A Contemporary View on the Anatomy of Parotid Gland

One of the up-to-date issues of contemporary medicine is the study of the features of individual anatomical structure variability of various organs. In recent years, the incidence of parotid gland diseases has been rising. This phenomenon can be associated with an absolute increase in this organ pathologies incidence as well as with the development of additional methods of examination and visualization of the gland. Most pathologies of major salivary glands, in particular the parotid gland, require surgical treatment. Knowledge of topographical relationship of the parotid gland with the adjacent vessels and nerve trunks is utterly necessary for planning and performing surgical interventions and reconstructive operations in the parotid region. According to the statistics, surgical interventions on the parotid gland take the leading place among the causes of damage to the facial nerve branches. This fact may also prove a large variation in the syntopy of the facial nerve and the parotid gland. The paper reviews the data of native and foreign literature on the anatomy of parotid gland and the place of radiation research methods in the study of its topographical and anatomical features. The analysis revealed a wide range of anatomical norm of parotid gland in many parameters, including shape, linear size, blood supply, and topographical features. The practice of using anthropometric studies aimed at structuring the existing knowledge and narrowing the borders of anatomical norm for various organs proved to be successful. However, in the pool of scientific papers, we have not found similar studies concerning parotid gland. The facts mentioned above make the background and justify further studies of parotid gland in the context of normal individual variability.

Pola Pengobatan, Pengetahuan, Dan Perilaku Swamedikasi Acne Vulgaris Di Kalangan Remaja Kabupaten Pekalongan Tahun 2021

In general, acne vulgaris begins at the age of 12-15 years with a peak severity at the age of 17-21 years. Acne vulgaris is the most common disease in adolescence. Acne vulgaris is mostly in adolescents aged 13-17 years in Pekalongan Regency. The purpose of this study was to determine the pattern of treatment, knowledge and behavior of acne vulgaris self-medication carried out by adolescents in Pekalongan Regency in 2021. This study was a cross sectional study with an instrument in the form of a questionnaire. The sample in this study were teenagers in Pekalongan Regency. The sampling technique was done by quota sampling, this survey was followed by 396 respondents with an age range of 12-19 years. Data analysis in this study using the Chi-square. The results of this study indicate that the pattern of treatment in adolescents in Pekalongan Regency is sufficient, namely 58.78%, the level of knowledge of the respondents is sufficient as much as 64.1% while the results in the behavioral category of respondents are 66.4%. The results of the correlation analysis test showed that there was a relationship between the level of knowledge on the acne vulgaris treatment pattern with a significance value of 0.000, there was a relationship between the treatment pattern on the acne vulgaris self-medication behavior with a significance value of 0.000 and there was a relationship between the level of knowledge on the acne vulgaris self-medication behavior with a significance value of 0.000.Keywords: acne vulgaris, adolescence, knowledge, behavior AbstrakPada umumnya acne vulgaris mulai pada usia 12-15 tahun dengan puncak tingkat keparahan pada umur 17-21 tahun. Acne vulgaris merupakan penyakit terbanyak pada masa remaja. Acne vulgaris terbanyak pada masa remaja berusia 13-17 tahun di Kabupaten Pekalongan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pola pengobatan, pengetahuan dan perilaku swamedikasi acne vulgaris yang dilakukan oleh kalangan remaja di Kabupaten Pekalongan tahun 2021. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian cross sectional dengan instrumen berupa kuesioner. Sampel pada penelitian ini adalah kalangan remaja di Kabupaten Pekalongan. Teknik pengambilan sampel dilakukan secara kuota sampling, survei ini diikuti oleh 396 respoden dengan rentang usia 12-19 tahun. Analisis data pada penelitian ini menggunakan teknik pengujian Chi-square. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan pola pengobatan pada remaja di Kabupaten Pekalongan ialah cukup yaitu sebanyak 58,78%, tingkat pengetahuan responden ialah cukup sebanyak 64,1% sedangkan hasil pada kategori perilaku responden ialah 66,4%. Hasil uji analisis korelasi terdapat hubungan antara tingkat pengetahuan terhadap pola pengobatan acne vulgaris dengan nilai signifikasi 0,000, terdapat hubungan antara pola pengobatan terhadap perilaku swamedikasi acne vulgaris dengan nilai signifikasi 0,000 dan terdapat hubungan antara tingkat pengetahuan terhadap perilaku swamedikasi acne vulgaris dengan nilai signifikasi 0,000. Kata kunci: acne vulgaris, remaja, pengetahuan, perilaku

