Concluding remarks

1982 ◽  
Vol 296 (1082) ◽  
pp. 575-576 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Physiology ◽  
Nitrogen Cycle ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
The Past ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right ◽  
Made In

Over the past two days of this symposium I have been impressed by the interest and enthusiasm shown for the subject of the nitrogen cycle. The programme has been diverse, with agriculturalists, environmentalists, those interested in forestry, aquatic environments, plant physiology and medicine all contributing. Dr Lake has rounded off the general discussion admirably: he has emphasized that there are many questions still to be answered and various speakers and contributors have pointedly emphasized that while we know much about the various reactions of the nitrogen cycle, at least in gross terms, good solid quantitative data on various processes are scarce. Even for N 2 fixation about which, as Professor Postgate rightly said, more is probably known than about any other process of the nitrogen cycle, there is still uncertainty about how much N is fixed in the oceans of the world, despite the fact that these cover the bulk of the Earth’s surface. Professor Fogg has mentioned the difficulties of obtaining such data in so vast an area. But it is not only in the sea that there are problems. As yet we have few good quantitative data on losses by denitrification: how much is lost as N 2 and how much as N 2 O. The studies of Dr Dowdell and his colleagues are an important step in the right direction. Detailed quantitative studies are required on the various processes of the nitrogen cycle. That is where progress will have to be made in the future. I believe that too much time has been spent in the past on mass balance studies and not enough time on getting accurate measurements of the various processes by experimentation.

Emergency Medicine: The State of the Art

1986 ◽  
Vol 2 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 112-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
William H. Rutherford
Keyword(s):  
Northern Ireland ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Disaster Medicine ◽  
Political Activity ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Death Wish ◽  
The City ◽  
Made In

Coming from the city in the world which has made the least political progress in the past decade, I hope you will excuse me for starting with a distinction often made in Northern Ireland, and for all I know in other places in relation to the sphere of political activity. We say that such and such a matter is politics with a small p, and such and such is politics with a large P. Let me give you two examples. If I were to say that the contribution of nurses to disaster medicine is ten times as important as the contribution of paramedics, this would not only demonstrate that my death wish is alive and well, it would also be an example of politics with a small p. On the other hand if I were to say that Maggie Thatcher is destroying the National Health Service and somehow we must persuade all non Conservative parties to form a single coalition to get rid of her, that would be an example of politics with a very big P. If you wish to understand the entire scope of political activity, then it is very important that you recognize both politics with a small p and politics with a large P. Politics with a large P is really a subset of politics with a small p, which in its broadest sense embraces the totality of the subject.

Does the Injunction Gap Violate Implementers’ Fair Trial Rights Under the ECHR?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Léon E Dijkman
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Fair Trial ◽  
European Convention ◽  
The Past ◽  
European Court ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right ◽  
Federal Supreme ◽  
Validity Of A Patent

Abstract Germany is one of few jurisdictions with a bifurcated patent system, under which infringement and validity of a patent are established in separate proceedings. Because validity proceedings normally take longer to conclude, it can occur that remedies for infringement are imposed before a decision on the patent’s validity is available. This phenomenon is colloquially known as the ‘injunction gap’ and has been the subject of increasing criticism over the past years. In this article, I examine the injunction gap from the perspective of the right to a fair trial enshrined in Art. 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights. I find that the case law of the European Court of Human Rights interpreting this provision supports criticism of the injunction gap, because imposing infringement remedies with potentially far-reaching consequences before the validity of a patent has been established by a court of law arguably violates defendants’ right to be heard. Such reliance on the patent office’s grant decision is no longer warranted in the light of contemporary invalidation rates. I conclude that the proliferation of the injunction gap should be curbed by an approach to a stay of proceedings which is in line with the test for stays as formulated by Germany’s Federal Supreme Court. Under this test, courts should stay infringement proceedings until the Federal Patent Court or the EPO’s Board of Appeal have ruled on the validity of a patent whenever it is more likely than not that it will be invalidated.

scholarly journals Designing the social estate of odnodvortsy of the western provinces in 1831

