scholarly journals Intoxications by lead and its inorganic compounds

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 6-12
Author(s):  
V.S. Tkachyshyn
Keyword(s):  
Lead Poisoning ◽  
Inorganic Compounds ◽  
The Body ◽  
Chronic Intoxication ◽  
Specific Syndrome ◽  
Hygienic Measures ◽  
Lead Release ◽  
Biological Substrates ◽  
Main Thing ◽  
Professional History

Lead belongs to the group of blood poisons that impair the synthesis of porphyrins and heme. Under industrial conditions, only chronic lead poisoning can develop. Lead belongs to the poisons that have the effect of material cumulation. The half-life of lead is 20 years. Once in the body, it is deposited in many organs in the form of the insoluble tribasic lead phosphates. A significant part of the lead is deposited in the trabeculae of the bones. Under the influence of provoking factors, an intensive lead release from the depot can be observed. In such cases, the amount of lead in the circulating blood increases sharply, and remission is replaced by an exacerbation. There is a wavy course of chronic lead intoxication. Lead and its inorganic compounds belong to the group of poisons that have a polytropic effect on the body, affecting many organs and systems. The blood system (anemia with specific characteristics) and the nervous system (polyneuropathy and encephalopathy) are primarily affected. A number of other organs and systems are also affected. The most severe specific syndrome of gastrointestinal tract damage is lead colic. Due to the impaired synthesis of porphyrins and heme in certain biological substrates of the body — in the blood, erythrocytes and urine, substances unused in the synthesis of heme are accumulated. They are markers of chronic intoxication caused by lead, in the presence of a relevant clinical picture. The diagnosis is based on data from a professional history, sanitary and hygienic characteristics of working conditions, clinical and objective characteristics of the disease and data from laboratory examination. The main thing is to stop contact with lead and remove it from the body. Antidotes for lead poisoning are chelators: tetacinum-calcium, pentacinum, D-penicillamine. In combination with technical and sanitary-hygienic measures to prevent chronic intoxication caused by lead, preliminary and periodic medical examinations of persons in contact with lead are of great importance.

scholarly journals Iron Metabolism in the Bone Marrow as Seen by Electron Microscopy: A Critical Review

Blood ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 635-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARCEL C. BESSIS ◽  
JANINE BRETON-GORIUS
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Lead Poisoning ◽  
The Body ◽  
Reticular Cell ◽  
Hemoglobin Synthesis ◽  
Isotopic Studies ◽  
Cooley's Anemia ◽  
Blue Reaction

Abstract High resolution electron microscopy has made possible the visualization of transport and storage iron in the form of ferritin, both in dispersed form and in aggregates and in the form of "iron micelles" in mitochondria. Hemosiderin was found to consist either of pure ferritin in crystalline clusters or, more frequently, of ferritin associated with other substances, including a lipid component in the form of myelinic figures and PAS positive material. In the following paragraphs we have summarized the new morphologic findings and what appears to us the most likely interpretation in the light of known biochemical and isotopic studies. Alternative interpretations have been discussed in the body of the paper. Electron microscopy has established the erythroblastic island as a morphologic and functional unit of the bone marrow. A central reticular "nurse cell" appears to impart nutrients to surrounding rows of erythroblasts by the process of rhopheocytosis. Transfer of ferritin by this process is probably a passive phenomenon, since the amount transferred parallels the amount of iron present in the central reticular cell. Ferritin is increased both in the reticular cell and in erythroblasts in hemochromatosis. It is absent in iron deficiency, although rhopheocytosis remains prominent. Normally all erythroblasts (proerythroblasts and normoblasts) and reticulocytes contain ferritin. Only the larger aggregates can be visualized by the Prussian blue reaction in sideroblasts and siderocytes. Ferritin generally disappears when reticulocytes mature, even in hemochromatosis and infections, two conditions in which there is an excess of ferritin in erythroblasts. Interestingly, the increase in infections is entirely in form of dispersed ferritin and cannot be visualized by the Prussian blue reaction; i.e., sideroblasts are absent, in contrast to hemochromatosis where they are normal or increased. It appears most likely that ferritin disappears from normal maturing reticulocytes because it is utilized for hemoglobin formation. It persists in mature red cells in Cooley’s anemia, hypersideremia, hypochromic anemia and lead poisoning where hemoglobin formation is disturbed. The origin of the ferritin in the nurse cells and the extent to which ferritin rather than siderophilin contributes to hemoglobin synthesis are unsolved problems. Isotopic studies indicate that almost all of the iron used for hemoglobin synthesis is derived from siderophilin and hemoglobin synthesis can proceed without any visible ferritin, as in iron deficiency anemia. These facts must be reconciled with the electron microscopic observations which suggest that normally some iron reutilization within the marrow proceeds by way of erythrophagocytosis, fragmentation, intracellular hemolysis of red cells, formation of ferritin and ropheocytosis. Iron derived from erythrophagocytosis elsewhere in the body probably reaches the marrow bound to siderophilin. Such iron can be incorporated into ferritin of reticular cells as may be seen in hyperferremia and following injection of iron compounds. The process of rhopheocytosis would then lead to utilization of at least part of this ferritin iron for hemoglobin synthesis. In certain pathologic states, accumulation of ferritin and related visible dispersed or conglomerated iron micelles may point to the sites where hemoglobin synthesis or iron transport is blocked. In Cooley’s anemia and the hypersideremic hypochromic (non-thalassemic) anemias, iron accumulates in the mitochondria, which are known to be involved in hemoglobin synthesis. In lead poisoning, the mitochondria are markedly abnormal, and probably correspond to the areas of punctate basophilia. However, the iron accumulates in other areas of the cell, suggesting a different type of block.

