scholarly journals Adult hippocampal neurogenesis of mammals: evolution and life history

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irmgard Amrein ◽  
Hans-Peter Lipp
Keyword(s):  
Hippocampal Formation ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽  
Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Spatial Learning And Memory ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Species Being

Substantial production of new neurons in the adult mammalian brain is restricted to the olfactory system and the hippocampal formation. Its physiological and behavioural role is still debated. By comparing adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) across many mammalian species, one might recognize a common function. AHN is most prominent in rodents, but shows considerable variability across species, being lowest or missing in primates and bats. The latter finding argues against a critical role of AHN in spatial learning and memory. The common functional denominator across all species investigated thus far is a strong decline of AHN from infancy to midlife. As predicted by Altman and colleagues in 1973, this implies a role in transforming juvenile unpredictable to predictable behaviour, typically characterizing mammalian behaviour once reproductive competence has been attained. However, as only a fraction of mammalian species has been investigated, further comparative studies are necessary in order to recognize whether AHN has a common unique function, or whether it mediates species-specific hippocampal functions.

scholarly journals Brain-specific Crmp2 deletion leads to neuronal development deficits and behavioural impairments in mice

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongsheng Zhang ◽  
Eunchai Kang ◽  
Yaqing Wang ◽  
Chaojuan Yang ◽  
Hui Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Development ◽  
Synapse Formation ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Memory Loss ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽  
Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Neural Function

AbstractSeveral genome- and proteome-wide studies have associated transcription and translation changes ofCRMP2(collapsing response mediator protein 2) with psychiatric disorders, yet little is known about its function in the developing or adult mammalian brainin vivo. Here we show that brain-specificCrmp2knockout (cKO) mice display molecular, cellular, structural and behavioural deficits, many of which are reminiscent of neural features and symptoms associated with schizophrenia. cKO mice exhibit enlarged ventricles and impaired social behaviour, locomotor activity, and learning and memory. Loss ofCrmp2in the hippocampus leads to reduced long-term potentiation, abnormal NMDA receptor composition, aberrant dendrite development and defective synapse formation in CA1 neurons. Furthermore, knockdown ofcrmp2specifically in newborn neurons results in stage-dependent defects in their development during adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Our findings reveal a critical role for CRMP2 in neuronal plasticity, neural function and behavioural modulation in mice.

scholarly journals Functional Role of Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis as a Therapeutic Strategy for Mental Disorders

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heechul Jun ◽  
Syed Mohammed Qasim Hussaini ◽  
Michael J. Rigby ◽  
Mi-Hyeon Jang
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Adult Neurogenesis ◽  
Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽  
Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Antidepressant Effect ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Deep Brain

Adult neurogenesis, the process of generating new neurons from neural stem cells, plays significant roles in synaptic plasticity, memory, and mood regulation. In the mammalian brain, it continues to occur well into adulthood in discrete regions, namely, the hippocampus and olfactory bulb. During the past decade, significant progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms regulating adult hippocampal neurogenesis and its role in the etiology of mental disorders. In addition, adult hippocampal neurogenesis is highly correlated with the remission of the antidepressant effect. In this paper, we discuss three major psychiatric disorders, depression, schizophrenia, and drug addiction, in light of preclinical evidence used in establishing the neurobiological significance of adult neurogenesis. We interpret the significance of these results and pose questions that remain unanswered. Potential treatments which include electroconvulsive therapy, deep brain stimulation, chemical antidepressants, and exercise therapy are discussed. While consensus lacks on specific mechanisms, we highlight evidence which indicates that these treatments may function via an increase in neural progenitor proliferation and changes to the hippocampal circuitry. Establishing a significant role of adult neurogenesis in the pathogenicity of psychiatric disorders may hold the key to potential strategies toward effective treatment.

scholarly journals JNK isoforms control mammal adult hippocampal neurogenesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (16) ◽  
pp. 5-12
Author(s):  
Carme Auladell ◽  
Rubén D. Castro-Torres ◽  
Oriol Busquets ◽  
Miren Ettcheto ◽  
Antoni Camins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽  
Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Subgranular Zone ◽  
Jnk Pathway ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Stimuli Response ◽  
Jnk Isoforms

In mammals, the term “adult hippocampal neurogenesis” defines the process through which, throughout adulthood, new granular neurons are produced by neural stem cells (NSC) in the subgranular zone (SGZ) in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus or, by a population of immature neurons located in the SGZ. Either way, the existence of neurogenic activity in the hippocampus has been correlated with learning, memory formation and behavioral responses to stress, together with the pathophysiology of many brain diseases and mood disorders. Various extracellular and intracellular stimuli have been shown to modulate survival, proliferation, and differentiation of adult-born cells in the hippocampus especially, through conserved stimuli-response mechanisms like the JNKs, which have been described as regulators of adult neurogenesis. In the present review, the JNK pathway and their control of adult hippocampal neurogenesis is described, evidencing the critical role of JNK1 in this process.

