scholarly journals Effect of Wetness Duration and Temperature on the Development of Anthracnose on Selected Almond Tissues and Comparison of Cultivar Susceptibility

2011 ◽  
Vol 101 (8) ◽  
pp. 1013-1020 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Diéguez-Uribeondo ◽  
H. Förster ◽  
J. E. Adaskaveg
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Common Slope ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Cultivar Susceptibility ◽  
Growth Chamber Studies

Blossoms, leaves, fruit, and woody tissues of almond can be affected by anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum acutatum. Because the disease occurs throughout rainy spring seasons, the effect of temperature and wetness duration on disease development was evaluated in controlled studies. The lowest inoculum concentration where disease developed on leaves was 104 conidia/ml. Longer wetness durations were needed for leaves than for blossoms and disease increased linearly with increasing wetness durations. Inoculation temperature mainly affected final disease levels. Temperature during incubation affected the rate of disease development, while final disease levels were very similar at 10, 15, or 20°C. An analysis of covariance was performed to compare regressions of the effects of wetness and temperature on disease development for several almond cultivars. For blossom inoculations at 15°C in growth-chamber studies, a common slope model was statistically sufficient to describe all four cultivars. Cultivar Nonpareil (NP) had a significantly (P < 0.05) lower adjusted means at the midpoint than cultivars Carmel (CA), NePlus Ultra (NU), and Wood Colony (WC). For blossom inoculations at 20°C and for leaf inoculations at all temperatures evaluated, an unequal slope model was statistically justified for comparing regression lines. For blossoms, the slopes were significantly different (P < 0.05) for pair-wise comparisons of CA-NU, NU-WC, and NP-WC. For leaves, most of the cultivars responded differently to infection at different temperatures. Two of the pair-wise comparisons demonstrated unequal slopes at all three temperatures evaluated (i.e., NU-NP and NU-WC). Overall, for blossoms and leaves, NP was the least susceptible, NU was the most susceptible, and WC and CA showed an intermediate susceptibility. In field blossom and fruit studies, a common slope model was statistically sufficient to describe all four cultivars. NP had a significantly lower midpoint (i.e., was less susceptible) than CA or WC, whereas no significant difference (P > 0.1) occurred in comparisons between CA and WC.

scholarly journals The effect of temperature change on fluoride uptake from a mouthrinse by enamel specimens

2012 ◽  
Vol 06 (04) ◽  
pp. 361-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serdar Baglar ◽  
Adil Nalcaci ◽  
Mustafa Tastekin
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Fluoride Solution ◽  
Fluoride Uptake ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Human Body Temperature ◽  
Different Temperatures

ABSTRACTObjective: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of temperature on fluoride uptake by enamel specimens from a 0.05% NaF-fluoridated mouthrinse (Oral-B Advantage; Oral-B Laboratories, Newbridge, UK).Methods: Enamel specimens were prepared from extracted human maxillary central incisors. A fluoride-specific ion electrode was used to measure the uptake from a 2 ppm fluoride solution containing 50.0 mL of distilled water, total ion strength adjustment buffer, and fluoridated rinse at 3 different temperatures (room temperature, 25°C; human body temperature, 37°C; hyper-fever temperature, 43°C). One-way analysis of variance and least significant difference were used to assess intragroup and intergroup differences (P<.05).Results: The study found that both the amount and the rate of fluoride uptake increased significantly with increase in temperature. This effect was particularly noticeable at 43°C.Conclusions: The temperature of the NaF mouthrinse may easily and safely be increased beyond room temperature by placing a container of the NaF mouthrinse in a bowl of hot water, allowing greater fluoride penetration into the enamel from the mouthrinse when used at home as a routine prophylactic agent. (Eur J Dent 2012;6:361-369)

Anthracnose of Florida Beggarweed (Desmodium tortuosum) Caused byColletotrichum truncatum

Weed Science ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Gardina ◽  
Robert H. Littrell ◽  
Richard T. Hanlin
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Host Specificity ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Colletotrichum Truncatum ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Cotyledon Stage ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Growth Chamber Studies

Greenhouse and growth chamber studies were conducted to determine conditions for infection of the fungal pathogenColletotrichum truncatum(Schw.) Andrus and Moore on Florida beggarweed (Desmodium tortuosum(Sw.) DC. # DEDTO and to determine the host specificity of this fungus. Optimum conditions for disease development were 14 to 16 h incubation in 100% relative humidity (RH) at 24 to 29 C. Control of Florida beggarweed with 105to 107C. truncatumspores/ml was greatest in the cotyledon stage and decreased with plant age. Ten of 18Desmodiumspecies tested were susceptible to the Florida beggarweed isolate ofC. truncatumbut 13 other plant species and varieties were resistant and 61 were immune.

