Evidence for a Minor Gene–for–Minor Gene Interaction Explaining Nonhypersensitive Polygenic Partial Disease Resistance

Partial resistance is a quantitative type of resistance that, by definition of Parlevliet, is not based on hypersensitivity. It is largely pathotype nonspecific, although some minor isolate-specific responses have been reported. In order to elucidate the isolate specificity of individual genes for partial resistance, three barley recombinant inbred line mapping populations were analyzed for resistance to the leaf rust fungus Puccinia hordei. The mapping populations were inoculated with one isolate avirulent and two isolates virulent to resistance gene Rph7g. Six significant quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were detected. Of these, two (Rphq3 and Rphq11) were detected with only the avirulent isolate (1.2.1.) and one (Rphq18) only with both virulent isolates (CO-04 and 28.1). The effectiveness of these QTLs was tested with 14 isolates, using a tester set of genotypes containing alleles for resistance or susceptibility for these QTLs. QTL Rphq18 was effective to only two isolates, CO-04 and 28.1, whereas Rphq3 and Rphq11 were ineffective to CO-04 and 28.1 but effective to all other isolates, except one. This resulted in a significant Person's differential interaction, which is a hallmark of a gene–for–gene interaction. The minor gene–for–minor gene interaction is not based on hypersensitivity and there is no evidence that the resistance is based on genes belonging to the nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat class.

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Towards a Minor Poetry: Reading Twentieth-Century French Poetry with Deleuze–Guattari and Bakhtin

Paragraph ◽

10.3366/para.2019.0295 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 42 (2) ◽

pp. 135-153

Author(s):

Daisy Sainsbury

Keyword(s):

Twentieth Century ◽

French Language ◽

Poetic Language ◽

Minor Literature ◽

Language System ◽

Poetic Discourse ◽

Poetry Reading ◽

Century Poetry ◽

Definition Of ◽

A Minor

Drawing on Deleuze and Guattari's analysis of minor literature, deterritorialization and agrammaticality, this article explores the possibility of a ‘minor poetry’, considering various interpretations of the term, and interrogating the value of the distinction between minor poetry and minor literature. The article considers Bakhtin's work, which offers several parallels to Deleuze and Guattari's in its consideration of the language system and the place of literature within it, but which also addresses questions of genre. It pursues Christian Prigent's hypothesis, in contrast to Bakhtin's account of poetic discourse, that Deleuze and Guattari's notion of deterritorialization might offer a definition of poetic language. Considering the work of two French-language poets, Ghérasim Luca and Olivier Cadiot, the article argues that the term ‘minor poetry’ gains an additional relevance for experimental twentieth-century poetry which grapples with its own generic identity, deterritorializing established conceptions of poetry, and making ‘minor’ the major poetic discourses on which it is contingent.

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YOUTH CRIMINAL SUBCULTURE AS A FACTOR IN THE FORMATION OF THE PERSONALITY OF A MINOR CRIMINAL

Sociopolitical sciences ◽

10.33693/2223-0092-2020-10-3-177-180 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 177-180

Author(s):

VERA SHUNYAEVA ◽

Keyword(s):

Research Method ◽

Negative Impact ◽

System Research ◽

Scientific Methods ◽

General Scientific ◽

Definition Of ◽

A Minor ◽

Method Analysis

The article is devoted to the research of the youth criminal subculture and its impact on the personality of under-aged. In the course of analysis of this negative impact, a definition of the criminal subculture of under-aged was proposed. The main principles of such a criminal subculture as AUE (the acronym, transcribed from Russian: АУЕ or А.У.Е., comes from «Арестантский уклад един» / “Prisoners Unity (Solidarity)” are defined. The reasons contributing to the development of this negative phenomenon and the typical fea- tures of a minor sharing the ideology of the AUE were identified. The methods for counteracting the AUE were proposed. The method- ological basis of the research is formed by general scientific methods: dialectical, system research method, analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, analogy, etc., as well as such private scientific methods as comparative legal, formal legal, structural and functional, statistical ones. The authors relied on the results of research by Russian and foreign legal scholars, sociologists, psychologists.