scholarly journals Treatment and Utilization of the Concentrate from Membrane Separation Processes of Landfill Leachates

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-104
Author(s):  
Rafał Nowak ◽  
Maria Włodarczyk-Makuła
Keyword(s):  
Advanced Oxidation Process ◽  
Membrane Separation ◽  
Inorganic Compounds ◽  
Atmospheric Precipitation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Landfill Leachates ◽  
Separation Processes ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
High Concentrations

AbstractThe purpose of the paper was to assess the effectiveness of selected physico-chemical processes to improve the quality of retentates/concentrates obtained during the treatment of landfill leachates using membrane separation. Among the physico-chemical methods, Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) and electrocoagulation were analysed. Landfill leachate resulting from the infiltration of waste mass by atmospheric precipitation as well as the dissolution and leaching of waste components are most often subjected to membrane separation. Permeate is usually discharged to the receiver, while the concentrate is recirculated and sprinkled on a waste pile. However, such action is only the retention of impurities in the body of the landfill and has an impact on the chemistry of raw leachates. Due to the very high concentrations of organic and inorganic compounds identified in the retentate, it is necessary to treat it, which will effectively reduce the amount of impurities in the leachate. Economic use seems to be another solution. An example would be growing energy crops but such application requires additional research.

scholarly journals EFFICIENCY THE HYGIENIC PROPERTIES OF CLASP DENTURES FOR PATIENTS WITH MISSING TEETH AND PERIODONTITIS

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 285-287
Author(s):  
Malkan Abdrashitova Amhadova ◽  
D. Yu Rahaeva ◽  
S. N Garazha ◽  
Z. S-S Hubaev ◽  
E. N Grishilova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Periodontal Diseases ◽  
Dental Materials ◽  
Structural Heterogeneity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Chromium Alloy ◽  
Cobalt Chromium ◽  
Hygienic Measures ◽  
Method Of Evaluation ◽  
Cobalt Chromium Alloy

The ability to penetrate conditionally pathogenic microflora from defects of the oral mucosa, from the surface of dentures and tissues of the prosthetic bed into the bloodstream is extremely dangerous for the body. The method of evaluation of colonization of opportunistic microflora in the experiment in-vitro alloy samples for the manufacture of clasp prostheses allows to objectively assess the level of bacterial contamination of dental materials and predict the effectiveness of hygienic measures removable dentures, which is especially important in patients with inflammatory periodontal diseases. Structural heterogeneity, low surface purity, polished cobalt-chromium alloy provide adhesion of microbial cells, thereby increasing the colonization of microflora on the surface of the material. A sample of the alloy based on gold, and cobalt-chromium alloy with electroplating showed identical results reduced sorption of microorganisms and good hygiene quality.

scholarly journals Features of transcutaneous penetration of lead into the human body

2021 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-59
Author(s):  
Nikolay A. Kashuba
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Inorganic Compounds ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Mechanical Methods ◽  
Intense Physical Activity

