scholarly journals Basil Downy Mildew (Peronospora belbahrii): Discoveries and Challenges Relative to Its Control

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 (7) ◽  
pp. 885-894 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian A. Wyenandt ◽  
James E. Simon ◽  
Robert M. Pyne ◽  
Kathryn Homa ◽  
Margaret T. McGrath ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Downy Mildew ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Sweet Basil ◽  
The Past ◽  
Limited Success ◽  
The World ◽  
Important Disease ◽  
Efficacy Studies ◽  
Made In

Basil (Ocimum spp.) is one of the most economically important and widely grown herbs in the world. Basil downy mildew, caused by Peronospora belbahrii, has become an important disease in sweet basil (O. basilicum) production worldwide in the past decade. Global sweet basil production is at significant risk to basil downy mildew because of the lack of genetic resistance and the ability of the pathogen to be distributed on infested seed. Controlling the disease is challenging and consequently many crops have been lost. In the past few years, plant breeding efforts have been made to identify germplasm that can be used to introduce downy mildew resistance genes into commercial sweet basils while ensuring that resistant plants have the correct phenotype, aroma, and tastes needed for market acceptability. Fungicide efficacy studies have been conducted to evaluate current and newly developed conventional and organic fungicides for its management with limited success. This review explores the current efforts and progress being made in understanding basil downy mildew and its control.

Urban Growth Management: Approaches, Experiences and Implications to China’s Urban Planning

2011 ◽  
Vol 243-249 ◽  
pp. 6725-6728
Author(s):  
Zhen Long Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Urban Growth ◽  
Growth Management ◽  
Land Resources ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Management Approaches ◽  
Urban Growth Management ◽  
Made In

Chinese cities expanded and developed at an astounding rate of growth during the past three decades. The consequence rise in exorbitant consumption of land resources and the impacts on the environment were recognized accordantly. Urban growth management, as one of the effective approaches to solve the problems caused by urban sprawl, has become a subject for broad discussion in the field of urban planning in the world. It is necessary to shape a union framework of growth management between national and local government. And it is recognized that these urban growth management decisions must be made in a more comprehensive and consistent intergovernmental manner. The purpose of this study is to contribute to current planning thought and practice by providing some insights into how urban growth management can be utilized to contribute to a more sustainable urban future in China.

scholarly journals Sciences and audiences along the last century: the impact of Astronomy Education

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (S349) ◽  
pp. 474-478
Author(s):  
Rosa M. Ros ◽  
Beatriz Garca
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Teachers ◽  
Astronomy Education ◽  
Interest In Science ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Made In ◽  
Science Activities

AbstractJust as in the past, the development of the natural sciences and in particular of astronomy has changed the history of humanity. If we think about the role of our discipline into the future, it shows its enormous power in the field of education, owing to the possibility of awakening interest in science in very varied audiences. Within the framework of the enormous progress made in the technologies related to astronomy, many of them of daily use, the role of the astronomer in the era of Communications acquires fundamental importance.In this presentation, we will try to make a journey through the different ways of presenting astronomical topics for different audiences over the last 100 years. In turn, we will show some specific achievements, associated with education programmes of the discipline. We discuss the impact produced by proposals that are both rigorous in terms of content, and also appeal to the development of the human being in an integral manner, within the framework of citizen science activities.For this research, we have taken into account the uninterrupted development of the NASE programme, which has performed 112 courses in 24 countries throughout the world and in different languages. NASE has involved 4966 secondary teachers in the last eight years.

The characterization of eutectic structures

1973 ◽  
Vol 335 (1600) ◽  
pp. 15-37 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Eutectic Growth ◽  
Growth Behaviour ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
The Past ◽  
Limited Success ◽  
Simple Rules ◽  
Unknown Structure ◽  
Made In

Many attempts have been made in the past to bring order to the near-bewildering array of eutectic morphologies. These have met with limited success due mainly to the fact that the morphology of a particular eutectic may be highly dependent on both chemical composition and the rate of freezing. This paper shows for binary alloys, at least, that a more complete understanding of eutectic growth may be obtained by applying a few simple ‘rules’. With these it is possible to so characterize eutectic growth that the unknown structure of a particular eutectic may be prodicted at a given growth rate if the entropy of solution and re­lative volume of each phase are known. The characterization scheme embraces the growth behaviour of the thirty or so systems for which thermodynamic data are more readily available.

scholarly journals Three New Races of the Spinach Downy Mildew Pathogen Identified by a Modified Set of Spinach Differentials

