EROSION LOSSES OF MAJOR PLANT NUTRIENTS AND ORGANIC MATTER FROM COLLINGTON SANDY LOAM

Spain has ranked 6th on the harvested bean area and 8th in bean production in the European Union (EU). The soils of this area have mixed silt loam and sandy loam texture, with moderate clay content, neutral or acidic pH, rich in organic matter and low carbonate levels, providing beans with high water absorption capacity and better organoleptic qualities after cooking. Similar to other crops, it is attacked by some phytopathogens. Hitherto, chemical methods have been used to control these organisms. However, with the Reform of the Community Agrarian Policy in the EU, the number of authorized plant protection products has been reduced to prevail food security, as well as to be sustainable in the long term, giving priority to the non-chemical methods that use biological agents, such as Trichoderma. This study aimed to investigate the relative importance of various crop soil parameters in the adaptation of Trichoderma spp. autoclaved soils (AS) and natural soils (NS) from the Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) “Alubia La Bañeza—León” that were inoculated with Trichoderma velutinum T029 and T. harzianum T059 and incubated in a culture chamber at 25 °C for 15 days. Their development was determined by quantitative PCR. Twelve soil samples were selected and analyzed from the productive zones of Astorga, La Bañeza, La Cabrera, Esla-Campos and Páramo. Their physicochemical characteristics were different by zone, as the texture of soils ranged between sandy loam and silt loam and the pH between strongly acid and slightly alkaline, as well as the organic matter (OM) concentration between low and remarkably high. Total C and N concentrations and their ratio were between medium and high in most of the soils and the rest of the micronutrients had an acceptable concentration except for Paramo’s soil. Both Trichoderma species developed better in AS than in NS, T. velutinum T029 grew better with high levels of OM, total C, ratio C:N, P, K, Fe, and Zn than T. harzianum T059 in clay soils, with the highest values of cation exchange capacity (CEC), pH, Ca, Mg and Mn. These effects were validated by Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA), texture, particularly clay concentration, OM, electrical conductivity (EC), and pH (physical parameters) and B and Cu (soil elements) are the main factors explaining the influence in the Trichoderma development. OM, EC, C:N ratio and Cu are the main soil characteristics that influence in T. velutinum T029 development and pH in the development of T. harzianum T059.

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Growing Food with Garbage: Effects of Six Waste Amendments on Soil and Vegetable Crops

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci11354-16 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 52 (6) ◽

pp. 896-904 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rebecca J. Long ◽

Rebecca N. Brown ◽

José A. Amador

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Soil Organic Matter ◽

Soil Quality ◽

Organic Waste ◽

Sweet Corn ◽

Mineral Fertilizer ◽

Plant Nutrients ◽

Chicken Manure ◽

Organic C ◽

Yard Waste

Using organic wastes as agricultural amendments is a productive alternative to disposal in landfills, providing nutrients for plant growth and carbon to build soil organic matter. Despite these benefits, a large fraction of organic waste is sent to landfills. Obstacles to the adoption of wastes as sources of plant nutrients include questions about harmful effects to crops or soils and the wastes’ ability to produce satisfactory yields. We compared six organic waste amendments with a mineral fertilizer control (CN) to determine effects on soil quality, soil fertility, crop quality, and crop yield in 2013 and 2014. Waste amendments were applied at a rate sufficient to supply 10,000 kg organic C/ha over two seasons, and mineral fertilizer was applied to control plots to provide 112 kg-N/ha/yr. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with four replicates and three crops: sweet corn (Zea mays L. cv. Applause, Brocade, and Montauk), butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata Duchesne cv. JWS 6823), and potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Eva). Amendment with biosolids/yard waste cocompost (BS), dehydrated restaurant food waste (FW), gelatin manufacturing waste (GW), multisource compost (MS), paper fiber/chicken manure blend (PF), and yard waste compost (YW) did not have a negative impact on soil moisture, bulk density, electrical conductivity (EC), or the concentration of heavy metals in soil or plant tissue. Our results indicate potential uses for waste amendments including significantly raising soil pH (MS) and increasing soil organic matter [OM (YW and BS)]. The carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C:N) of waste amendments was not a reliable predictor of soil inorganic N levels, and only some wastes increased potentially mineralizable nitrogen (PMN) levels relative to the control. Plots amended with BS, FW, and GW produced yields of sweet corn, butternut squash, and potatoes comparable with the control, whereas plots amended with YW, PF, and MS produced lower yields of sweet corn, squash, or both, although yields for potatoes were comparable with the control. In addition, the marketability of potatoes from PF plots was significantly better than that of the control in 2014. None of the wastes evaluated in this study had negative impacts on soil properties, some provided benefits to soil quality, and all produced comparable yields for at least one crop. Our results suggest that all six wastes have potential to be used as sources of plant nutrients.

