scholarly journals Lead Poisoning from Projectiles Retained in the Body

1916 ◽  
Vol 152 (6) ◽  
pp. 908
Author(s):  
M. LOEPER ◽  
G. VERPT
Keyword(s):  
Lead Poisoning ◽  
The Body

scholarly journals Iron Metabolism in the Bone Marrow as Seen by Electron Microscopy: A Critical Review

Blood ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 635-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARCEL C. BESSIS ◽  
JANINE BRETON-GORIUS
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Lead Poisoning ◽  
The Body ◽  
Reticular Cell ◽  
Hemoglobin Synthesis ◽  
Isotopic Studies ◽  
Cooley's Anemia ◽  
Blue Reaction

Abstract High resolution electron microscopy has made possible the visualization of transport and storage iron in the form of ferritin, both in dispersed form and in aggregates and in the form of "iron micelles" in mitochondria. Hemosiderin was found to consist either of pure ferritin in crystalline clusters or, more frequently, of ferritin associated with other substances, including a lipid component in the form of myelinic figures and PAS positive material. In the following paragraphs we have summarized the new morphologic findings and what appears to us the most likely interpretation in the light of known biochemical and isotopic studies. Alternative interpretations have been discussed in the body of the paper. Electron microscopy has established the erythroblastic island as a morphologic and functional unit of the bone marrow. A central reticular "nurse cell" appears to impart nutrients to surrounding rows of erythroblasts by the process of rhopheocytosis. Transfer of ferritin by this process is probably a passive phenomenon, since the amount transferred parallels the amount of iron present in the central reticular cell. Ferritin is increased both in the reticular cell and in erythroblasts in hemochromatosis. It is absent in iron deficiency, although rhopheocytosis remains prominent. Normally all erythroblasts (proerythroblasts and normoblasts) and reticulocytes contain ferritin. Only the larger aggregates can be visualized by the Prussian blue reaction in sideroblasts and siderocytes. Ferritin generally disappears when reticulocytes mature, even in hemochromatosis and infections, two conditions in which there is an excess of ferritin in erythroblasts. Interestingly, the increase in infections is entirely in form of dispersed ferritin and cannot be visualized by the Prussian blue reaction; i.e., sideroblasts are absent, in contrast to hemochromatosis where they are normal or increased. It appears most likely that ferritin disappears from normal maturing reticulocytes because it is utilized for hemoglobin formation. It persists in mature red cells in Cooley’s anemia, hypersideremia, hypochromic anemia and lead poisoning where hemoglobin formation is disturbed. The origin of the ferritin in the nurse cells and the extent to which ferritin rather than siderophilin contributes to hemoglobin synthesis are unsolved problems. Isotopic studies indicate that almost all of the iron used for hemoglobin synthesis is derived from siderophilin and hemoglobin synthesis can proceed without any visible ferritin, as in iron deficiency anemia. These facts must be reconciled with the electron microscopic observations which suggest that normally some iron reutilization within the marrow proceeds by way of erythrophagocytosis, fragmentation, intracellular hemolysis of red cells, formation of ferritin and ropheocytosis. Iron derived from erythrophagocytosis elsewhere in the body probably reaches the marrow bound to siderophilin. Such iron can be incorporated into ferritin of reticular cells as may be seen in hyperferremia and following injection of iron compounds. The process of rhopheocytosis would then lead to utilization of at least part of this ferritin iron for hemoglobin synthesis. In certain pathologic states, accumulation of ferritin and related visible dispersed or conglomerated iron micelles may point to the sites where hemoglobin synthesis or iron transport is blocked. In Cooley’s anemia and the hypersideremic hypochromic (non-thalassemic) anemias, iron accumulates in the mitochondria, which are known to be involved in hemoglobin synthesis. In lead poisoning, the mitochondria are markedly abnormal, and probably correspond to the areas of punctate basophilia. However, the iron accumulates in other areas of the cell, suggesting a different type of block.

scholarly journals Is release of rehabilitated wildlife with embedded lead ammunition advisable? Plumbism in a Jaguar Panthera Onca (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae), survivor of gunshot wounds

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 19808-19812
Author(s):  
Eduardo A. Díaz ◽  
Carolina Sáenz ◽  
E. Santiago Jiménez ◽  
David A. Egas ◽  
Kelly Swing
Keyword(s):  
Lead Poisoning ◽  
Gunshot Wounds ◽  
The Body ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Lead Intoxication ◽  
Trophic Chain ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Panthera Onca ◽  
Lead Ammunition ◽  
Indirect Impacts

