostel ◽

Neeta P Connally

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Vector Competence ◽

The United States ◽

United States Department ◽

Haemaphysalis Longicornis ◽

Life Stages ◽

Department Of Agriculture ◽

Management Options ◽

Significant Public Health ◽

Multiple Pathogens

Abstract The Asian longhorned tick (ALT), Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann (Acari: Ixodidae), is a three-host tick that was first detected outside of United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) quarantine in Hunterdon County, New Jersey, in 2017 and subsequently found in another 14 states. In its native Asia, and where it has become established in Australia and New Zealand, ALTs feed on a variety of hosts and are economically important livestock pests and competent vectors of multiple pathogens to humans and other animals. The degree to which ALT will become a persistent livestock pest or competent vector for introduced or existing pathogens in the United States is yet unclear. Because of its vast host availability, ability to reproduce asexually, known vector competence, and the presence of multiple life stages on hosts, the expansion of ALT establishment in the United States is expected, and is a significant public health and veterinary concern. In this paper, we discuss the biology, geographical distribution, life cycle and seasonal activity, reproduction, identification, medical and veterinary implications, management options, and future concerns in the United States.

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Field Evaluations of Leaf Spot Resistance and Yield in Peanut Genotypes in the United States and Bolivia

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-06-10-0454 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 95 (3) ◽

pp. 263-268 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

S. K. Gremillion ◽

A. K. Culbreath ◽

D. W. Gorbet ◽

B. G. Mullinix ◽

R. N. Pittman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Disease Resistance ◽

Leaf Spot ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

The United States ◽

Yield Potential ◽

Cercospora Arachidicola ◽

Breeding Lines ◽

Progress Curve

Field experiments were conducted in 2002 to 2006 to characterize yield potential and disease resistance in the Bolivian landrace peanut (Arachis hypogaea) cv. Bayo Grande, and breeding lines developed from crosses of Bayo Grande and U.S. cv. Florida MDR-98. Diseases of interest included early leaf spot, caused by the fungus Cercospora arachidicola, and late leaf spot, caused by the fungus Cercosporidium personatum. Bayo Grande, MDR-98, and three breeding lines, along with U.S. cvs. C-99R and Georgia Green, were included in split-plot field experiments in six locations across the United States and Bolivia. Whole-plot treatments consisted of two tebuconazole applications and a nontreated control. Genotypes were the subplot treatments. Area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) for percent defoliation due to leaf spot was lower for Bayo Grande and all breeding lines than for Georgia Green at all U.S. locations across years. AUDPC for disease incidence from one U.S. location indicated similar results. Severity of leaf spot epidemics and relative effects of the genotypes were less consistent in the Bolivian experiments. In Bolivia, there were no indications of greater levels of disease resistance in any of the breeding lines than in Bayo Grande. In the United States, yields of Bayo Grande and the breeding lines were greater than those of the other genotypes in 1 of 2 years. In Bolivia, low disease intensity resulted in the highest yields in Georgia Green, while high disease intensity resulted in comparable yields among the breeding lines, MDR-98, and C-99R. Leaf spot suppression by tebuconazole was greater in Bolivia than in the United States. This result indicates a possible higher level of fungicide resistance in the U.S. population of leaf spot pathogens. Overall, data from this study suggest that Bayo Grande and the breeding lines may be desirable germplasm for U.S. and Bolivian breeding programs or production.

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Meningococcal Antigen Typing System (MATS)-Based Neisseria meningitidis Serogroup B Coverage Prediction for the MenB-4C Vaccine in the United States

mSphere ◽

10.1128/msphere.00261-17 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (6) ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Gowrisankar Rajam ◽

Maria Stella ◽

Ellie Kim ◽

Simon Paulos ◽

Giuseppe Boccadifuoco ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Vaccine Coverage ◽

Binding Protein ◽

The United States ◽

Factor H ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Immune Reactivity ◽