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CADMIUM IN DIFFERENT PLANT SPECIES AND ITS AVAILABILITY IN SOILS AS INFLUENCED BY ORGANIC MATTER AND ADDITIONS OF LIME, P, Cd AND Zn

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/cjss76-021 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 56 (3) ◽

pp. 129-138 ◽

Cited By ~ 96

Author(s):

A. J. MACLEAN

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Plant Species ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Acid Soil ◽

Organic Matter Content ◽

Acid Soils ◽

Matter Content ◽

Cd Uptake ◽

Organic C ◽

Plant Parts

The Cd concentration in 10 plant species grown in a neutral surface soil (0.65 ppm Cd) varied from 0.18 ppm in potato tubers to 0.99 ppm in soybean roots on a dry matter basis. Addition of 5 ppm Cd increased the concentrations in the plants markedly and they were particularly high in lettuce (10.36 ppm) and tobacco leaves (11.57 ppm). Cd concentrations tended to be lower in the edible portion (seed, fruit, tubers) than in other plant parts. Added Cd affected yields in only a few instances. But in another experiment, Cd added at a rate of 5 ppm to five soils decreased the yield of lettuce in most instances. In a comparison of results for two similarly managed sandy loam soils, nearly neutral in reaction but differing in organic matter content (2.17 vs. 15.95% organic C), the concentration of Cd was lower in lettuce grown in the soil with the higher amount of organic matter. The Cd content of the lettuce was reduced by liming some of the acid soils. Addition of Cd increased the concentration of Zn in the plants appreciably, but added Zn did not affect Cd uptake. In an incubation experiment comprising five soils, DTPA (diethylenetriamine-pentaacetic acid) extractable Cd decreased with liming of three Cd-treated acid soil samples. In comparisons of two sandy loam soils and of surface and subsoil layers of a sand, extractable Cd increased with higher amounts of soil organic matter.

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The influence of soil conditions on the decomposition of organic matter in the soil

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600002987 ◽

1917 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 385-417 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

E. J. Russell ◽

A. Appleyard

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Soil Fertility ◽

Plant Nutrients ◽

Fundamental Importance ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Plant Residues ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Decomposition Of Organic Matter ◽

Decomposition Of Plant Residues

The biochemical decomposition of plant residues and other organic matter in the soil is of fundamental importance for soil fertility. It causes the breaking down of coarse plant fragments which otherwise might open up the soil too much: it leads to the production of colloidal complexes known as humus which exert many beneficial effects both chemical and physical, and it brings about the formation of nitrates, the most important of the nitrogenous plant nutrients.

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Additions of Plant Nutrients and the Organic Matter Balance in the Soil

Fertility of Soils - Springer Series in Physical Environment ◽

10.1007/978-3-642-84320-4_25 ◽

1992 ◽

pp. 231-243

Author(s):

Christian J. M. G. Pieri

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Plant Nutrients

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Fluometuron in Soil Solution as an Indicator of Its Efficacy in Three Soils

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500041436 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 30 (6) ◽

pp. 688-691 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Michael G. Patterson ◽

Gale A. Buchanan ◽

Robert H. Walker ◽

Richard M. Patterson

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Field Experiment ◽

Soil Solution ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Silty Clay ◽

Clay Loam ◽

Weed Species ◽

Silty Clay Loam ◽

Fine Sandy Loam

Analysis of fluometuron [1,1-dimethyl-3-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)urea] in soil solution after application of 0.5 or 1.0 ppmw revealed up to five-fold differences among three Alabama soils (Lucedale fine sandy loam, Decatur silty clay loam, and Sacul loam). Differences in fluometuron in soil solution were attributed to variable organic matter present and clay fractions. Fluometuron concentration in soil solution for each soil correlated well with control of four broadleaf weed species in a field experiment.

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Quantity and Nature of Water‐Extractable Organic Matter from Sandy Loam Soils with Potato Cropping Management

ael ◽

10.2134/ael2016.06.0023 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 160023 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Zhongqi He ◽

Mingchu Zhang ◽

Aiqin Zhao ◽

O. Modesto Olanya ◽

Robert P. Larkin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Extractable Organic Matter ◽

Water Extractable

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Chromium(VI) leaching from large undisturbed soil lysimeters following application of a simulated copper-chromium-arsenic (CCA) timber preservative

Soil Research ◽

10.1071/sr01033 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 40 (2) ◽

pp. 351 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

P. L. Carey ◽

V. J. Bidwell ◽

R. G. McLaren

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Soil Profile ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Soil Analysis ◽