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-140
Author(s):  
Constantin Vadimovich Troianowski
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Social Hierarchy ◽  
Social Category ◽  
The Past ◽  
Imperial Russia ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right ◽  
The 19Th Century

This article investigates the process of designing of the new social estate in imperial Russia - odnodvortsy of the western provinces. This social category was designed specifically for those petty szlachta who did not possess documents to prove their noble ancestry and status. The author analyses deliberations on the subject that took place in the Committee for the Western Provinces. The author focuses on the argument between senior imperial officials and the Grodno governor Mikhail Muraviev on the issue of registering petty szlachta in fiscal rolls. Muraviev argued against setting up a special fiscal-administrative category for petty szlachta suggesting that its members should join the already existing unprivileged categories of peasants and burgers. Because this proposal ran against the established fiscal practices, the Committee opted for creating a distinct social estate for petty szlachta. The existing social estate paradigm in Russia pre-assigned the location of the new soslovie in the imperial social hierarchy. Western odnodvortsy were to be included into a broad legal status category of the free inhabitants. Despite similarity of the name, the new estate was not modeled on the odnodvortsy of the Russian provinces because they retained from the past certain privileges (e.g. the right to possess serfs) that did not correspond to the 19th century attributes of unprivileged social estates.

scholarly journals The great Chinese transformation: cynicism and the future of the world (article two)

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (3) ◽  
pp. 5-23
Author(s):  
Grzegorz W. Kolodko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
The United States ◽  
Chinese Economy ◽  
The Past ◽  
Chinese Characteristics ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Right ◽  
Supranational Level

The huge leap made by the Chinese economy over the past four decades as a result of market reforms and openness to the world is causing fear in some and anxiety in others. Questions arise as to whether China’s economic success is solid and whether economic growth will be followed by political expansion. China makes extensive use of globalization and is therefore interested in continuing it. At the same time, China wants to give it new features and specific Chinese characteristics. This is met with reluctance by the current global hegemon, the United States, all the more so as there are fears that China may promote its original political and economic system, "cynicism", abroad. However, the world is still big enough to accommodate us all. Potentially, not necessarily. For this to happen, we need the right policies, which in the future must also include better coordination at the supranational level.

scholarly journals Military museums in Poland – between the past and the future

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 5-39
Author(s):  
Dagmara Chylińska ◽  
Łukasz Musiaka
Keyword(s):  
Collective Memory ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Cultural Tourism ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Museum Practice ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Special Mirror

Museums are a constantly developing segment of cultural tourism. Poland is in line with current trends in museums, expanding its offer and adapting it to the requirements of the world of contemporary image culture and multisensory experiences, which is increasingly dominated by technology. The authors of the paper undertook to recognise the specificity of military museums, by conducting a survey of approximately a third of all such institutions in Poland. Due to the subject-matter of their exhibitions, military museums create a broad field of research both in terms of aesthetics and museum practice, as well as the issues of shaping and maintaining collective memory and the identity of the nation. They form a special mirror in which the country’s ideas and aspirations are reflected more often than any real characteristics. In reference to contemporary trends in museums, the article aims to place Polish military museums between locality and universality, education and entertainment, stability and dynamism, knowledge and experience. The results obtained allowed the authors to distinguish three groups of military museums in Poland, as well as indicate conditions conducive to the further development of such attractions in the country.

scholarly journals History and Historiography in Early Christian Ireland

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (33) ◽  
pp. 197-227
Author(s):  
Dominique Santos
Keyword(s):  
Early Christian ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Theory Of History ◽  
Bilingual Literacy

Despite modern writers noticing the importance of Premodern historiographical phenomena for a deeper comprehension of both Theory of History and History of Historiography, the Irish contribution to the subject is often left aside. Topics such as the Seanchas Tradition and Medieval Irish Classicism are not well integrated into such historiographical narrative. The Seanchaidh, the Irish Artifex of the Past, for example, is broadly mentioned as not a historian, but a chronicler, antiquary, genealogist, hagiographer or pedigree systematizer. This article addresses these issues and, more specifically, we focus on two Irish narratives produced in 7th century by Muirchú and Tírechán. Since they belong to the world of orality and bilingual literacy of Early Christian Ireland, perhaps their works could be understood as bounded by the Seanchas Tradition and Medieval Irish Classicism, hence, both could be considered as great examples of the producers of History and Historiography at the time.