Plant Disease ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 91 (11) ◽  
pp. 1392-1396 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. M. Irish ◽  
J. C. Correll ◽  
S. T. Koike ◽  
T. E. Morelock
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
Downy Mildew ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Past ◽  
Differential Cultivars ◽  
Spinach Downy Mildew ◽  
New Races ◽  
Important Disease

Spinach downy mildew, caused by Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae, is the most economically important disease of spinach worldwide. During the past few years, spinach cultivars resistant to the seven previously described races of P. farinosa f. sp. spinaciae were observed to be severely affected by downy mildew in both the United States and the European Union. Four new isolates of P. farinosa f. sp. spinaciae were collected from California and The Netherlands and characterized based on disease reactions on two modified sets of spinach differentials. The results led to the description of three new races of the downy mildew pathogen, designated races 8, 9, and 10. Four differential cultivars with resistance to races 1 to 7 were used to distinguish the three new races. Dolphin was susceptible to races 8 and 10 but resistant to race 9; Lion was susceptible to race 10 but resistant to races 8 and 9; Lazio was resistant to races 1 to 7 as well as races 8, 9, and 10; and Tarpy was susceptible to all three new races. The three new races also were used to evaluate the disease reactions on 43 contemporary commercial spinach cultivars in greenhouse trials. A survey of 58 isolates of P. farinosa f. sp. spinaciae collected in California and Arizona between 2004 and 2006 revealed that race 10 predominated in the areas sampled.

scholarly journals Mitigasi Spritual dalam Naskah Lontar Roga Sanghara Bhumi

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
I Nyoman Suka Ardiyasa
Keyword(s):  
Historical Records ◽  
The Public ◽  
Major Earthquake ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Community People ◽  
Made In

The island of Bali is an island very vulnerable to disaster, it is proven with historical records that Bali has experienced a major earthquake better known as <em>Gejer Bali</em>. Various efforts have been made by the community from the past until now in the effort of mitigation done in <em>sekala </em>and <em>niskala</em>.   In the community, people believe that if they want to avoid the disaster then the community must implement the <em>tri hita karana</em>, while <em>niskala </em>(theologically) done with various <em>upakara</em>. <em>Upakara </em>sources and the types of disasters that occur in this world are believed to be contained in the <em>Lontar Roga Sanghara Bhumi </em>manuscript. But the existence of the manuscript is not much to know so it is necessary to conduct a more in-depth review so that it can be disseminated to the public. To focus on these reviews, we focused on three problem formulas: analyzing the summary of the <em>Roga Sanghara Bhumi lontar </em>manuscripts, the types of disasters mentioned in the <em>Roga Sanghara Bhumi lontar</em>, <p>and the theological attempts made in dealing with the disasters mentioned in <em>lontar Roga Sanghara Bhumi</em>.</p>From the results of the study conducted it is briefly known that the <em>lontar Roga Sanghara Bhumi </em>contains about the causes of catastrophe or disaster occurred in the world, the types of catastrophes or disasters that can occur in the world and some characteristics of the coming disaster or disaster, while the types The disaster mentioned in the lontar of <em>Roga Sanghara Bhumi </em>is a type of disaster that repeats every <em>sasih </em>it and the kind of disaster that occurs which is seen from the bad gesture, in the concept of <em>Lontar Roga Sanghara Bhumi </em>called <em>Durmanggala</em>. The theological efforts undertaken in tackling the disasters mentioned in the <em>lontar </em>of <em>Roga Sanghara Bhumi </em>are performing ceremonies that are shown to <em>Ida Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa </em>with the aim of pleading for salvation such as <em>Prayascita </em>Ceremony, Master <em>Piduka</em>, <em>Labuh Gentuh, Jagat, Pamahayu Bumi </em>and <em>Nangluk Mrana. </em>All these ceremonies are theological (mitigation) efforts in reducing disaster risks that occur on earth.

scholarly journals Post-Soviet Heritages in the Making

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1080-1088
Author(s):  
Gertjan Plets
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Memory Studies ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The World ◽  
Special Collection ◽  
Soviet Space ◽  
Sphere Of Influence ◽  
Made In ◽  
Post Soviet Space

Despite the growing interest in post-Soviet space (the countries formerly located in the Soviet Union or its sphere of influence) in the field of memory studies, researchers have only just begun to the study how ‘things and practices’ from the past are mobilized, institutionalized and repackaged in this particular part of the world. This special collection explores how heritage is being made in a highly diverse and multicultural space where Soviet modernist conceptions of culture and identity interact with local deeply rooted attitudes as well as post-Soviet economic and political challenges.

scholarly journals Bait-ul-Hikmat: An Institution of Literary Development Under Abbasids (751-1258AD)