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Further evidence of polygenic inheritance of partial resistance in barley to leaf rust, Puccinia hordei

Euphytica ◽

10.1007/bf00043161 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 27 (2) ◽

pp. 369-379 ◽

Cited By ~ 66

Author(s):

J. E. Parlevliet

Keyword(s):

Leaf Rust ◽

Partial Resistance ◽

Puccinia Hordei ◽

Polygenic Inheritance

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Analysis of Leading Cities in Central Europe: Control of Regional Economy

Bulletin of Geography Socio-economic series ◽

10.2478/v10089-011-0012-y ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 16 (16) ◽

pp. 21-33 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

György Csomós

Keyword(s):

Central Europe ◽

Regional Economy ◽

Science Studies ◽

Stock Exchanges ◽

Minor Role ◽

Large Cities ◽

Definition Of ◽

A Minor ◽

German Cities ◽

Visegrad Group

Analysis of Leading Cities in Central Europe: Control of Regional EconomyNowadays, one of the characteristic orientations in social science studies focusing on cities is the ranking of cities, as well as the definition of the world's leading cities (world cities, global cities) on the basis of various criteria. Central European countries are given just a minor role in these researches, particularly in comparison with German cities with their considerable economic performance. This analysis compares the large cities of Austria, Germany and the countries of the Visegrád Group in terms of their role in economic leadership. To this end, the characteristic parameters have been examined: the GDP in purchasing power standards and nominal GDP of the cities, the revenues of large companies found in these cities, as well as the domestic market capitalization of the stock exchanges.

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Hipotiroidismo Subclínico no Idoso

Acta Médica Portuguesa ◽

10.20344/amp.10991 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 31 (12) ◽

pp. 766

Author(s):

Sofia Macedo Silva ◽

Alexandra Carvalho ◽

Maria Lopes- Pereira ◽

Vera Fernandes

Keyword(s):

Subclinical Hypothyroidism ◽

The Elderly ◽

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽

Reference Level ◽

Thyroid Antibodies ◽

Electronic Database Search ◽

Definition Of ◽

A Minor ◽

In The Beginning ◽

Stimulating Hormone

Introduction: Subclinical hypothyroidism, defined as an increase of thyroid stimulating hormone levels with normal levels of thyroid hormones, could have a multiorgan impact. There seem to be differences in the elderly (over 65 years of age) which indicate that there should be a different approach in terms of diagnosis and the treatment.Material and Methods: Electronic database search and narrative bibliographical review.Results: Different case studies showing the multiorgan consequences of subclinical hypothyroidism suggest that, in the elderly, there is a minor impact or even a lack of repercussion, especially in those over 80 - 85 years old. Additionally, there is evidence indicating that the levels of thyroid stimulating hormone rise with the age of the patient. The standard treatment, in the beginning, is a low dose of levothyroxine when the levels of thyroid stimulating hormone are over 10.0 mIU/L, when there are noticeable symptoms or positive anti-thyroid antibodies. However, the treatment is not consensual when the levels of thyroid stimulating hormone are between 4.5 and 10.0 mIU/L, in such a way that the TRUST study concluded that no benefits have outcome from treating these patients. Discussion: The non-definition of the reference range and the age gap are the key factors that contribute the most to biased results. However, there is consensus regarding non-treatment of mild thyroid dysfunctions (4.5 - 7.0 mIU/L) in the elderly, particularly above 80 years of age. Nevertheless, for positive anti-thyroid antibodies, suggestive ultrasound changes or iatrogenic side effects, the reference level should be 4.5 mIU/L. Conclusion: The general impact of subclinical hypothyroidism is different in elderly people, meaning that an individualized therapeutic approach and long-term monitoring is the appropriate strategy.

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Questions about CLIL which are unfortunately still not outdated: A reply to Pérez-Cañado

Applied Linguistics Review ◽

10.1515/applirev-2017-0059 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 591-602 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Anthony Bruton

Keyword(s):

The State ◽

Moving Target ◽

Clear Definition ◽

State School ◽

School Students ◽

Research Issues ◽

Definition Of ◽

A Minor

AbstractThis response to Pérez-Cañado’s (2017) disappointing defence of CLIL interests insists on the need for a clear definition of CLIL not only so that it can be characterised for comparative purposes, but also so that the fundamentals underlying it can be scrutinised, instead of the continued hedging of bets on a moving target, justified for its contextual flexibility. As an example, whether CLIL classes are accompanied by FL classes on the curriculum or not is not a minor issue, both practically and theoretically. In addition other questions are reconsidered such as the communicative nature of CLIL, especially when it comes to whether the content is likely to be more motivating, and the supposed egalitarianism of CLIL initiatives. Finally, two research issues are discussed. Firstly, an example demonstrates how it is perfectly legitimate to critique empirical CLIL research which argues apparently beneficial results from a ‘due to’ stance by countering it with ‘despite’ arguments, while leaving much of the flawed CLIL research aside. Secondly, there is a reiterated demand that disinterested research at a curricular level confront outcomes in both the FLs and the content covered in CLIL programmes for all the state-school students affected both directly or indirectly, and in comparable terms.