History and Theory in Anthropology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Barnard
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
New Developments ◽  
The Past ◽  
Award Winning ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Post Colonialism ◽  
New Generation ◽  
History And Theory

In the past twenty years, there have been exciting new developments in the field of anthropology. This second edition of Barnard's classic textbook on the history and theory of anthropology has been revised and expanded to include up-to-date coverage on all the most important topics in the field. Its coverage ranges from traditional topics like the beginnings of the subject, evolutionism, functionalism, structuralism, and Marxism, to ideas about globalization, post-colonialism, and notions of 'race' and of being 'indigenous'. There are several new chapters, along with an extensive glossary, index, dates of birth and death, and award-winning diagrams. Although anthropology is often dominated by trends in Europe and North America, this edition makes plain the contributions of trendsetters in the rest of the world too. With its comprehensive yet clear coverage of concepts, this is essential reading for a new generation of anthropology students.

Educación financiera: ¿por qué la necesitamos?

2021 ◽  
pp. 16-29
Author(s):  
Adriana Toledo
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Economic System ◽  
Financial Education ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Capitalist System ◽  
For Profit ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Entire Nation ◽  
The Right

For the longest time, roughly from the 16th century, with the establishment of capitalism around the world, people have been working towards ways of ensuring their survival by accumulating assets and money. Capitalism is a system predominated by private ownership and the constant quest for profit and the accumulation of wealth. Despite being conceived as an economic system model, it influences political, social, cultural, ethical and many other spheres, encompassing our affecting our entire nation. With the onset of globalization over the past 50 years, the capitalist system has become the predominant system throughout the world and effects all beings in one way or another. In an effort to generate wealth, many factors influence decisions made within the world of finances, and ignorance of the theme is no longer an option. Financial education is an important discipline in providing citizens the opportunity to exercise their rights and duties within the financial world, allowing for more accurate decision-making. Financial citizenship entails an individual’s ability to make the right choices, exercising their rights and fulfilling the associated duties. It is a concept taken from the term citizenship.

Discourses of Heritage and Tourism at a World Heritage Site: The Case of Hampi, India

2012 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 29-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew LeDuc
Keyword(s):  
World Heritage ◽  
World Heritage Site ◽  
Unesco World Heritage ◽  
The Past ◽  
Heritage Site ◽  
Unesco World Heritage Site ◽  
The World ◽  
Entire World ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Town

In the town of Hampi, India, the former capital of the Vijayanagara Empire and now a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the past remains very much alive. Devotees congregate at medieval-era temples; tourists from across India and the world marvel at the empire's fallen grandeur; and, up until quite recently, residents lived and worked in centuries-old stone mandapas (pavilions) lining both sides of the town's main street. The case of Hampi and its heritage illustrates a key question: do people have the right to live in historic monuments, particularly monuments that have been declared the patrimony not just of India, but of the entire world?

Urban Growth Management: Approaches, Experiences and Implications to China’s Urban Planning

2011 ◽  
Vol 243-249 ◽  
pp. 6725-6728
Author(s):  
Zhen Long Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Urban Growth ◽  
Growth Management ◽  
Land Resources ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Management Approaches ◽  
Urban Growth Management ◽  
Made In

Chinese cities expanded and developed at an astounding rate of growth during the past three decades. The consequence rise in exorbitant consumption of land resources and the impacts on the environment were recognized accordantly. Urban growth management, as one of the effective approaches to solve the problems caused by urban sprawl, has become a subject for broad discussion in the field of urban planning in the world. It is necessary to shape a union framework of growth management between national and local government. And it is recognized that these urban growth management decisions must be made in a more comprehensive and consistent intergovernmental manner. The purpose of this study is to contribute to current planning thought and practice by providing some insights into how urban growth management can be utilized to contribute to a more sustainable urban future in China.

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