scholarly journals Air-breathing adaptation in a marine Devonian lungfish

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 509-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice M. Clement ◽  
John A. Long
Keyword(s):  
Middle Devonian ◽  
Late Devonian ◽  
Tidal Zone ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Aerial Respiration ◽  
Oxygen Levels ◽  
Marine Habitats ◽  
Metabolic Costs ◽  
Freshwater Habitats ◽  
Marine Realm

Recent discoveries of tetrapod trackways in 395 Myr old tidal zone deposits of Poland (Niedźwiedzki et al . 2010 Nature 463 , 43–48 ( doi:10.1038/nature.08623 )) indicate that vertebrates had already ventured out of the water and might already have developed some air-breathing capacity by the Middle Devonian. Air-breathing in lungfishes is not considered to be a shared specialization with tetrapods, but evolved independently. Air-breathing in lungfishes has been postulated as starting in Middle Devonian times ( ca 385 Ma) in freshwater habitats, based on a set of skeletal characters involved in air-breathing in extant lungfishes. New discoveries described herein of the lungfish Rhinodipterus from marine limestones of Australia identifies the node in dipnoan phylogeny where air-breathing begins, and confirms that lungfishes living in marine habitats had also developed specializations to breathe air by the start of the Late Devonian ( ca 375 Ma). While invasion of freshwater habitats from the marine realm was previously suggested to be the prime cause of aerial respiration developing in lungfishes, we believe that global decline in oxygen levels during the Middle Devonian combined with higher metabolic costs is a more likely driver of air-breathing ability, which developed in both marine and freshwater lungfishes and tetrapodomorph fishes such as Gogonasus .

The dipnoan buccal pump reconstructed in 3D and implications for air breathing in Devonian lungfishes

Paleobiology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Clement ◽  
J. A. Long ◽  
P. Tafforeau ◽  
P. E. Ahlberg
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Lung Ventilation ◽  
Environmental Context ◽  
Late Devonian ◽  
Pump Mode ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Marine Habitats ◽  
Synchrotron Tomography

AbstractLungfishes are known for, and indeed take their name from, their bimodal respiratory abilities. All three extant genera can use their lungs to extract oxygen from the atmosphere, although their reliance upon this capability differs among taxa. Lungs are considered primitive for the Osteichthyes, however the distinctive buccal pump mode of air gulping exhibited by extant lungfishes appears to be a specialization. It is associated with a number of derived skeletal characters (cranial ribs, long parasphenoid stalk, midline gap between palatal tooth plates) that first appeared during the Devonian. These have been described individually, but in no Devonian lungfish has their three-dimensional (3D) spatial relationship been reconstructed and analyzed. Here we present the 3D morphology of Rhinodipterus, a Mid-Late Devonian lungfish from Australia and Europe, based on synchrotron tomography and conventional microtomography scans.Unlike less crownward contemporaneous lungfishes such as Griphognathus and Chirodipterus, Rhinodipterus has a full set of skeletal buccal pump components that can be directly compared to those of extant lungfishes, suggesting that it made more extensive use of air breathing than other Gogo or Bergisch Gladbach genera. This is interesting in relation to the environmental context as Gogo and Bergisch Gladbach are both marine, contrasting with the frequently hypoxic tropical to subtropical fresh water environments inhabited by modern lungfishes. The evolution of buccal pump-supported lung ventilation was evidently not necessarily associated with a transition to non-marine habitats.

scholarly journals Habitat Protection Indexes - new monitoring measures for the conservation of coastal and marine habitats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joy A Kumagai ◽  
Fabio Favoretto ◽  
Sara Pruckner ◽  
Alex David Rogers ◽  
Lauren V Weatherdon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Sustainable Development Goal ◽  
Development Goal ◽  
Habitat Protection ◽  
Marine Habitats ◽  
Freshwater Habitats ◽  
National Jurisdiction ◽  
Global Biodiversity ◽  
Do So

A worldwide call to implement habitat protection aims to halt biodiversity loss. To monitor the extent of coastal and marine habitats within protected areas (PAs) in a standardized, open source, and reproducible way, we constructed the Local and the Global Habitat Protection Indexes (LHPI and GHPI, respectively). The LHPI pinpoints the jurisdictions with the greatest opportunity to expand their own PAs, while the GHPI showcases which jurisdictions contribute the most in area to the protection of these habitats globally. Jurisdictions were evaluated to understand which have the highest opportunity to contribute globally to the protection of habitats by meeting a target of 30% coverage of PAs with Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (ABNJ) having the greatest opportunity to do so. While we focus on marine and coastal habitats, our workflow can be extended to terrestrial and freshwater habitats. These indexes are useful to monitor aspects of Sustainable Development Goal 14 and the emerging post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework, to understand the current status of international cooperation on coastal and marine habitats conservation.