Mastery of type 2 diabetes prevention and treatment knowledge by general practitioners in Shanghai: a cross-sectional study

Background To study the competency of general practitioners (GPs) in Shanghai, China on prevention and management of type 2 diabetes, also understand factors that may prohibit it. Methods A survey questionnaire with 25 questions was designed based on 2013 Chinese Type 2 Diabetes Prevention Guidelines and Chinese Type 2 Diabetes Prevention Guidelines (Grassroots Edition) and conducted among 789 GPs who work at 54 community healthcare centers (CHCs) within 16 districts at Shanghai, China. Excel 2016 and SPSS 24.0 were used for data analysis, and a difference of P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results The GPs did poorly on three aspect of diabetes prevention and treatment: (1) treatment goals in elderly patients, (2) screening methods for high-risk population, and (3) aspirin contraindications. The statistical analysis data showed that GPs who finished standardized training had correct answer on 13.58 ± 3.31 questions out of total 25, with mean accuracy rate of 54.32%. Except the questions for high-risk population screening method and the diagnostic criteria for type 2 diabetes, there was no difference in the accuracy of other questions between GPs with or without standardized training (P < 0.05). However, sex, educational level, and subspecialty experience are affective factors on their competency in type 2 diabetes prevention and treatment knowledge. Conclusion The results indicated that communities should strengthen the training of GPs in diabetes management and bidirectional referral. Frequent continuing education and skills training should be provided among GPs at CHCs to ensure their competency of type 2 diabetes prevention and treatment knowledge after obtaining their GP license disregard of their standardized training. In addition, attention should be paid to GPs who had lower education background or non-clinical subspecialty experience to strengthen their clinical knowledge of type 2 diabetes.

Positive and negative properties of four endodontic sealant groups: a systematic review

Background. The choice of sealant is an important dentist’s decision with a long-term influence on treatment. Knowledge of the properties and characters of each material is key to the optimal endosealer selection on individual basis.Objectives. A comparison of endodontic sealants based on epoxy resins, calcium hydroxide, zinc oxide eugenol and bioceramics.Methods. Publications were mined in the PubMed and Google Scholar electronic databases to cover the four sealer groups (epoxy, calcium hydroxide, zinc oxide eugenol and bioceramics) over years 2014-2021, including selected relevant sources within 2002-2013; 73 articles were considered for review, regardless of the study design or language. Content and descriptive analyses were used as research tools. Meta-analysis was not used due to a high evidence heterogeneity.Results. The dental market currently offers a variety of sealant groups. Endodontic sealants based on epoxy resins, zinc oxide eugenol, calcium hydroxide and bioceramics are the most common. The review identifies no ideal material for the root canal filling.Conclusion. Manifold studies demonstrate the pros and cons in each endodontic sealant group with respect to variant criteria. Depending on clinical situation, the practitioner can opt for the material property to identify the endosealer.

PERCEPTION OF PEOPLE FOR POST- ORTHODONTIC RETENTION, NORTH GUJARAT POPULATION A QUESTIONNAIRE-BASED SURVEY

Summary Objective: This transverse study aimed to know the level of knowledge and expectations amoung people for future orthodontic treatment have about post-orthodontic retention and to investigate the inuence of sociocultural characteristics. Material and methods: A total of 220 successive people participated in the study (as patient, parent, or legal guardian) for a prospective orthodontic treatment (mean age:17.7 years; 37.3 per cent male) received a questionnaire to assess their knowledge and expectations about postorthodontic retention before their rst appointment. Data were analysed descriptively, whereas predictors were identied with logistic regressions at Pvalue of less than or equal to 0.05. Results: Among the 220 responders, 54.09 per cent knew that retention appliances are used after orthodontic treatment and 45 per cent (n = 99) believed perfect results can guarantee stability, whereas at the same time, 48.8per cent (n = 106) knew that teeth can move on their own without any orthodontic appliances. The 35 per cent considered stability of the orthodontic result is important , some patient preferred removabl retainers (67.27 per cent; n = 148),some believed that the general dentist to be primarily responsible for a stable result (47.73 per cent; n = 105), and found it appropriate to charge for recall visits (59.55 per cent; n = 131). Participants’of the studys gender, age, education, nationality, and past orthodontic experiences within the close family signicantly inuenced answers. Limitations: a single-centred survey conducted in single university intense to conclude the interpretation of the results. Conclusions: Although stability of orthodontic treatment results is important to people deciding about a prospective orthodontic treatment, knowledge regarding the need for postorthodontic retention varies and may at times be contradictious for the ortho treatment. cultural factors seem to inuence the level of knowledge and the expectations on post-orthodontic retention.

