Long-term Effects of Single or Multiple Neonatal Sevoflurane Exposures on Rat Hippocampal Ultrastructure

2015 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Levana G. Amrock ◽  
Mathew L. Starner ◽  
Kathy L. Murphy ◽  
Mark G. Baxter
Keyword(s):  
Threshold Effect ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Male Rat ◽  
General Anesthetics ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
General Anesthetic ◽  
Synaptic Loss ◽  
Rat Pups

Abstract Background: Neonatal exposure to general anesthetics may pose significant neurocognitive risk. Human epidemiological studies demonstrate higher rates of learning disability among children with multiple, but not single, exposures to anesthesia. The authors employ a rat model to provide a histological correlate for these population-based observations. The authors examined long-term differences in hippocampal synaptic density, mitochondrial density, and dendritic spine morphology. Methods: Twenty male rat pups (n = 5/condition) were exposed to 2.5% sevoflurane under one of four conditions: single 2-h exposure on postnatal day 7 (P7); single 6-h exposure on P7; repeated 2-h exposures on P7, P10, and P13 for a cumulative 6 h of general anesthetics; or control exposure to 30% oxygen on P7, P10, and P13. Results: Repeated exposure to general anesthetics resulted in greater synaptic loss relative to a single 2-h exposure (P < 0.001). The magnitude of synaptic loss induced by three 2-h exposures (1.977 ± 0.040 μm3 [mean ± SEM]) was more profound than that of a single 6-h exposure (2.280 ± 0.045 μm3, P = 0.022). Repeated exposures did not alter the distribution of postsynaptic density length, indicating a uniform pattern of loss across spine types. In contrast, mitochondrial toxicity was best predicted by the cumulative duration of exposure. Relative to control (0.595 ± 0.017), both repeated 2-h exposures (0.479 ± 0.015) and a single 6-h exposure (0.488 ± 0.013) were associated with equivalent reductions in the fraction of presynaptic terminals containing mitochondria (P < 0.001). Conclusion: This suggests a “threshold effect” for general anesthetic–induced neurotoxicity, whereby even brief exposures induce long-lasting alterations in neuronal circuitry and sensitize surviving synapses to subsequent loss.

scholarly journals Gender Differences Involved in the Pathophysiology of the Perinatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Damage

2019 ◽  
pp. S207-S217
Author(s):  
S. MURDEN ◽  
V. BORBÉLYOVÁ ◽  
Z. LAŠTŮVKA ◽  
J. MYSLIVEČEK ◽  
J. OTÁHAL ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Perinatal Asphyxia ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Male Rat ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Rat Pups ◽  
Hypoxia Ischemia ◽  
Long Term Consequences

Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a neonatal condition that occurs as a consequence of perinatal asphyxia, which is caused by a number of factors, commonly via compression of the umbilical cord, placental abruption, severe meconium aspiration, congenital cardiac or pulmonary anomalies and birth trauma. Experimental studies have confirmed that male rat pups show a higher resistance to HIE treatment. Moreover, the long-term consequences of hypoxia in male are more severe in comparison to female rat pups. These sex differences can be attributed to the pathophysiology of hypoxia-ischemia, whereby studies are beginning to establish such gender-specific distinctions. The current and sole treatment for HIE is hypothermia, in which a reduction in temperature prevents long-term effects, such as cerebral palsy or seizures. However, in most cases hypothermia is not a sufficient treatment as indicated by a high mortality rate. In the present review, we discuss the gender differences within the pathophysiology of hypoxia-ischemia and delve into the role of gender in the incidence, progression and severity of the disease. Furthermore, this may result in the development of potential novel treatment approaches for targeting and preventing the long-term consequences of HIE.

Incest: What do we Really Know about It?