AL-HIDAYAH ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmooda Irfan Wyne
Keyword(s):  
Material Science ◽  
Space Science ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Future Activity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Islamic Society ◽  
Made In ◽  
Learning And Instruction

A recorded review subsequently gathers encounters of the past and passes them onto decide the course of our future activity. The instruction arrangement of the Muslims,throughout the hundreds of years delivered those thinkers, researchers, legal scholars, themen of letters and specialists in each field of information, who had made inconceivablecommitments to workmanship, writing, verse, logic, medication, space science, geology,material science, speculative chemistry, mineralogy, legislative issues, and so on. These richMuslims have commitments which made in the different branches of science filled in as areason for the improvement of the present day science. None of these accomplishmentswould have been conceivable however for that dedication to learning and instruction whichhas described those individuals all through the history. The proposed research through thedeductive approach is an attempt to investigate the training arrangement of the Muslims, itsideological bases esteems and qualities which affects the knowledge of the world positively.At the House of Wisdom, Important ideas from around the world came together and wouldbe discussed threadbare. The period of Abbasid caliphs was the age of the highest evolutionand greatest development of the Islamic society, knowledge and culture. It was the phase ofmodernization and scientific development in the history of Muslim world.

Religions’ Future in the Anthropocene

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-32
Author(s):  
Nathan R. Kollar
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Present Epoch ◽  
The Past ◽  
Human Choice ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
Made In

AbstractWhen the present epoch is described as “Anthropocene” human choice is seen as essential to the planet’s future. This essay accepts this presupposition of choice and demonstrates its consequences upon the religions of the world. It does this first by describing what human choices must be made in order to bring about a healthy planet; then provides a way of expanding the current definitions of “religion” so these new social realities will be recognized in the future. It describes in detail how religions have interfaced with planetary necessities in the past and present. Presupposing that the religions of the world have been a force of good as well as ill, it describes what must happen in both the classical as well the newer forms of religion to enable the future environmental changes to be for the good of humanity.

Concluding remarks

1982 ◽  
Vol 296 (1082) ◽  
pp. 575-576 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Physiology ◽  
Nitrogen Cycle ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
The Past ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right ◽  
Made In

Over the past two days of this symposium I have been impressed by the interest and enthusiasm shown for the subject of the nitrogen cycle. The programme has been diverse, with agriculturalists, environmentalists, those interested in forestry, aquatic environments, plant physiology and medicine all contributing. Dr Lake has rounded off the general discussion admirably: he has emphasized that there are many questions still to be answered and various speakers and contributors have pointedly emphasized that while we know much about the various reactions of the nitrogen cycle, at least in gross terms, good solid quantitative data on various processes are scarce. Even for N 2 fixation about which, as Professor Postgate rightly said, more is probably known than about any other process of the nitrogen cycle, there is still uncertainty about how much N is fixed in the oceans of the world, despite the fact that these cover the bulk of the Earth’s surface. Professor Fogg has mentioned the difficulties of obtaining such data in so vast an area. But it is not only in the sea that there are problems. As yet we have few good quantitative data on losses by denitrification: how much is lost as N 2 and how much as N 2 O. The studies of Dr Dowdell and his colleagues are an important step in the right direction. Detailed quantitative studies are required on the various processes of the nitrogen cycle. That is where progress will have to be made in the future. I believe that too much time has been spent in the past on mass balance studies and not enough time on getting accurate measurements of the various processes by experimentation.

scholarly journals CRISPR-Editing of Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) Homoserine Kinase Gene for Improved Downy Mildew Disease Resistance

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyu Zhang ◽  
Yee Chen Low ◽  
Michael A. Lawton ◽  
James E. Simon ◽  
Rong Di
Keyword(s):  
Downy Mildew ◽  
Gene Editing ◽  
Susceptibility Gene ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Ocimum Basilicum ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Kinase Gene ◽  
Sweet Basil ◽  
Homoserine Kinase ◽  
Downy Mildew Disease

Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) downy mildew disease (DM) caused by Peronospora belbahrii is a worldwide threat to the basil industry due to the lack of natural genetic resistance in sweet basil germplasm collections. In this study, we used CRISPR-gene editing to modify the sweet basil DM susceptibility gene homoserine kinase (ObHSK). Gene-edited plants challenged with P. belbahrii displayed a significantly reduced susceptibility to DM, based on phenotypic disease indices and on in planta pathogen load. These results suggest that ObHSK plays a role in conditioning DM susceptibility, similar to that observed for the AtHSK gene in Arabidopsis. These results demonstrate the utility of CRISPR-gene editing in enhancing DM resistance and contributing to sweet basil breeding programs.

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