scholarly journals A Laboratory Simulation for Vectoring of Trichosporon pullulans by Conidia of Botrytis cinerea

2002 ◽  
Vol 92 (12) ◽  
pp. 1293-1299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darryl W. M. Cook
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Laboratory Simulation ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Stem Tissue ◽  
Growth Constraints

A mechanism that could contribute to the suppression of Botrytis cinerea during pathogen sporulation was examined in this study. Yeasts capable of binding to B. cinerea were formulated with a cellulose carrier and applied to sporulating colonies of the pathogen. The particles from this yeast/cellulose product attached to B. cinerea conidia in the sporulating colony. Inoculum from treated colonies was harvested and applied to tomato stem tissue to test for subsequent pathogenicity. Disease development from inoculum obtained from cultures that had been treated with Trichosporon pullulans was significantly retarded (P = 0.0001) compared with cellulose-only controls. However, between 5 and 11% of conidia applied were attached to yeast cells. The removal of conidia not attached to yeast resulted in inoculum composed of >90% of conidia attached to yeast, and from this inoculum, disease development was significantly retarded (P < 0.05). When inoculum from treated B. cinerea colonies was applied to nutrient limiting agar and then incubated, the B. cinerea conidia germinated, and yeast cells infested the new hyphal growth. Constraints of the formulation of the yeast used in this study, and the implications of this vectoring approach for the suppression of B. cinerea during pathogen sporulation are discussed.

scholarly journals Silencing of DND1 in potato and tomato impedes conidial germination, attachment and hyphal growth of Botrytis cinerea

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaile Sun ◽  
Ageeth van Tuinen ◽  
Jan A. L. van Kan ◽  
Anne-Marie A. Wolters ◽  
Evert Jacobsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
Conidial Germination

Morphological and chemical alterations inBotrytis cinereaexposed to the dicarboximide fungicide vinclozolin

1997 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 552-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia M. J. C. S. Cabral ◽  
João P. S. Cabral
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Germ Tube ◽  
Membrane Damage ◽  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
Lower Content ◽  
Cell Debris ◽  
Biochemical Alterations ◽  
Severe Reduction

Treatment of actively growing Botrytis cinerea hyphae with micromolar concentrations of the dicarboximide fungicide vinclozolin resulted in significant alterations in the growth rate, morphology, and chemical composition of the cells. The addition of vinclozolin resulted in an immediate and severe reduction in the hyphal growth rate and a retardation in the emergence of the second germ tube. Cells treated with vinclozolin had a lower content of pool metabolites than control cells, and this difference increased with time of exposure to the fungicide. In contrast, vinclozolin-treated cells had a higher chitin concentration than control cells. These biochemical alterations were followed by the disorganization and clearing of cells, and by the appearance of dense and dark masses outside the hyphae, presumably composed of cell debris. Hyphae exposed to vinclozolin were more curved and branched and had shorter cells than the controls. The results indicate that vinclozolin causes a slow but generalized leakage of pool metabolites; this release precedes cell lysis and is not the result of a rapid and gross damage to the cytoplasmic membrane.Key words: vinclozolin, Botrytis cinerea, pool metabolites, membrane damage.

scholarly journals Sep7 Is Essential to Modify Septin Ring Dynamics and Inhibit Cell Separation during Candida albicans Hyphal Growth

2008 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 1509-1518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto González-Novo ◽  
Jaime Correa-Bordes ◽  
Leticia Labrador ◽  
Miguel Sánchez ◽  
Carlos R. Vázquez de Aldana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Cell Separation ◽  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Septin Ring ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Hyphal Morphogenesis ◽  
Hypha Formation ◽  
Ring Dynamics ◽  
Cytoskeleton Dynamics

When Candida albicans yeast cells receive the appropriate stimulus, they switch to hyphal growth, characterized by continuous apical elongation and the inhibition of cell separation. The molecular basis of this inhibition is poorly known, despite its crucial importance for hyphal development. In C. albicans, septins are important for hypha formation and virulence. Here, we used fluorescence recovery after photobleaching analysis to characterize the dynamics of septin rings during yeast and hyphal growth. On hyphal induction, septin rings are converted to a hyphal-specific state, characterized by the presence of a frozen core formed by Sep7/Shs1, Cdc3 and Cdc12, whereas Cdc10 is highly dynamic and oscillates between the ring and the cytoplasm. Conversion of septin rings to the hyphal-specific state inhibits the translocation of Cdc14 phosphatase, which controls cell separation, to the hyphal septum. Modification of septin ring dynamics during hyphal growth is dependent on Sep7 and the hyphal-specific cyclin Hgc1, which partially controls Sep7 phosphorylation status and protein levels. Our results reveal a link between the cell cycle machinery and septin cytoskeleton dynamics, which inhibits cell separation in the filaments and is essential for hyphal morphogenesis.