Content Type ◽

Efficacy Trials ◽

Typing System

ABSTRACT The meningococcal antigen typing system (MATS) is an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based system that assesses the levels of expression and immune reactivity of the three recombinant MenB-4C antigens and, in conjunction with PorA variable 2 (VR2) sequencing, provides an estimate of the susceptibility of NmB isolates to killing by MenB-4C-induced antibodies. MATS assays or similar antigen phenotype analyses assume importance under conditions in which analyses of vaccine coverage predictions are not feasible with existing strategies, including large efficacy trials or functional antibody screening of an exhaustive strain panel. MATS screening of a panel of NmB U.S. isolates (n = 442) predicts high MenB-4C vaccine coverage in the United States. Neisseria meningitidis is the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in children and young adults worldwide. A 4-component vaccine against N. meningitidis serogroup B (MenB) disease (MenB-4C [Bexsero]; GSK) combining factor H binding protein (fHBP), neisserial heparin binding protein (NHBA), neisserial adhesin A (NadA), and PorA-containing outer membrane vesicles was recently approved for use in the United States and other countries worldwide. Because the public health impact of MenB-4C in the United States is unclear, we used the meningococcal antigen typing system (MATS) to assess the strain coverage in a panel of strains representative of serogroup B (NmB) disease in the United States. MATS data correlate with killing in the human complement serum bactericidal assay (hSBA) and predict the susceptibility of NmB strains to killing in the hSBA, the accepted correlate of protection for MenB-4C vaccine. A panel of 442 NmB United States clinical isolates (collected in 2000 to 2008) whose data were down weighted with respect to the Oregon outbreak was selected from the Active Bacterial Core Surveillance (ABCs; CDC, Atlanta, GA) laboratory. MATS results examined to determine strain coverage were linked to multilocus sequence typing and antigen sequence data. MATS predicted that 91% (95% confidence interval [CI95], 72% to 96%) of the NmB strains causing disease in the United States would be covered by the MenB-4C vaccine, with the estimated coverage ranging from 88% to 97% by year with no detectable temporal trend. More than half of the covered strains could be targeted by two or more antigens. NHBA conferred coverage to 83% (CI95, 45% to 93%) of the strains, followed by factor H-binding protein (fHbp), which conferred coverage to 53% (CI95, 46% to 57%); PorA, which conferred coverage to 5.9%; and NadA, which conferred coverage to 2.5% (CI95, 1.1% to 5.2%). Two major clonal complexes (CC32 and CC41/44) had 99% strain coverage. The most frequent MATS phenotypes (39%) were fHbp and NHBA double positives. MATS predicts over 90% MenB-4C strain coverage in the United States, and the prediction is stable in time and consistent among bacterial genotypes. IMPORTANCE The meningococcal antigen typing system (MATS) is an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based system that assesses the levels of expression and immune reactivity of the three recombinant MenB-4C antigens and, in conjunction with PorA variable 2 (VR2) sequencing, provides an estimate of the susceptibility of NmB isolates to killing by MenB-4C-induced antibodies. MATS assays or similar antigen phenotype analyses assume importance under conditions in which analyses of vaccine coverage predictions are not feasible with existing strategies, including large efficacy trials or functional antibody screening of an exhaustive strain panel. MATS screening of a panel of NmB U.S. isolates (n = 442) predicts high MenB-4C vaccine coverage in the United States.

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Consumer Preferences for Oyster Attributes: Field Experiments on Brand, Locality, and Growing Method

Agricultural and Resource Economics Review ◽

10.1017/age.2017.21 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 46 (2) ◽

pp. 315-337 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Maik Kecinski ◽

Kent D. Messer ◽

Lauren Knapp ◽

Yosef Shirazi

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Consumer Preferences ◽

Revealed Preference ◽

The United States ◽

Dichotomous Choice ◽

Production Methods ◽

The Past ◽

Oyster Aquaculture ◽

First Time

Oyster aquaculture has experienced tremendous growth in the United States over the past decade, but little is known about consumer preferences for oysters. This study analyzed preferences for oysters with varied combinations of brands, production locations, and production methods (aquaculture vs. wild-caught) using dichotomous choice, revealed preference economic field experiments. Results suggest significant and distinct differences in behavior between first-time and regular oyster consumers. While infrequent oyster consumers were drawn to oysters labeled as wild-caught, experienced oyster consumers preferred oysters raised via aquaculture. These findings will be valuable for growers and policymakers who invest in aquaculture to improve surrounding ecosystems.

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DEVELOPMENTAL ADAPTATION OF THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER (OSTRINIA NUBILALIS HÜBNER) IN ALBERTA

The Canadian Entomologist ◽

10.4039/ent119371-4 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 119 (4) ◽

pp. 371-380 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Dennis A. Lee ◽

John R. Spence

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Ostrinia Nubilalis ◽

European Corn Borer ◽

The United States ◽

Life Stages ◽

Corn Borer ◽

Corn Borers ◽

Developmental Thresholds ◽

Temperature Thresholds ◽

Higher Temperature

AbstractTemperature effects on development were studied for two Alberta populations of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), from the South Saskatchewan River valley and the surrounding plains. Lower developmental thresholds for all life stages of both Alberta populations were determined by linear regression. Thresholds for the egg stage were significantly less for plains borers (9.5°C) than for valley borers (10.8°C), and about 2°C lower than for corn borers from the United States. Thresholds in Alberta populations for the 4th (15.3°C) and 5th (14.0°C, plains) instars, and for post-diapause pupation (12.8°C), were much higher than in populations from the United States. Higher temperature thresholds delay development in Alberta populations, thus reducing midsummer pupation. Valley populations developed significantly faster than plains populations during egg development, during the prepupal period of the 5th instar, and during post-diapause pupation. These results explain why valley populations have a partial second generation in some years.