Rainfall Simulation ◽

Soil Cores ◽

Undisturbed Soil ◽

First Order ◽

Copper Chromium ◽

Soil Lysimeters

Copper, chromium, and arsenic (CCA) solutions are commonly used in New Zealand as a means of preserving softwood timbers such as Pinus radiata. With stock working solutions of CCA salts in timber treatment plants frequently 10&percnt; w/v or more, there exists a potential for spillage and leaching of these compounds to groundwater. High concentrations of Cr(VI) (up to 52 mg Cr/L) were found in the leachates of large undisturbed soil lysimeters where a Templeton sandy loam (Immature Pallic) had received surface applications of a simulated copper, chromium, and arsenic (CCA) timber preservative. Leaching was produced by using a combination of natural and imposed rainfall simulation over the lysimeters for a period of 102 days after CCA application. An average of 26&percnt; of the applied chromium was collected in the leachates after 102 days. Of the mean 74&percnt; of Cr(VI) still retained within the soil profile after leaching ended, almost half was located in the top 100 mm of the profile. No copper or arsenic was detected in any of the lysimeter leachates, with soil analysis indicating that these elements had been retained within the soil profile. In an incubation study, soil cores sampled from the same Templeton sandy loam and split into alternate 50-mm segments (to 450 mm) were stored at 10&ring;C for 102 days after addition of an identical CCA solution. These were periodically extracted for available chromium. Results showed that the reduction of dichromate/chromate anions (Cr2O72–/CrO42–) to the strongly sorbed chromic cation (Cr3+) was largely first-order and greatest in surface layers where soil organic matter contents were largest. After 102 days, <1&percnt; of the added Cr(VI) was still extractable in the 0–50 mm soil cores whilst ≈60&percnt; of Cr(VI) in the 400–450 mm cores (or deeper) was still extractable after the same period. A linear systems model comprising a series of conceptual mixing cells was used to describe the individual and mean Cr(VI) leaching breakthrough curves (BTCs). This State-Space Mixing Cell model proved effective in simulating the Cr(VI) leaching using first-order kinetics to quantify rate-limited local solute adsorption coupled to advective-dispersive transport. The solute mass involved in the model process was ≈30&percnt;. The bulk of the remaining 70&percnt; of applied dichromate was assumed to have undergone reduction to the non-mobile chromium cation. This study shows that there exists a significant potential for Cr(VI) to be a serious threat to groundwater in the event of a large uncontained spillage of a concentrated CCA solution. This potential can be significantly lessened if the Cr(VI) is reduced after retention in an organic matter rich layer.

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Adsorption of Buthidazole, VEL 3510, Tebuthiuron, and Fluridone by Organic Matter, Montmorillonite Clay, Exchange Resins, and a Sandy Loam Soil

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500061063 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 28 (5) ◽

pp. 478-483 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

J. B. Weber

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Exchange Resin ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Cation Exchange Resin ◽

Sandy Loam Soil ◽

Anionic Species ◽

Loam Soil ◽

Cape Fear ◽

Decreasing Ph ◽

Exchange Resins

Adsorption isotherms were obtained for buthidazole {3-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-4-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-imidazolidinone}, VEL 3510 {1-β,β-dimethoxy-1-methyl-3-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]urea}, tebuthiuron {N-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-N,N′-dimethylurea}, and fluridone {1-methyl-3-phenyl-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4 (1H)-pyridinone} on soil organic matter (H- and Ca-saturated), Ca-montmorillonite, and Cape Fear sandy loam soil. Prometryn [2,4-bis(isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine] was included as a reference. The order of adsorption on all adsorbents was fluridone ≥ prometryn > > tebuthiuron ≥ VEL 3510 > buthidazole. Fluridone adsorption on the various adsorbents was: H-organic matter > Ca-montmorillonite > Ca-organic matter > > Cape Fear sandy loam. Tebuthiuron, VEL 3510, and buthidazole adsorption on the various adsorbents was in the order: H-organic matter > Ca-organic matter = Ca-montmorillonite > Cape Fear sandy loam. Adsorption of all herbicides increased with decreasing pH, suggesting that the adsorption mechanism was molecular under neutral pH conditions and ionic under acidic conditions. All of the herbicides were adsorbed in high amounts as protonated species on IR-120-H cation exchange resin and in low amounts as molecular species on IR-400-Cl anion exchange resin. Buthidazole and VEL 3510 were adsorbed in high amounts as anionic species by the IR-400-Cl exchange resin at high pH levels.

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Effect of Soil Organic Matter on the Phytotoxicity of Thirteens-Triazine Herbicides

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500043733 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 27 (2) ◽

pp. 158-161 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

A. Rahman ◽

L. J. Matthews

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Soil Organic Matter ◽

Avena Sativa ◽

Water Solubility ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

High Water ◽

Triazine Herbicides ◽

Greenhouse Experiments ◽

High Water Solubility

The influence of soil organic matter on the initial and residual phytotoxicity of thirteens-triazine herbicides was investigated in greenhouse experiments using three Horotiu sandy loam soils with organic matter levels of 9.8, 15.5, and 20.6%. The amount of herbicide required to reduce the growth of oats (Avena sativaL. ‘Mapua’) by 50% (GR50) when compared with the control was determined for each herbicide and each organic matter level. Results showed that the GR50values for all herbicides were highly and positively correlated with the soil organic matter. In general, the phytotoxicity of compounds of high water solubility was less influenced by soil organic matter than those having low water solubility. The chloro-triazines persisted longer in soil than did the methoxy- or methylthio-triazines. Simazine [2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine] and atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] were the most persistent of the chloro-triazines.

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