Awareness and Stigma of Autism Spectrum Disorders in Undergraduate Students

Background Social stigma is a barrier for students with autism on college campuses. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between autism knowledge and autism stigma endorsement. Method 144 college undergraduate students were asked to complete the Autism Stigma and Knowledge Questionnaire as well as a brief demographic questionnaire. The relationship between stigma endorsement and ASD knowledge in the areas of diagnosis and symptoms, etiology, and treatment were evaluated using a multiple linear regression. Two independent-sample t-tests were conducted to investigate group differences between participants who know someone with autism and those who do not as well as between male and female participants. Results A significant regression equation was found ( F(3,140) = 51.35, p = .000), with an R2 of .52. While Treatment and Etiology subscale scores significantly predicted Stigma subscale scores, Diagnosis/Symptom subscale score was not. In terms of knowing someone with an autism diagnosis, there was a significant difference in ASD diagnosis and symptom knowledge ( t(142) = 4.16, p = .000), etiology knowledge ( t(142) = 3.51, p = .001), treatment knowledge ( t(62.99) = 3.54, p = .001), and stigma endorsement ( t(142) = 3.03, p = .003). No significant differences were found between male and female participants. Conclusions Contrary to past studies, gender was not associated with ASD knowledge or stigma endorsement. This study suggests that an intervention designed to increase ASD knowledge, particularly in the areas of etiology and treatment, and to increase contact with students diagnosed with autism would be effective in reducing ASD stigma.

Significance of the Coronal Pulp Chamber Floor Anatomy in the Human Dentition: A Narrative Review

In root canal treatment, the foundation on which all surgical procedures are performed is a thorough knowledge of the anatomy of the pulp chamber and the root canal system. The endodontic triad comprises biomechanical preparation, microbial control and complete obturation of the root canal space. Knowledge of the pulp chamber floor anatomy is important in locating the numbers and orifices of root canals present within the tooth being root canal treated. This is particularly important while treating teeth that are heavily restored, mal-positioned, or calcified. The current review attempts to explain the complex anatomy of the pulp chamber floor and its significance in root canal treatment. CPD/Clinical Relevance: To allow the location of all root canal orifices in the pulp chamber and to perform successful root canal treatment, knowledge of pulp chamber floor anatomy is essential. The clinician should consider that, as the external morphology of the tooth varies in individuals, so does the internal morphology.

Diazoxide-associated pulmonary hypertension in a patient with noncompaction cardiomyopathy

Development of pulmonary hypertension after initiation of diazoxide for the treatment of neonatal hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia is a rare, but previously described association. Risk factors for development of diazoxide-associated pulmonary hypertension include lower gestational age and congenital heart disease. This novel case report describes an infant with noncompaction cardiomyopathy who developed pulmonary hypertension shortly after initiation of diazoxide for hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia which resolved upon cessation of the drug. This case highlights the benefit of having pre-treatment knowledge of underlying cardiac anatomy and makes a case for routine echocardiographic screening for neonates initiating diazoxide treatment.

Evaluation of Knowledge among Dentists on Symptoms and Treatments of Temporomandibular Disorders in Italy

To determine the knowledge of general dentists and dental specialists on temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in Italy, a web-based questionnaire including 20 multiple- choice questions was sent to all general dental practitioners and specialists in Italy. Mean score of diagnosis and treatment knowledge of all participants was 23.8 ± 7.3 out of 40 achievable scores. There was a significant difference between the knowledge of dentists and the variables of sex, age, and years of experience (p < 0.05). However, overall, it is not possible to state a significant difference between the final score of dentists with different specializations (p = 0.89). The results of this study showed an acceptable knowledge of participants regarding TMD.