Tetrandrine, a potent antifungal agent: inhibits mycelial growth and virulence of Botrytis cinerea

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pingliang Li ◽  
jian zou ◽  
Yanhan Dong ◽  
jintao Jiang ◽  
Wenxing Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Antifungal Agent ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Efflux Pump ◽  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Grey Mold

Tetrandrine (TET) is a potent calcium channel blocker used for the treatment of hypertension and inflammation. Currently, TET is predominantly used to treat a variety of human diseases, and there is little information regarding the use of TET against plant pathogens. In this study, we explored the antifungal activity of TET on a plant pathogen, Botrytis cinerea. We show that administration of low concentrations of TET effectively inhibited hyphal growth of fungus grown on potato dextrose agarose, and decreased the virulence of B. cinerea in tomato plants. Real-time PCR revealed that the expression of drug efflux pump related genes (alcohol dehydrogenase 1, multi-drug/pheromone exporter, pleiotropic drug resistance protein 1, and synaptic vesicle transporter) were down-regulated in the presence of TET. Finally, we show that TET acts synergistically with iprodione, resulting in increased inhibition of B. cinerea both in vitro and in vivo. These results indicate that TET might act as an effective antifungal agent in reducing grey mold disease.

scholarly journals Coregulation of dimorphism and symbiosis by cyclic AMP signaling in the lichenized fungusUmbilicaria muhlenbergii

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (38) ◽  
pp. 23847-23858
Author(s):  
Yanyan Wang ◽  
Xinli Wei ◽  
Zhuyun Bian ◽  
Jiangchun Wei ◽  
Jin-Rong Xu
Keyword(s):  
Close Contact ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
Hyperosmotic Stress ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Symbiotic Interaction ◽  
Pseudohyphal Growth ◽  
Lichenized Fungus ◽  
A Minor

Umbilicaria muhlenbergiiis the only known dimorphic lichenized fungus that grows in the hyphal form in lichen thalli but as yeast cells in axenic cultures. However, the regulation of yeast-to-hypha transition and its relationship to the establishment of symbiosis are not clear. In this study, we show that nutrient limitation and hyperosmotic stress trigger the dimorphic change inU. muhlenbergii. Contact with algal cells of its photobiontTrebouxia jamesiiinduced pseudohyphal growth. Treatments with the cAMP diphosphoesterase inhibitor IBMX (3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine) induced pseudohyphal/hyphal growth and resulted in the differentiation of heavily melanized, lichen cortex-like structures in culture, indicating the role of cAMP signaling in regulating dimorphism. To confirm this observation, we identified and characterized two Gα subunitsUmGPA2andUmGPA3. Whereas deletion ofUmGPA2had only a minor effect on pseudohyphal growth, the ΔUmgpa3mutant was defective in yeast-to-pseudohypha transition induced by hyperosmotic stress orT. jamesiicells. IBMX treatment suppressed the defect of ΔUmgpa3in pseudohyphal growth. Transformants expressing theUmGPA3G45VorUmGPA3Q208Ldominant active allele were enhanced in the yeast-to-pseudohypha transition and developed pseudohyphae under conditions noninducible to the wild type. Interestingly,T. jamesiicells in close contact with pseudohyphae ofUmGPA3G45VandUmGPA3Q208Ltransformants often collapsed and died after coincubation for over 72 h, indicating that improperly regulated pseudohyphal growth due to dominant active mutations may disrupt the initial establishment of symbiotic interaction between the photobiont and mycobiont. Taken together, these results show that the cAMP-PKA pathway plays a critical role in regulating dimorphism and symbiosis inU. muhlenbergii.