1987 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 430-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kosky
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Sexual Activity ◽  
Sexual Intercourse ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Clinical Series ◽  
General Populations

The literature on incest is reviewed. Current knowledge rests on a very insecure scientific basis and has been mainly derived from small, highly selected clinical series. Recently, some important epidemiological studies of general populations have been reported, but the results of prevalence are inconsistent. Overall, however, it appears that incest, when defined in terms of sexual intercourse, occurs in less than 1% of the population, but other forms of intrafamilial sexual activity may affect 10% of females before they are 16 years of age. Some children are more at risk than others. Because information has generally been derived from court or treatment samples, we are unclear about the long-term effects of incest experiences but, overall, the impression is that incest has markedly adverse effects, especially if it is accompanied by violence and threats and is directed, as it usually is, at the young pre-pubescent child.

scholarly journals Cross-Sectional, Short-, Medium- and Long-Term Effects of Dietary Pattern on Frailty in Taiwan

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (18) ◽  
pp. 9717
Author(s):  
Mei-Huey Shiau ◽  
Meng-Chih Lee ◽  
Fang-Ling Lin ◽  
Baai-Shyun Hurng ◽  
Chih-Jung Yeh
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Dietary Pattern ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Reduced Rank Regression ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Protein Rich ◽  
Healthy Dietary Pattern

This study examined the association between dietary patterns and the development of frailty during 4-, 8-, 12-year follow-up periods in the population-based Taiwan Study. We used the data of an elderly population aged 53 years and over (n = 3486) from four waves of the Taiwan Longitudinal Study on Aging. Frailty was identified by using the modified Fried criteria and the values were summed to derive a frailty score. We applied reduced rank regression to determine dietary patterns, which were divided into tertiles (healthy, general, and unhealthy dietary pattern). We used multinomial logistic regression models to assess the association between dietary patterns and the risk of frailty. The healthy dietary pattern was characterized by a higher intake of antioxidant drinks (tea), energy-rich foods (carbohydrates, e.g., rice, noodles), protein-rich foods (fish, meat, seafood, and eggs), and phytonutrient-rich foods (fruit and dark green vegetables). Compared with the healthy pattern, the unhealthy dietary pattern showed significant cross-sectional, short-term, medium-term, and long-term associations with a higher prevalence of frailty (odds ratios (OR) 2.74; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.94–3.87, OR 2.55; 95% CI 1.67–3.88, OR 1.66; 95% CI 1.07–2.57, and OR 2.35; 95% CI 1.27–4.34, respectively). Our findings support recommendations to increase the intake of antioxidant drinks, energy-rich foods, protein-rich foods, and phytonutrient-rich foods, which were associated with a non-frail status. This healthy dietary pattern can help prevent frailty over time in elderly people.

scholarly journals Long-term effects of pro-opiomelanocortin methylation induced in food-restricted dams on metabolic phenotypes in male rat offspring

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-250
Author(s):  
Sangmi Lee ◽  
Eun Jin Kwon ◽  
Young-Ah You ◽  
Ji Eun Du ◽  
Inho Jo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Male Rat ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Metabolic Phenotypes ◽  
Rat Offspring

scholarly journals Short- and long-term effects of various milk-delivery contingencies on sucking and nipple attachment in rat pups

1982 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 543-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen C. Brake ◽  
Regina Sullivan ◽  
Sager D. Jayne ◽  
Myron Hofer
Keyword(s):  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Rat Pups ◽  
Short And Long Term

scholarly journals Long-term effects of maternal resveratrol intake during lactation on cholesterol metabolism in male rat offspring

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 226-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shojiro Yamasaki ◽  
Tomomi Tomihara ◽  
Goh Kimura ◽  
Yukako Ueno ◽  
Rahel Mesfin Ketema ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cholesterol Metabolism ◽  
Male Rat ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Rat Offspring

Learning during Sleep: An Indirect Test of the Erasure-Theory of Dreaming

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dick Bierman ◽  
Oscar Winter
Keyword(s):  
Paired Associate ◽  
Stimulus Frequency ◽  
Threshold Effect ◽  
Critical Number ◽  
Indirect Test ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Suggestive Evidence ◽  
Last Stage ◽  
Frequency Threshold