Gigantocharinus szatmaryi, a new trigonotarbid arachnid from the Late Devonian of North America (Chelicerata, Arachnida, Trigonotarbida)

2000 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Shear
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Middle Devonian ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Upper Devonian ◽  
Late Carboniferous ◽  
Late Devonian ◽  
New Genus And Species ◽  
Significant Time ◽  
The Family ◽  
Time Gap

A new trigonotarbid arachnid, Gigantocharinus szatmaryi new genus and species, is described from Upper Devonian (Late Famennian) sediments in Pennsylvania. Devonian trigonotarbids were known before from only a single North American locality and several European ones. The new trigonotarbid occurs in what had previously been a significant time gap between the faunas of the Middle Devonian and the late Carboniferous. Gigantocharinus szatmaryi is assigned with some hesitation to the family Palaeocharinidae.

Aerial respiration in the catfish, Corydoras aeneus (Callichthyidae)

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (11) ◽  
pp. 1984-1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald L. Kramer ◽  
Martha McClure
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Aerial Respiration ◽  
Posterior Intestine ◽  
Partial Pressures

Corydoras aeneus uses the posterior intestine for aerial respiration. Ventilation takes place in a rapid dash to the surface. Air is inspired during the 0.06–0.07 s that the mouth is exposed; expiration occurs via the anus as the fish begins to dive. Air breathing occurs at all dissolved oxygen partial pressures [Formula: see text] from 0 Torr (1 Torr = 133.322 Pa) to at least 140 Torr, but frequency, ranging from 1–45 breaths∙h−1, is negatively correlated with [Formula: see text]. Corydoras aeneus survive at least 9 days without air breathing under normoxic conditions [Formula: see text] but below 15 Torr, only fish able to reach the surface survive. Air-breathing rates are significantly influenced by variations in depth between 10–120 cm but the pattern of response depends on [Formula: see text] and involves changes in activity.

New arthrodires (placoderm fishes) from the Aztec Siltstone (late Middle Devonian) of southern Victoria Land, Antarctica

2014 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gavin C. Young ◽  
John A. Long
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
New Taxa ◽  
Middle Devonian ◽  
Late Devonian ◽  
Dorsal Plate ◽  
Victoria Land ◽  
Small Collection ◽  
Vertebrate Assemblage ◽  
Devonian Age

A small collection of arthrodire remains is described from the Devonian Aztec Siltstone of southern Victoria Land, Antarctica. Barwickosteus antarcticus, gen. et sp. nov., is a small phlyctaeniid arthrodire probably closely related to Barrydalaspis from the Bokkeveld Group of South Africa. Grifftaylor antarcticus, gen. et sp. nov., is a generalised phlyctaeniid resembling Phlyctaenius and Neophlyctaenius. New specimens of Boomeraspis show that it had a high-spired trunk-armour with a median dorsal plate of similar proportions to Tiaraspis, Mithakaspis, Turrisaspis or Africanaspis. Other fragmentary median dorsal plates are provisionally referred to Turrisaspis and Mulgaspis. With these new taxa the vertebrate assemblage from the Aztec Siltstone comprises at least 37 genera and 50 species, making it one of the most diverse of Middle–Late Devonian age.

scholarly journals Comparative Histological Analysis of Intestines of Loach, Grass Carp and Catfish Provide Insights into Adaptive Characteristics in Air-Breathing Fish

2020 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-98
Author(s):  
Longfei Huang ◽  
Lijuan Yang ◽  
Jianfang Liu ◽  
Xiaojuan Cao
Keyword(s):  
Grass Carp ◽  
Intestinal Lumen ◽  
Pelteobagrus Fulvidraco ◽  
Diffusion Distance ◽  
Yellow Catfish ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Posterior Intestine ◽  
Structural Modifications ◽  
Freshwater Habitats ◽  
Mucosal Folds

AbstractAccessory respiratory is generally accepted to have evolved independently on numerous occasions in adaption to aquatic hypoxia in freshwater habitats. In general, the air-breathing organ in fish is believed to be structurally modified to supplement respiration. In this study, intuitive evidence for elaborate structural modifications of the intestine, an air-breathing organ in mud loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus), compared with two other obligate aquatic breathers, grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) and yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco), were directly provided by histological and morphometric methods. As a result, a sharply decreasing height of mucosal folds and thickness of muscularis were manifested in loach intestine from its anterior to posterior region. Compared with grass carp and yellow catfish, loach had the smallest ratios of mucosal fold height/muscularis thickness to intestinal lumen radius in the posterior intestine. These suggested that the posterior intestine is the air-breathing location for the loach. Furthermore, length density of capillary (0.46±0.05 μm−2) in the posterior intestine of the loach was significantly higher than those of grass carp and yellow catfish. Meanwhile, diffusion distance of air-blood barrier (1.34±0.04 μm) in the posterior intestine of the loach was significantly smaller than those of the other two fish species. In summary, the characteristics of highly vascularized, short diffusion distance of air-blood barrier, thinned and flattened made the posterior intestine a perfect air-breathing location for the loach.