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Coleopteran Pests: Family Scarabaeidae

Turfgrass Insects of the United States and Canada ◽

10.7591/cornell/9781501747953.003.0011 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 161-173

Author(s):

Patricia J. Vittum

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

The United States ◽

Southwestern United States ◽

Northeastern United States ◽

White Grubs ◽

Large Complex ◽

The Family ◽

Major Pest ◽

General Appearance

This chapter studies Coleopteran pests. The larvae of turfgrass-infesting species of the family Scarabaeidae constitute a large complex whose members (white grubs) are similar in general appearance, in habits, and in the turfgrass damage they cause. At least 10 species of scarabs, belonging to five subfamilies, are pests of turfgrass in the United States. The larvae of this family are known also as grubs, a term applied to the larvae of several Coleoptera (beetles) and Hymenoptera (ants, bees, and wasps) in general. Grubs of the Scarabaeidae are the most serious turfgrass pests in the northeastern United States, and are considered a major pest in the Midwest, Southeast, and parts of the southwestern United States. Their subterranean habits make them among the most difficult of turfgrass insects to manage.

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Alternative Hosts in the Families Poaceae and Cyperaceae for Xanthomonas vasicola pv. vasculorum, Causal Agent of Bacterial Leaf Streak of Corn

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto-04-19-0132-r ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 110 (6) ◽

pp. 1147-1152 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

T. Hartman ◽

B. Tharnish ◽

J. Harbour ◽

G. Y. Yuen ◽

T. A. Jackson-Ziems

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Festuca Arundinacea ◽

Field Experiments ◽

The United States ◽

Phleum Pratense ◽

Schizachyrium Scoparium ◽

Big Bluestem ◽

Bacterial Leaf Streak ◽

Alternative Hosts ◽

Palm Species

The bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas vasicola pv. vasculorum was first reported in the United States causing bacterial leaf streak on Nebraska corn (Zea mays) in 2016. The bacterium is also known to cause disease in sugarcane, grain sorghum, broom bamboo, and various palm species. The objective of this study was to identify alternative hosts for X. vasicola pv. vasculorum among plants commonly found in corn growing areas of the United States. In repeated greenhouse experiments, 53 species of plants found in the United States that had not been tested previously for susceptibility to X. vasicola pv. vasculorum were inoculated with the pathogen and monitored for symptom development. Eleven species in the family Poaceae exhibited symptoms: oat (Avena sativa), rice (Oryza sativa), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata), indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans), big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), timothy (Phleum pratense), sand bluestem (Andropogon hallii), green foxtail (Setaria viridis), bristly foxtail (Setaria verticillata), and johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense). Yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) in the Cyperaceae also was a symptomatic host. In addition, endophytic colonization by X. vasicola pv. vasculorum was found in three asymptomatic alternative hosts: downy brome (Bromus tectorum), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), and western wheatgrass (Pascopyum smithii). Experiments were also conducted in the field to determine the potential for alternative hosts to become infected by natural inoculum. Symptoms developed only in big bluestem and bristly foxtail in field experiments. These results suggest that infection of alternative hosts by X. vasicola pv. vasculorum can occur, but infection rates might be limited by environmental conditions.

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Management of glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) in 2,4-D–, glufosinate-, and glyphosate-resistant soybean

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/wet.2020.91 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Chandrima Shyam ◽

Parminder S. Chahal ◽

Amit J. Jhala ◽

Mithila Jugulam

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Field Experiments ◽

The United States ◽

Palmer Amaranth ◽

Amaranthus Palmeri ◽

Soybean Yield ◽

Chlorimuron Ethyl ◽

Density And Biomass ◽

Herbicide Programs ◽

Biomass Reduction

Abstract Glyphosate-resistant (GR) Palmer amaranth is a problematic, annual broadleaf weed in soybean production fields in Nebraska and many other states in the United States. Soybean resistant to 2,4-D, glyphosate, and glufosinate (Enlist E3TM) has been developed and was first grown commercially in 2019. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the effect of herbicide programs applied PRE, PRE followed by (fb) late-POST (LPOST), and early-POST (EPOST) fb LPOST on GR Palmer amaranth control, density, and biomass reduction, soybean injury, and yield. Field experiments were conducted near Carleton, NE, in 2018, and 2019 in a grower’s field infested with GR Palmer amaranth in 2,4-D–, glyphosate-, and glufosinate-resistant soybean. Sulfentrazone + cloransulam-methyl, imazethapyr + saflufenacil + pyroxasulfone, and chlorimuron ethyl + flumioxazin + metribuzin applied PRE provided 84% to 97% control of GR Palmer amaranth compared with the nontreated control 14 d after PRE. Averaged across herbicide programs, PRE fb 2,4-D and/or glufosinate, and sequential application of 2,4-D or glufosinate applied EPOST fb LPOST resulted in 92% and 88% control of GR Palmer amaranth, respectively, compared with 62% control with PRE-only programs 14 d after LPOST. Reductions in Palmer amaranth biomass followed the same trend; however, Palmer amaranth density was reduced 98% in EPOST fb LPOST programs compared with 91% reduction in PRE fb LPOST and 76% reduction in PRE-only programs. PRE fb LPOST and EPOST fb LPOST programs resulted in an average soybean yield of 4,478 and 4,706 kg ha−1, respectively, compared with 3,043 kg ha−1 in PRE-only programs. Herbicide programs evaluated in this study resulted in no soybean injury. The results of this research illustrate that herbicide programs are available for the management of GR Palmer amaranth in 2,4-D–, glyphosate-, and glufosinate-resistant soybean.

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