The effect of temperature on the development and survival of the infective larvae of Strongyloides ratti Sandground, 1925

Parasitology ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 641-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Barrett
Keyword(s):  
Culture Media ◽  
Maximum Activity ◽  
Temperature Adaptation ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Show Maximum Activity ◽  
Different Temperatures

The development of the free-living infective larvae of a homogonic strain Strongyloides ratti is described.The larvae develop only between 15 and 34 °C. Transfer experiments show the temperature block to be in the preparation for the second moult.Within the temperature range 15–34 °C, increasing the temperature speeds up the rate of development of all the larval stages equally, the Q10 for development being 2·5.The maximum percentage development occurs at 20 °C. The percentage development is highest in faeces–peat culture (95% development at 20 °C), whilst the percentage development in charcoal and vermiculite cultures is about the same (75% development at 20 °C.).Larvae grown on charcoal cultures are larger than those grown on vermiculite, which are larger than those grown on peat. No significant difference was found in the length:oesophagus and length:width ratios or in the variability of larvae grown at different temperatures or on different culture media.Different worm densities in the cultures of from 2000 to 10000 larvae per g of culture did not affect either the size of the infective larve or the percentage development.The optimum temperature for survival is 15 °C. Worms grown at 20 °C lived longer than worms grown at any other temperature. There was no evidence of temperature adaptation by the larvae.The infective larvae are positively thermotactic, and show maximum activity at 37 °C.I should like to thank my supervisor, Dr Tate, for his advice and encouragement. The work was carried out during the tenure of a Medical Research Council Scholarship.

scholarly journals Effects of adhesive systems at different temperatures on the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-108
Author(s):  
Serdar Akarsu ◽  
Suleyman Kutalmış Buyuk ◽  
Ahmet Serkan Kucukekenci
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Bond Strength ◽  
Shear Bond Strength ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
The Body ◽  
Orthodontic Brackets ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Adhesive Systems ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Temperatures

Background. The temperature might affect the physical and mechanical properties of adhesive materials by reducing the polymerization rate. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of temperature on the shear bond strength of metallic orthodontic brackets using various adhesive resin systems. Methods. Extracted human premolar teeth were randomly assigned to 8 groups (n=10) for bonding with the two available orthodontics adhesive systems (Transbond XT and NeoBond) at different temperatures: refrigeration temperature (4°C), room temperature (20°C), human body temperature (36°C) and high temperature (55°C). The shear bond strength (SBS) test was performed using a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. The adhesive remnant index (ARI) was assigned to the fractured orthodontic brackets. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA, post hoc Tukey tests and independent t-test. Results. Transbond XT exhibited higher SBS values compared to Neobond at all the tested temperatures; however, a statistically significant difference was not observed (P>0.05). The SBS results were minimum at 4°C and maximum at 36°C in both the adhesive groups (P<0.05). Conclusion. Pre-heating orthodontic adhesives up to the body temperature prior to bonding the brackets in orthodontic treatment increased the bond strength of orthodontic brackets.

scholarly journals Effects of Light, Temperature, and Leaf Wetness Duration on Daylily Rust

Plant Disease ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 442-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. Mueller ◽  
J. W. Buck
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Leaf Wetness ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Lesion Development ◽  
Leaf Wetness Duration ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Controlled Environments ◽  
Incubation Temperatures

Experiments in controlled environments were completed to determine the influence of light intensity, temperature, and leaf wetness duration on daylily rust caused by Puccinia hemerocallidis. As light intensity increased, there was a significant decrease in urediniospore germination (R2 = 0.88 and Y = 96 - 0.6x). Urediniospores germinated in vitro between 7 and 34°C with an optimal temperature of 22 to 24°C. To test the effect of temperature on infection efficiency, plants were inoculated with urediniospores, incubated under high relative humidity at 4, 10, 22, 30, or 36°C, and then transferred to a greenhouse at 23°C for 15 days. Plants incubated at 22°C had an average of 13 lesions cm leaf-1. Incubation temperatures of 4, 10, 30, or 36°C resulted in less than 1.5 lesions cm leaf-1. Plants were inoculated, incubated at 22°C for 24 h, and then incubated at different temperatures for 15 days to test the effect of temperature on disease development. There were no significant differences in disease development at 22 and 30°C; however, there were significantly fewer lesions at 10°C and no lesions developed at 36°C within 15 days. Five to six h of leaf wetness were required for lesion development and as the duration of leaf wetness increased, there was a significant increase in the number of lesions that developed. These studies indicate that for disease development of P. hemerocallidis on daylily, temperatures around 22°C and 5 h of leaf wetness are required during infection. However, once a daylily is infected, disease development is not as sensitive to environmental conditions.