Introduction. One of the features of lead is its high ability to disintegrate and significantly contaminate the environment. The contamination of hands or the whole body with lead creates a high probability of penetrating micro- and nanoparticles through the skin into the body. Nowadays, this process is not sufficiently studied. There is evidence that inorganic compounds or metallic particles of lead can penetrate through the skin into a human body. Material and methods. centrifuge 10000 rpm, laser emitter (wavelength 625-740 nm), optical microscope, voltampermetric analyzer ABA-2, Analysette 12 Dyna Sizer, magnetic stirrer, distiller, Na2S solution. The studies were conducted in 2017-2018 among the workers of battery sections of technical service stations in Ternopol - 17 people. The research results were processed by the statistical package SPSS 19. Results. The process of mechanical contamination by the skin with lead, rejection of micro particles from the surface of lead, and, to a lesser extent, ultrafine nanoparticles, which can penetrate the sweat glands, was established to occur. The studies have shown in the washings from the palms particles’ skin are detected mainly in the size of 1 μm - 100 nm. In the process of finding the particles of lead in the sweat glands, their length decreases to Nanoscale, allowing them freely entering the body. The decrease in particle size in the sweat glands occurs due to the formation of soluble lead compounds. Presumably, the main chemical contributing to this process is lactic acid. With increasing exposure, the size of lead particles in the sweat glands decreases. Intensive cleaning of the skin surface by mechanical methods, and detergents, followed by contamination with lead, promotes the penetration of lead particles into the sweat glands and its further spread in the body. The intense physical activity was established to contribute to a decrease in particle size, which suggests chemical interaction of lead with lactic acid and the formation of soluble lead lactate. The assumption is confirmed by studies of the composition of sweat, which is detected lead lactate. Conclusion. The lead ability to penetrating a human body transcutaneously in the form of nanoparticles and soluble compounds has been proven. Intense physical activity facilitates the penetration of lead into the body.

scholarly journals Study of prevalence and associated risk factors of anaplasmosis and theileriasis in cattle

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 567-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandip Kispotta ◽  
Md Faruk Islam ◽  
Md Fazlul Hoque ◽  
Md Shajedur Rahman ◽  
Adil Borman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
High Risk Group ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ivermectin Treatment ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hygienic Measures ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

A detailed cross-sectional study was carried out to investigate the prevalence and associated risk factors of theileriosis and anaplasmosis in cattle of Dinajpur district over a period of six months from January to June 2014. A total of 200 samples were randomly collected from the cattle. A pretested questionnaire was implemented to collect data on different risk factors. Blood smears were prepared and examined under microscope (100 xs) with Giemsa’s stain. The study revealed proportional prevalence was 10% for theileriasis and 18.5% for anaplasmosis. The percentages of theileriasis and anaplasmosis 12.61% and 22.52% were higher in female than in male animal 6.74% and 13.48% respectively. In both cases, female showed higher positivity in compare with male. The univariate logistic regression analysis revealed cattle with a herd size >10 (OR=4.3), temperature (? 103ºF) (OR=3.27), presence of tick in the body surface (OR=3.09) and record of Ivermectin treatment (OR=4.47) were found significantly associated with theileriasis prevalence (p<0.05) and irregular bathing history was found significantly associated in the case of anaplasmosis prevalence (OR=0.23). However, in multivariate analysis, temperature (? 103ºF) (OR=2.89), presence of tick in the body surface (OR=2.80) and animal with a record of Ivermectin treatment (OR=4.24) showed significant association with theileriasis and herd size >10, deep brown; white colour and bathing history were significantly associated (P < 0.05) with the anaplasmosis. Good husbandry practice and adoption of hygienic measures are needed among the high risk group or individuals to minimize the spread of the disease.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. December 2016, 2(4): 567-576

scholarly journals Is release of rehabilitated wildlife with embedded lead ammunition advisable? Plumbism in a Jaguar Panthera Onca (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae), survivor of gunshot wounds

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 19808-19812
Author(s):  
Eduardo A. Díaz ◽  
Carolina Sáenz ◽  
E. Santiago Jiménez ◽  
David A. Egas ◽  
Kelly Swing
Keyword(s):  
Lead Poisoning ◽  
Gunshot Wounds ◽  
The Body ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Lead Intoxication ◽  
Trophic Chain ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Panthera Onca ◽  
Lead Ammunition ◽  
Indirect Impacts

Lead poisoning is a threat to wildlife, particularly after ingestion of lead ammunition derived from hunting activities. Little information, however, is available concerning plumbism in wild animals that survive the trauma associated with gunshot wounds. This study presents a possible example of lead intoxication by embedded pellets in a Jaguar Panthera onca nineteen months after being injured by a shotgun blast. In addition, the possible path of incorporation of lead into the trophic chain after the eventual release and death of an impacted animal, thereby expanding and prolonging the toxic effects of lead ammunition, is discussed. Direct intoxication by ammunition retained in the body of wild animals, as well as the indirect impacts on predators and scavengers that consume their flesh, should be sufficient reasons to reconsider the release of individuals with embedded lead ammunition into the wild.