In this study the hypothesis, put forward elsewhere, that dreams are functional through the erasure of ‘incidental’ and weakly represented information was indirectly explored. 12 subjects were presented paired-associate word lists during each Stage-2 period of their sleep. According to the erasure-hypothesis these associations are destroyed during the subsequent dream if their representation is weak. Two effects might be expected. Firstly, associations which are formed during the last Stage-2 period (which is not followed by a dream-stage) will not be destroyed. Secondly, a stimulus frequency threshold-effect could be expected. Associations which are repeatedly presented (more often than a certain critical number) might become strong enough to withstand the ‘erasure.’ In the present study no indication was found for the latter expectation but a significant effect was found for those associations presented during the last Stage-2 period. Furthermore, there was suggestive evidence that sleep-rehearsal (of previously learned associations) yielded long-term effects.

scholarly journals Early Life Maternal Separation and Maternal Behaviour Modulate Acoustic Characteristics of Rat Pup Ultrasonic Vocalizations

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasmine H. Kaidbey ◽  
Manon Ranger ◽  
Michael M. Myers ◽  
Muhammad Anwar ◽  
Robert J. Ludwig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Separation ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Ultrasonic Vocalizations ◽  
Maternal Behaviour ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Acoustic Characteristics ◽  
Rat Pups ◽  
Before And After ◽  
And Control

AbstractEarly separation of preterm infants from their mothers has adverse, long-term neurodevelopmental consequences. We investigated the effects of daily maternal separation (MS) of rat pups from postnatal days 2–10 (PND2–10) on neurobehavioural responses to brief isolation at PND12 compared with pups receiving controlled handling without MS. Ultrasonic vocalizations (USV) were measured at PND12 during two, 3-minute isolations occurring immediately before and after a 3-minute maternal reunion. There were no significant differences in acoustic characteristics between MS and control animals in the first isolation. However, in the second isolation, MS pups produced a greater proportion of high (~60 kHz) vs low (~40 kHz) frequency calls. During this isolation, control pups made longer and louder low frequency calls compared to the first isolation, whereas MS pups did the opposite. Maternal behaviour of control and MS mothers modulated pup acoustic characteristics in opposite directions; higher maternal care was associated with more low frequency calls in control pups but more high frequency calls in MS pups. We hypothesize that MS results in USV emission patterns reflective of a greater stress response to isolation. This translational model can be used to identify mechanisms and interventions that may be exploited to overcome the negative, long-term effects of MS.

scholarly journals Enduring good memories of infant trauma: Rescue of adult neurobehavioral deficits via amygdala serotonin and corticosterone interaction

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (3) ◽  
pp. 881-886 ◽  
Author(s):  
Millie Rincón-Cortés ◽  
Gordon A. Barr ◽  
Anne Marie Mouly ◽  
Kiseko Shionoya ◽  
Bestina S. Nuñez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Level ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Rescue Effect ◽  
Rat Pups ◽  
Strong Attachment ◽  
Trauma Bonding ◽  
Learned Preference ◽  
Neurobehavioral Deficits ◽  
Insight Into

Children form a strong attachment to their caregiver—even when that caretaker is abusive. Paradoxically, despite the trauma experienced within this relationship, the child develops a preference for trauma-linked cues—a phenomenon known as trauma bonding. Although infant trauma compromises neurobehavioral development, the mechanisms underlying the interaction between infant trauma bonding (i.e., learned preference for trauma cues) and the long-term effects of trauma (i.e., depressive-like behavior, amygdala dysfunction) are unknown. We modeled infant trauma bonding by using odor-shock conditioning in rat pups, which engages the attachment system and produces a life-long preference for the odor that was paired with shock. In adulthood, this trauma-linked odor rescues depressive-like behavior and amygdala dysfunction, reduces corticosterone (CORT) levels, and exerts repair-related changes at the molecular level. Amygdala microarray after rescue implicates serotonin (5-HT) and glucocorticoids (GCs), and a causal role was verified through microinfusions. Blocking amygdala 5-HT eliminates the rescue effect; increasing amygdala 5-HT and blocking systemic CORT mimics it. Our findings suggest that infant trauma cues share properties with antidepressants and safety signals and provide insight into mechanisms by which infant trauma memories remain powerful throughout life.

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