scholarly journals Effect of moisture and temperature on the extrudate properties of milkfish (Chanos chanos) feed

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Syed Raffic Ali ◽  
K. Ambasankar ◽  
S. Balachandran ◽  
K. Ramachandran
Keyword(s):  
Water Solubility ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Expansion Ratio ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Chanos Chanos ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Twin Screw ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Temperature Levels ◽  
Lower Bulk Density

The present study evaluated the effect of varying levels of moisture and temperature on the extrudate properties of the milkfish (Chanos chanos) feed containing 31.49% protein and 4.71% lipid. Two trials were conducted in a pilot scale twin screw extruder using 3 mm die. In the first trial, the effect of temperature on extrudate properties was studied at five different temperatures viz., 80-90, 90-100, 100-110, 110-120 and 120-130°C. The results revealed that the temperature levels of 100-110, 110-120 and 120-130°C resulted in significantly (p<0.05) lower bulk density (BD) of the extrudate than at 80-90 and 90-100°C. Significantly (p<0.05) lower water solubility index (WSI) was recorded at 100-110°C, while further increase in temperature failed to show further reduction in water solubility. The pellet durability index (PDI) and expansion ratio (ER) showed a non-significant difference among the extrudates at 100-110, 110-120 and 120-130°C. In the second trial, the effect of additional moisture on the extrudate was evaluated by including water at 20, 25, 30 and 35% and the results revealed that 30% moisture addition resulted in significantly (p<0.05) lower BD, WSI and PDI of the extrudate than the other levels. The highest moisture level of 35% led to difficulty in operation while the lower levels from 25% failed to produce floating pellets. Results of this study infers that 30% moisture addition and a temperature of 100-110°C is optimalfor production of water stable floating milk fish feeds.

scholarly journals Toward Breeding for Resistance to Fusarium Tuber Rot in Caladium: Inoculation Technique and Sources of Resistance

HortScience ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 1135-1139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fahrettin Goktepe ◽  
Teresa Seijo ◽  
Zhanao Deng ◽  
Brent K. Harbaugh ◽  
Natalia A. Peres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Tuber Quality ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Cultivar Susceptibility ◽  
Tuber Rot

Fusarium tuber rot, incited by Fusarium solani, is the major cause of losses of tuber quality and quantity in caladium (Caladium ×hortulanum) during storage and production. To develop a reliable inoculation method for evaluating cultivar susceptibility to Fusarium tuber rot and identifying sources of resistance, the effect of temperature on the mycelial growth of F. solani in vitro and on tuber rot in vivo was examined. The optimal temperature was then used to study the aggressiveness of F. solani isolates. The effect of temperature (13, 18, 23, 28, and 33 °C) on radial mycelial growth of nine F. solani isolates in vitro was determined, and all responded similarly to temperature variables, with optimal growth predicted to be at 30.5 °C. The relationship of these temperatures to disease development was then determined for the most aggressive F. solani isolate 05-20 and it was found that disease development in inoculated tubers was greatest at low temperatures (13 and 18 °C). Cold damage to tubers was observed at 13 °C; therefore, 18 °C was chosen for all future disease screening. The aggressiveness of nine isolates was tested on two caladium cultivars. Significant differences among isolates were observed for the diameter of rotted tissue in both cultivars, indicating that choice of isolate was important for screening. Isolates 05-20 and 05-257 were highly aggressive on both cultivars. Tubers of 17 commercial caladium cultivars were inoculated with three isolates (04-03, 05-20, and 05-527) and incubated at 18 °C. The interaction between isolates and cultivars was highly significant (P < 0.0001), indicating that cultivars were not equally susceptible to different pathogenic isolates of F. solani. Lesion diameters differed significantly (P < 0.0001) among cultivars/isolates and ranged from 9.5 mm (‘Rosebud’ and ‘White Christmas’ for isolate 04-03) to 23.9 mm (‘Carolyn Whorton’ for isolate 05-20). The cultivars were ranked for susceptibility to tuber rot within each isolate and the normalized total rank for the three isolates was used to place cultivars into four categories: resistant (‘Candidum’, ‘Rosebud’, ‘White Christmas’, ‘Florida Sweetheart’, and ‘Aaron’), moderately resistant (‘White Wing’ and ‘Red Flash’), susceptible (‘Candidum Jr.’, ‘White Queen’, ‘Red Frill’, ‘Florida Cardinal’, ‘Miss Muffet’, and ‘Postman Joyner’), and highly susceptible (‘Fannie Munson’, ‘Gingerland’, ‘Frieda Hemple’, and ‘Carolyn Whorton’). The availability of these sources of host plant resistance, aggressive isolates, and resistance assessment techniques will facilitate the development of new Fusarium-resistant caladium cultivars.