scholarly journals Checklists of Species of Ancylodiscoidid and Ancyrocephalid Monogeneans from Fishes of Iraq

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 45-62
Author(s):  
Furhan T. Mhaisen ◽  
Kefah N. Abdul-Ameer
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Fish Host ◽  
Marine Habitats ◽  
The Family ◽  
Freshwater Habitats

Surveying 59 references concerning the occurrence of the monogeneans of the families Ancylodiscoididae and Ancyrocephalidae parasitizing fishes of Iraq showed the occurrence of 11 taxa of the family Ancylodiscoididae (genera Ancylodiscoides, Bychowskyella, Chauhanellus, Hamatopeduncularia and Thaparocleidus) and 19 taxa of the family Ancyrocephalidae (genera Ancyrocephalus, Cichlidogyrus, Cleidodiscus, Haliotrema, Ligophorus and Mastacembelocleidus). These monogeneans were reported from 19 valid fish host species in Iraq. Apart from five parasite species which were recorded from marine habitats (Ancyrocephalus sp., Chauhanellus australis, Haliotrema mugilis, Hamatopeduncularia sp. and Ligophorus mugilinus), the remaining parasite species were recorded from freshwater habitats. Among the infected fishes with these parasites, the Tigris catfish Silurus triostegus was infected with the highest number of parasite species (11 species), the mugilid fishes (Planiliza abu and P. subviridis) were infected with eight and seven parasite species, respectively, while 11 fish species were infected with only one parasite species each. Among the parasite species, Thaparocleidus vistulensis was reported from nine fish host species, while 22 parasite species were reported from one host species each. So far, eight synonymous names were applied for seven valid names of parasites of these two families in Iraq.

scholarly journals Marine-freshwater prokaryotic transitions require extensive changes in the proteome

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro J. Cabello-Yeves ◽  
Francisco Rodriguez-Valera
Keyword(s):  
Core Genome ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Microbial Genomes ◽  
Bacterial Phyla ◽  
The Core ◽  
Marine Habitats ◽  
Flexible Genome ◽  
Freshwater Habitats ◽  
Protein Location ◽  
Marine Salt

AbstractThe comparison of microbial genomes found in either freshwater or marine habitats indicated that in some cases (SynechococcusandCa. Pelagibacter) there were notable differences in the global isoelectric point (pI) of proteins. We have analysed global metagenomic proteomes and have added more prokaryotes to extend the pI comparison. Without exception, in a set that included archaea and multiple bacterial phyla, the proteome pI distribution varied, with more acidic values in marine and neutral/basic in freshwater microbes. Four pairs of highly related prokaryotes of marine and freshwater origin revealed marked differences manifested mostly in the residues located at the protein surface. This study has also shown that the magnitude of the change depended on protein location (secreted > cytoplasmic > transmembrane) and affected proteins encoded at both core and flexible genome. Our results point to a very extensive variation taking place in microbes when they move from marine (salt-rich) to freshwater habitats. These adaptations would require long evolutionary times to produce changes involving many genes in the core genome. They also point to significant differences in the physiology, probably at the level of membrane functioning, bioenergetics, intracellular ion concentration and pH (or all of them).

Checklist of the marine and estuarine fishes of New Ireland Province, Papua New Guinea, western Pacific Ocean, with 810 new records

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4588 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
RONALD FRICKE ◽  
GERALD R. ALLEN ◽  
DIETMAR AMON ◽  
SERGE ANDRÉFOUËT ◽  
WEI-JEN CHEN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Records ◽  
Fish Fauna ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Estuarine Fish ◽  
Western Pacific Ocean ◽  
Transitional Waters ◽  
Estuarine Fishes ◽  
Marine Habitats ◽  
Freshwater Habitats ◽  
Wide Distribution Range

A checklist of the marine and estuarine fishes of New Ireland Province is presented, with special emphasis on Kavieng District, combining both previous and new records. After the recent KAVIENG 2014 expedition, a total of 1325 species in 153 families were recorded from the region. The largest families are the Gobiidae, Pomacentridae, Labridae, Serranidae, Apogonidae, Lutjanidae, Chaetodontidae, Blenniidae, Carangidae, Acanthuridae, Scaridae, Holocentridae, Syn-gnathidae, Lethrinidae and Scorpaenidae. A total of 810 fish species (61.1 % of the total marine and estuarine fish fauna) are recorded from New Ireland for the first time.The fish fauna of New Ireland includes 142 species in transitional waters and 1264 species in marine habitats, and 54 species species in freshwater habitats. Zoogeographically, 1179 species have a wide distribution range, most frequently a broad Indo-West Pacific distribution. Among the remaining species, just 12 are endemic to New Ireland. 

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