Lead poisoning is a threat to wildlife, particularly after ingestion of lead ammunition derived from hunting activities. Little information, however, is available concerning plumbism in wild animals that survive the trauma associated with gunshot wounds. This study presents a possible example of lead intoxication by embedded pellets in a Jaguar Panthera onca nineteen months after being injured by a shotgun blast. In addition, the possible path of incorporation of lead into the trophic chain after the eventual release and death of an impacted animal, thereby expanding and prolonging the toxic effects of lead ammunition, is discussed. Direct intoxication by ammunition retained in the body of wild animals, as well as the indirect impacts on predators and scavengers that consume their flesh, should be sufficient reasons to reconsider the release of individuals with embedded lead ammunition into the wild.

scholarly journals Intoxications by lead and its inorganic compounds

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 6-12
Author(s):  
V.S. Tkachyshyn
Keyword(s):  
Lead Poisoning ◽  
Inorganic Compounds ◽  
The Body ◽  
Chronic Intoxication ◽  
Specific Syndrome ◽  
Hygienic Measures ◽  
Lead Release ◽  
Biological Substrates ◽  
Main Thing ◽  
Professional History

Lead belongs to the group of blood poisons that impair the synthesis of porphyrins and heme. Under industrial conditions, only chronic lead poisoning can develop. Lead belongs to the poisons that have the effect of material cumulation. The half-life of lead is 20 years. Once in the body, it is deposited in many organs in the form of the insoluble tribasic lead phosphates. A significant part of the lead is deposited in the trabeculae of the bones. Under the influence of provoking factors, an intensive lead release from the depot can be observed. In such cases, the amount of lead in the circulating blood increases sharply, and remission is replaced by an exacerbation. There is a wavy course of chronic lead intoxication. Lead and its inorganic compounds belong to the group of poisons that have a polytropic effect on the body, affecting many organs and systems. The blood system (anemia with specific characteristics) and the nervous system (polyneuropathy and encephalopathy) are primarily affected. A number of other organs and systems are also affected. The most severe specific syndrome of gastrointestinal tract damage is lead colic. Due to the impaired synthesis of porphyrins and heme in certain biological substrates of the body — in the blood, erythrocytes and urine, substances unused in the synthesis of heme are accumulated. They are markers of chronic intoxication caused by lead, in the presence of a relevant clinical picture. The diagnosis is based on data from a professional history, sanitary and hygienic characteristics of working conditions, clinical and objective characteristics of the disease and data from laboratory examination. The main thing is to stop contact with lead and remove it from the body. Antidotes for lead poisoning are chelators: tetacinum-calcium, pentacinum, D-penicillamine. In combination with technical and sanitary-hygienic measures to prevent chronic intoxication caused by lead, preliminary and periodic medical examinations of persons in contact with lead are of great importance.

Diagnostic Tests for Lead Poisoning

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1013-1014
Author(s):  
B. D. DINMAN
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Test ◽  
Lead Poisoning ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Body Burden ◽  
Present Knowledge ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sites Of Action

The report of Whitaker, Austin, and Nelson, "Edathamil Calcium Disodium (Versenate) Diagnostic Test for Lead Poisoning" (Pediatrics 29:384, 1962), comments upon the use of this agent and its mechanism of action in a manner which may lead to misapprehension concerning the potentialities of this agent. The authors state that this test is based upon the principle that "edathamil chelates lead in body stores, as well as circulating lead...." In view of our present knowledge concerning these sites of action of edathamil calcium disodium, it would appear that this is an overstatement of the efficacy of this agent in producing mobilization and subsquent excretion of the body burden of lead.

CLINICAL AND LABORATORY CHARACTERISTICS IN LEAD POISONING CHILDREN IN POISON CONTROL CENTER BACH MAI HOSPITAL

2017 ◽  
pp. 85-90
Author(s):  
Hong Thu Be ◽  
Duc Ngoc Ngo
Keyword(s):  
Lead Poisoning ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Lead Level ◽  
The Body ◽  
Poison Control ◽  
Wave Form ◽  
Poison Control Center ◽  
Nerve Paralysis ◽  
Control Center ◽  
Key Words Lead

Background: Lead poisoning is a common emergency in the worldwide. When exposure in the body, lead will affect most organs and systems such as neurologic, hematologic, renal, gastrointestinal, bone, immune. In particular, children with lead poisoning can be severe as convulsions, coma, meningitis, kidney failure. Objective: Evaluate the clinical, Laboratory of children with lead poisoning treated at the Poison Control Center in Bach Mai Hospital. Methodology: Retrospective descriptive study with 108 patients at the Poison Control Center in Bach Mai Hospital from 3/2012 to 9/2013. Results: The first symptoms after lead exposure: seizure (26.9%), vomiting (5.6%), diarrhea (4.6%). The intensity of symptoms correlated with lead serum level (p<0.05). The mean serum lead level were 56,1 µg/dl; mean urine lead level were 0.08 g/l, maximum concentration was 0,46 g/l. A half of cases have mild and morderate anemia, it had correlation with serum lead level. There were 20 patients (33%) had epilesy wave form in encephalo-electro-graphies. Conclusion: It is necessary to assess sign and symtoms of neurologic (seizures, li packages, irritability, cranial nerve paralysis, decreased motor spirit), gastrointestine (vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain), hematologic (anemia mild to moderate) for the early diagnosis of lead poisoning, avoid heavy complications in children. Key words: Lead poisoning, children, clinical and paraclinical lead poisoning.