Factors affecting postharvest infection of stored cabbage tissue by Botrytis cinerea

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (8) ◽  
pp. 691-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. C. Yoder ◽  
M. L. Whalen
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Single Spore ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Successful Infection ◽  
Exogenous Source

Single-spore isolates of Botrytis cinerea from commercially stored cabbage exhibited a broad range of virulence. Spore germination and hyphal growth required an exogenous source of nutrients. The ability of either spores or mycelium to cause infection of stored cabbage tissue was also dependent upon exogenous nutrients. Nutrients required for infection could be supplied in the form of glucose, cabbage leaf extract, potato dextrose agar (PDA), or by a wound at the site of inoculation. The concentration of nutrients and (or) spores influenced the ability of B. cinerea to cause tissue decay whereas spore age and bacterial populations did not. Spores on the surface of cabbage leaves germinated within 4 to 8 h in nutrient solution; an additional 8 to 16 h in nutrient solution were required for successful infection. The optimum temperature for fungal growth and for infection was 20 to 25C. The optimum relative humidity for decay was above 97%; decay did not occur at relative humidities below 93%.

scholarly journals Antagonism of Trichoderma harzianum ETS 323 on Botrytis cinerea Mycelium in Culture Conditions

2012 ◽  
Vol 102 (11) ◽  
pp. 1054-1063 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chi-Hua Cheng ◽  
Chia-Ann Yang ◽  
Kou-Cheng Peng
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Trichoderma Harzianum ◽  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
Extracellular Proteins ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Acid Oxidase ◽  
Amino Acid Oxidase ◽  
Trichoderma Spp

Previous studies have shown that the extracellular proteins of Trichoderma harzianum ETS 323 grown in the presence of deactivated Botrytis cinerea in culture include a putative l-amino acid oxidase and have suggested the involvement of this enzyme in the antagonistic mechanism. Here, we hypothesized that the mycoparasitic process of Trichoderma spp. against B. cinerea involves two steps; that is, an initial hyphal coiling stage and a subsequent hyphal coiling stage, with different coiling rates. The two-step antagonism of T. harzianum ETS 323 against B. cinerea during the mycoparasitic process in culture was evaluated using a biexponential equation. In addition, an l-amino acid oxidase (Th-l-AAO) was identified from T. harzianum ETS 323. The secretion of Th-l-AAO was increased when T. harzianum ETS 323 was grown with deactivated hyphae of B. cinerea. Moreover, in vitro assays indicated that Th-l-AAO effectively inhibited B. cinerea hyphal growth, caused cytosolic vacuolization in the hyphae, and led to hyphal lysis. Th-l-AAO also showed disease control against the development of B. cinerea on postharvest apple fruit and tobacco leaves. Furthermore, an apoptosis-like response, including the generation of reactive oxygen species, was observed in B. cinerea after treatment with Th-l-AAO, suggesting that Th-l-AAO triggers programmed cell death in B. cinerea. This may be associated with the two-step antagonism of T. harzianum ETS 323 against B. cinerea.

A putative dual-specific protein phosphatase encoded by YVH1 controls growth, filamentation and virulence in Candida albicans

Microbiology ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 151 (7) ◽  
pp. 2223-2232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nozomu Hanaoka ◽  
Takashi Umeyama ◽  
Keigo Ueno ◽  
Kenji Ueda ◽  
Teruhiko Beppu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Cell Cycle Progression ◽  
Germ Tube ◽  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
Tube Formation ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Cycle Progression

In response to stimulants, such as serum, the yeast cells of the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans form germ tubes, which develop into hyphae. Yvh1p, one of the 29 protein phosphatases encoded in the C. albicans genome, has 45 % identity with the dual-specific phosphatase Yvh1p of the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this study, Yvh1p expression was not observed during the initial step of germ tube formation, although Yvh1p was expressed constitutively in cell cycle progression of yeast or hyphal cells. In an attempt to analyse the function of Yvh1p phosphatase, the complete ORFs of both alleles were deleted by replacement with hph200–URA3–hph200 and ARG4. Although YVH1 has nine single-nucleotide polymorphisms in its coding sequence, both YVH1 alleles were able to complement the YVH1 gene disruptant. The vegetative growth of Δyvh1 was significantly slower than the wild-type. The hyphal growth of Δyvh1 on agar, or in a liquid medium, was also slower than the wild-type because of the delay in nuclear division and septum formation, although germ tube formation was similar between the wild-type and the disruptant. Despite the slow hyphal growth, the expression of several hypha-specific genes in Δyvh1 was not delayed or repressed compared with that of the wild-type. Infection studies using mouse models revealed that the virulence of Δyvh1 was less than that of the wild-type. Thus, YVH1 contributes to normal vegetative yeast or hyphal cell cycle progression and pathogenicity, but not to germ tube formation.

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