Postnatal Development of the Hippocampus in Male Albino Rats: A Histomorphometric Study

QJM ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A A A Baraka ◽  
K A Hafez ◽  
A I A Othman ◽  
A M M Sadek
Keyword(s):  
Dentate Gyrus ◽  
Postnatal Development ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Hippocampal Formation ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Ammon's Horn ◽  
Hippocampus Proper ◽  
Ammon’S Horn

Abstract Introduction In recent year deterioration in cognitive, learning, and memory become one of the significant problems in human life. Hippocampus is a pivotal part of the brain’s limbic system which serves a critical role in memory, learning process and regulating the emotions. In most regions of the brain, neurons are generated only at specific periods of early development, and not born in the adulthood. In contrast, hippocampal neurons are generated throughout development and adult life. The hippocampal dentate gyrus was reported to be one of the few regions of the mammalian brain where neurogenesis continue to occur throughout adulthood. The neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus was thought to play an important role in hippocampus-dependent learning and memory. The hippocampal formation is composed of the hippocampus proper, the dentate gyrus and the subiculum. The hippocampus proper is the largest part and is subdivided into fields designated as Cornu Ammonis or Ammon’s horn (CA) from CA1 to CA4. Ammon's horn is continuous with the subiculum, which acts as the main output source of the hippocampal formation. Aim of the Study To study the postnatal development of the hippocampal formation. Materials and Methods Five male albino rats from the following postnatal ages day 1, week 1, week 2, week3 and week 4 were studied by histological, immunohistochemical, and morphometric methods. Results The general architecture of the hippocampus proper with its polymorphic, pyramidal, and molecular layers was present at day1, whereas the details of the adult structure appeared at week 2. In the dentate gyrus, distinct lamination appeared at week 1 and its maturation continued with the production of neurons at the interhilar zone that peaked at week 2. The number and density of pyramidal axons and dendrites increase by age. Astrocytes increased in size and staining affinity for glial filaments, and acquired a stellate shape with age. Furthermore, the number of granule cell layers increased concomitantly with the increase in thickness of the molecular and polymorphic layers of both the hippocampus proper and the dentate gyrus. Conclusion The important sequences of events in the growth and maturation of the hippocampal formation in male albino rat occurred in the first 2 postnatal weeks.

Potential Role of Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Traumatic Brain Injury

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Alexandre Santos Marzano ◽  
Fabyolla Lúcia Macedo de Castro ◽  
Caroline Amaral Machado ◽  
João Luís Vieira Monteiro de Barros ◽  
Thiago Macedo e Cordeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽  
Cognitive Outcomes ◽  
Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽  
The Brain

: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious cause of disability and death among young and adult individuals, displaying complex pathophysiology including cellular and molecular mechanisms that are not fully elucidated. Many experimental and clinical studies investigated the potential relationship between TBI and the process by which neurons are formed in the brain, known as neurogenesis. Currently, there are no available treatments for TBI’s long-term consequences being the search for novel therapeutic targets, a goal of highest scientific and clinical priority. Some studies evaluated the benefits of treatments aimed at improving neurogenesis in TBI. In this scenario, herein, we reviewed current pre-clinical studies that evaluated different approaches to improving neurogenesis after TBI while achieving better cognitive outcomes, which may consist in interesting approaches for future treatments.

scholarly journals Role of Neuronal Ras Activity in Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Cognition

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Manns ◽  
Oliver Leske ◽  
Sebastian Gottfried ◽  
Zoë Bichler ◽  
Pauline Lafenêtre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽  
Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis

scholarly journals Red Ginseng Attenuates Aβ-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Aβ-mediated Pathology in an Animal Model of Alzheimer’s Disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 3030 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soo Jung Shin ◽  
Seong Gak Jeon ◽  
Jin-il Kim ◽  
Yu-on Jeong ◽  
Sujin Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Hippocampal Formation ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽  
Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽  
Red Ginseng ◽  
Model Of Alzheimer’S Disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease and is characterized by neurodegeneration and cognitive deficits. Amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide is known to be a major cause of AD pathogenesis. However, recent studies have clarified that mitochondrial deficiency is also a mediator or trigger for AD development. Interestingly, red ginseng (RG) has been demonstrated to have beneficial effects on AD pathology. However, there is no evidence showing whether RG extract (RGE) can inhibit the mitochondrial deficit-mediated pathology in the experimental models of AD. The effects of RGE on Aβ-mediated mitochondrial deficiency were investigated in both HT22 mouse hippocampal neuronal cells and the brains of 5XFAD Aβ-overexpressing transgenic mice. To examine whether RGE can affect mitochondria-related pathology, we used immunohistostaining to study the effects of RGE on Aβ accumulation, neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and impaired adult hippocampal neurogenesis in hippocampal formation of 5XFAD mice. In vitro and in vivo findings indicated that RGE significantly improves Aβ-induced mitochondrial pathology. In addition, RGE significantly ameliorated AD-related pathology, such as Aβ deposition, gliosis, and neuronal loss, and deficits in adult hippocampal neurogenesis in brains with AD. Our results suggest that RGE may be a mitochondria-targeting agent for the treatment of AD.

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