scholarly journals Influence of Temperature, Relative Humidity, Ascospore Concentration, and Length of Drying of Colonized Dry Bean Flowers on White Mold Development

Plant Disease ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 90 (7) ◽  
pp. 946-950 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Harikrishnan ◽  
L. E. del Río
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
White Mold ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Dry Bean ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Growth Chamber Studies ◽  
Inoculum Type

Growth chamber studies were conducted using rehydrated dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) flowers (RDBF) to assess the influence of temperature (18 and 22°C), relative humidity (RH; 25 and 90%), and ascospore concentrations (102, 103, and 104 ascospores/ml) on white mold incidence in dry bean. Additional studies were carried out to determine the influence of inoculum type (ascospore and mycelium) and to estimate the effect of duration of drying of colonized RDBF on viability of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and white mold incidence. There was a linear increase in white mold incidence with increase in ascospore concentration but neither temperature nor RH levels significantly affected disease development. In the inoculum type study, both temperature and RH levels significantly affected white mold incidence; however, neither ascospore nor mycelial inocula had a significant effect on white mold incidence. Drying colonized RDBF for up to 96 h did not affect S. sclerotiorum viability; but the amount of white mold incidence depended more on post-inoculation RH and drying duration than on the temperatures tested. Colonized RDBF dried for 96 h took approximately three times longer to achieve 100% white mold incidence compared with colonized RDBF dried for 24 h. These results suggest the potential for greater white mold development with higher ascospore availability and the potential of dry S. sclerotiorum-colonized dry bean flowers as a viable inoculum source.

Effect of Temperature and Cultivar on the Response of Broccoli and Collard (Brassica oleracea) to Oxyfluorfen

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 726-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard F. Harrison ◽  
Joseph K. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Oleracea ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Differential Response ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Susceptible Cultivar ◽  
Leaf Wax ◽  
Wax Content ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Growth Chamber Studies

Growth chamber studies were conducted to investigate the effect of temperature, cultivar, and leaf wax content on the response of broccoli and collard to oxyfluorfen. Broccoli cultivars grown under cool temperatures (15/10 C) were more susceptible to preemergence (PRE) application of oxyfluorfen, and broccoli and collard cultivars grown at cool temperatures were more susceptible to postemergence (POST) application of oxyfluorfen than cultivars grown under warm temperatures (25/20 C). Differences between the tolerant cultivar ‘Pinnacle’ and the susceptible cultivar ‘Packman’ in response to PRE oxyfluorfen application were more distinct at warm temperatures than at cool temperatures. Although the broccoli and collard cultivars used in the POST study varied in leaf wax content, differences in wax content did not appear to be as important as other genetic factors in the differential response to POST oxyfluorfen application between cultivars.

Some Responses of Bluegrass to Herbicides and Temperature Variation

Weed Science ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 487-489
Author(s):  
C. E. Long ◽  
R. W. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Fresh Tissue ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Growth Chamber Studies ◽  
Amino Acid Concentrations

Growth-chamber studies were conducted to determine some effects of MSMA (monosodium methanearsonate) and DCPA (dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate) treatments on ‘Pennstar’ and common Kentucky Bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), grown at three different temperatures. Herbicide was applied at recommended rates at the beginning of regrowth following mowing. At sampling time, height and weight were recorded and some fresh tissue was frozen for chlorophyll analysis and the rest was oven-dried for amino acid analysis. Chlorophyll content of ‘Pennstar’ was significantly increased by MSMA. Common bluegrass grown at 18 C had significantly higher levels of free amino acids than did ‘Pennstar’ grown at the same temperature. At 27 C, asparagine and alanine were significantly higher in common bluegrass than in ‘Pennstar.’ MSMA had a more significant effect on all detected free amino acid concentrations except cysteine in ‘Pennstar’ than in common bluegrass. DCPA was more active than MSMA on common bluegrass; all amino acids were increased significantly by treatment.

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