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Arachnoxylon from the Middle Devonian of southwestern Virginia

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b83-136 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 61 (4) ◽

pp. 1283-1299 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

William E. Stein Jr. ◽

David C. Wight ◽

Charles B. Beck

Keyword(s):

Middle Devonian ◽

Main Axis ◽

Supplementary Information ◽

Monotypic Genus ◽

Primary Xylem ◽

New Material ◽

Shale Formation ◽

Definition Of ◽

A Minor ◽

First Time

Eight specimens from the Middle Devonian Purcell Member of the Millboro Shale Formation in southwestern Virginia conform to a recent definition of the previously monotypic genus Arachnoxylon. The new material provides supplementary information on several tissue regions of the main axis, including evidence on variability in the structure of the protoxylem, and on departure of the large, or "major" traces. In addition, evidence is provided here for the first time on a discrete region, immediately adjacent to the primary xylem, containing probable conducting elements of the primary phloem, on the structure of the epidermis, and on the presence of multicellular superficial emergences. Although clearly assignable to Arachnoxylon, all but one of our specimens vary significantly from previous specimens in the genus in several features which may be interpreted as relating directly or indirectly to size. It is possible that all specimens in Arachnoxylon represent portions of a single kind of plant. However, organic connection between the large and small forms has not been demonstrated. We elect, therefore, to establish A. minor sp. n. for the smaller specimens.

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Surface energy of nanoparticles – influence of particle size and structure

Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology ◽

10.3762/bjnano.9.211 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. 2265-2276 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Dieter Vollath ◽

Franz Dieter Fischer ◽

David Holec

Keyword(s):

Molecular Dynamics ◽

Particle Size ◽

Surface Energy ◽

Ab Initio Calculations ◽

Ab Initio ◽

Molecular Dynamics Simulations ◽

Definition Of ◽

Dynamics Simulations ◽

Classical Thermodynamics ◽

A Minor

The surface energy, particularly for nanoparticles, is one of the most important quantities in understanding the thermodynamics of particles. Therefore, it is astonishing that there is still great uncertainty about its value. The uncertainty increases if one questions its dependence on particle size. Different approaches, such as classical thermodynamics calculations, molecular dynamics simulations, and ab initio calculations, exist to predict this quantity. Generally, considerations based on classical thermodynamics lead to the prediction of decreasing values of the surface energy with decreasing particle size. This phenomenon is caused by the reduced number of next neighbors of surface atoms with decreasing particle size, a phenomenon that is partly compensated by the reduction of the binding energy between the atoms with decreasing particle size. Furthermore, this compensating effect may be expected by the formation of a disordered or quasi-liquid layer at the surface. The atomistic approach, based either on molecular dynamics simulations or ab initio calculations, generally leads to values with an opposite tendency. However, it is shown that this result is based on an insufficient definition of the particle size. A more realistic definition of the particle size is possible only by a detailed analysis of the electronic structure obtained from initio calculations. Except for minor variations caused by changes in the structure, only a minor dependence of the surface energy on the particle size is found. The main conclusion of this work is that surface energy values for the equivalent bulk materials should be used if detailed data for nanoparticles are not available.

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Some Algebraic Aspects of Parikh q-Matrices

International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science ◽

10.1142/s0129054116500118 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 27 (04) ◽

pp. 479-499 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Somnath Bera ◽

Kalpana Mahalingam

Keyword(s):

Partial Sum ◽

Algebraic Properties ◽

Q Matrix ◽

Definition Of ◽

A Minor

This paper discusses some algebraic properties of Parikh q-matrices. A new way of q-counting of the subwords of a given word w is introduced. It has been shown that the notion of alternating Parikh q-matrices can be characterized using the q-counting polynomials. We also show that a Minor of a Parikh q-matrix is a polynomial in q with non-negative coefficients. Further this work provides an extension of the definition of partial sum ⊕ to Parikh q-matrices. A characterization on words x and y such that the partial sum of their Parikh q-matrices is always a Parikh q-matrix is also given. We also provide some partial results for the case q = 1.

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