Challenges in diagnosing lead poisoning: A review of occupationally and nonoccupationally exposed cases reported in India

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 346-355
Author(s):  
Monica Shirley Mani ◽  
Divyani Gurudas Nayak ◽  
Herman Sunil Dsouza
Keyword(s):  
Lead Poisoning ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Symptomatic Treatment ◽  
The Body ◽  
Environmental Intervention ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
Associated Symptoms ◽  
Occupational Lead Exposure ◽  
Treatment Knowledge

Lead is a nonessential metal which enters the body through various means and is considered as one of the most common health toxins. Several cases of lead poisoning are reported as a result of inhalation or ingestion of lead in employees working as painters, smelters, electric accumulator manufacturers, compositors, auto mechanics, and miners. In addition to occupational lead exposure, several cases of lead poisoning are reported in the general population through various sources and pathways. Innumerable signs and symptoms of lead poisoning observed are subtle and depend on the extent and duration of exposure. The objective of this review article is to discuss occupationally and nonoccupationally exposed lead poisoning cases reported in India and the associated symptoms, mode of therapy, and environmental intervention used in managing these cases. Lead poisoning cases cannot be identified at an early stage as the symptoms are very general and mimic that of other disorders, and patients might receive only symptomatic treatment. Knowledge about the various symptoms and potential sources is of utmost importance. Medical practitioners when confronted with patients experiencing signs and symptoms as discussed in this article can speculate the possibility of lead poisoning, which could lead to early diagnosis and its management.

scholarly journals Estimation of Urinary Delta Aminolevulinic Acid (δ-ALA) Levels in Students of Age Group 15 to 25 Years as an Index of Lead Exposure

2020 ◽  
pp. 12-16
Author(s):  
Sachin A. Patharkar ◽  
Suraj H. Jain ◽  
Alka V. Nerurkar ◽  
Neelam J. Patil ◽  
Pradeep N. Surve
Keyword(s):  
Lead Poisoning ◽  
Lead Exposure ◽  
Aminolevulinic Acid ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
The Body ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Reference Level ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Group 15

Background: Lead poisoning is a serious and sometimes fatal condition. It occurs when lead builds up in the body. Students exposed to lead by eating junk foods wrapped in newspaper, the licking of fingers for turning the photocopies, book pages, printout etc. and use of same fingers for eating purpose. Additionally young population get exposed to lead by use of Kohl or Kajal eyeliners, some traditional ethnic medicines, time spent at firing ranges and some hobbies like wall paintings or jobs related to plumbing and soldering. Damage caused by lead poisoning cannot be reversed. Lead inhibits necessary enzymes required for heme synthesis, and this result in increased levels of delta-aminolevulinic acid (δ-ALA) excretion through urine. Aim: To Estimate the urinary δ-ALA levels in the students of age group 15 to 25 years as an index of lead exposure. Study Design: This is a cross-sectional study in Mumbai from a suburban locality. Methodology: The study was done on 70 students of age group between 15 years and 25 years with their brief history related to lead exposure. Their urine samples were analyzed for δ-ALA by using Ehrlich reagent. Results: According to our observation, out of 70 students 46 student’s (65.71%)urine samples shown δ-ALA level  above reference level and remaining 24 (34.28%) were considered as below reference level. Conclusion: The prevalence of lead exposure among our study population is 65.71%. Clinical Significance: We conclude that there is high prevalence of lead exposure in students of age group 15 to 25 years in Mumbai and necessary precautions need to be taken to avoid detrimental effects of lead poisoning.

Representing utility and deploying the body

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Spurrett
Keyword(s):  
Functional Activity ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
The Body ◽  
Target Article ◽  
Processing Demands ◽  
The Many

Abstract Comprehensive accounts of resource-rational attempts to maximise utility shouldn't ignore the demands of constructing utility representations. This can be onerous when, as in humans, there are many rewarding modalities. Another thing best not ignored is the processing demands of making functional activity out of the many degrees of freedom of a body. The target article is almost silent on both.

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