Diagnostic Tests for Lead Poisoning

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1013-1014
Author(s):  
B. D. DINMAN
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Test ◽  
Lead Poisoning ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Body Burden ◽  
Present Knowledge ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sites Of Action

The report of Whitaker, Austin, and Nelson, "Edathamil Calcium Disodium (Versenate) Diagnostic Test for Lead Poisoning" (Pediatrics 29:384, 1962), comments upon the use of this agent and its mechanism of action in a manner which may lead to misapprehension concerning the potentialities of this agent. The authors state that this test is based upon the principle that "edathamil chelates lead in body stores, as well as circulating lead...." In view of our present knowledge concerning these sites of action of edathamil calcium disodium, it would appear that this is an overstatement of the efficacy of this agent in producing mobilization and subsquent excretion of the body burden of lead.

scholarly journals APPLICATION OF BACTERIOPHAGES IN INFLAMMATORY PERIODONTAL DISEASE TREATMENT

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-69
Author(s):  
Anastasiya Gannenko ◽  
Viktoriya Miroshnichenko ◽  
Amin Masimov
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Periodontal Diseases ◽  
The Body ◽  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
Periodontal Tissues ◽  
Main Thing

Subject. The prevalence of inflammatory periodontal diseases among elderly people, regardless of their gender, ranges from 69 to 98 % worldwide. Periodontitis is a chronic bacterial disease that proceeds with intoxication of the body, thereby causing serious health problems. It has been proven that periodontitis can cause myocardial infarction and habitual miscarriage. Local and systemic treatment of diseases of this pathology is primarily aimed at suppressing pathogenic bacteria. It is obvious that, in the conditions of total antibiotic resistance of microorganisms and a considerable list of contraindications and complications of the antibiotic therapy, the search for new ways to combat them becomes vital. The main thing is that antibiotics disrupt the biological balance of the biopsy of the body which the patient has to restore from several months to several years. Under these conditions, the use of bacteriophages is an extremely promising solution. Bacteriophages are natural antimicrobial highly sensitive medications. They consist of viruses that target a bacterial cell. In these circumstances, bacteriophages do not harm the microbiota of the oral cavity. A literature review on the use of bacteriophages in dentistry for the treatment of inflammatory diseases of periodontal tissues has been conducted by us. The mechanism of action of bacteriophages, the strengths and weaknesses of the use of phage therapy have also been considered. Goal ― to study the use of bacteriophages for the treatment of patients with inflammatory periodontal diseases. Methodology. The literature review of more than 40 scientific sources has been conducted. Conclusion. The use of bacteriophages is a promising issue. Their effectiveness has been confirmed in the treatment of infectious and inflammatory periodontal diseases and diseases of the oral mucosa. They demonstrate high efficiency to improve the hygiene of the oral cavity and reduce inflammation. Being highly targeted viral medications, they act upon a specific bacterium without affecting the natural microbiota of a person.

scholarly journals Method for Determining Regional Reference Values of Metal Content in Biological Substrates and Their Intake into the Body via Drinking Water

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (18) ◽  
pp. 9903
Author(s):  
Yulia Tunakova ◽  
Artur Shagidullin ◽  
Vsevolod Valiev ◽  
Svetlana Novikova ◽  
Rashat Faizullin
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
The Body ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Form Complex ◽  
Biological Substrates ◽  
Trained Neural Network ◽  
Regional Reference

Natural and manmade flows of matter form complex metal associations in the body of residents living in certain territories, which leads to functional disorders in their bodies and the depletion of adaptive reserves. It is possible to assess the distribution of metals in the body only taking into account its biogeochemical localization. The question arises about the methodological approach to the determination of regional reference values of the concentrations of metals in biosubstrates of residents of different territories, to which this study was devoted. A designed and trained neural network was used, reflecting the relationship between the concentrations of metals in consumed drinking water and biosubstrates of the body, taking into account the physiological characteristics of the tested group of children and adolescents, based on the regional reference values obtained. Neural network regression methods allowed the calculation of nonlinear dependences of indicators of the state of the internal environment of an organism with external factors, and localized reference values determined in such calculations the indicators of the base state, being guided by the intensity of external factors, which should be assessed. The results of this study are intended for patient-oriented diagnosis and the treatment of eco-conditioned microelementosis in individual locations.

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