scholarly journals A spatially explicit Bayesian framework for cognitive schooling behaviours

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 738-745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Grünbaum
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Memory ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Cognitive State ◽  
Cognitive Responses ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Social Animals

Social aggregations such as schools, swarms, flocks and herds occur across a broad diversity of animal species, strongly impacting ecological and evolutionary dynamics of these species and their predators, prey and competitors. The mechanisms through which individual-level responses to neighbours generate group-level characteristics have been extensively investigated both experimentally and using mathematical models. Models of social groups typically adopt a ‘zone’ approach, in which individuals’ movement responses to neighbours are functions of instantaneous relative position. Empirical studies have demonstrated that most social animals such as fish exhibit well-developed spatial memory and other advanced cognitive capabilities. However, most models of social grouping do not explicitly include spatial memory, largely because a tractable framework for modelling acquisition of and response to historical spatial information has been lacking. Using fish schooling as a focal example, this study presents a framework for including cognitive responses to spatial memory in models of social aggregation. The framework utilizes Bayesian estimation parameters that are continuously distributed in time and space as proxies for animals’ spatial memory. The result is a hybrid Lagrangian–Eulerian model in which the effects of cognitive state and behavioural responses to historical spatial data on individual-, group- and population-level distributions of social animals can be explicitly investigated.

scholarly journals Spatial memory shapes density dependence in population dynamics

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1867) ◽  
pp. 20171411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise Riotte-Lambert ◽  
Simon Benhamou ◽  
Christophe Bonenfant ◽  
Simon Chamaillé-Jammes
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Spatial Memory ◽  
Density Dependence ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Renewable Resource ◽  
Foraging Efficiency ◽  
Movement Model ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Impact

Most population dynamics studies assume that individuals use space uniformly, and thus mix well spatially. In numerous species, however, individuals do not move randomly, but use spatial memory to visit renewable resource patches repeatedly. To understand the extent to which memory-based foraging movement may affect density-dependent population dynamics through its impact on competition, we developed a spatially explicit, individual-based movement model where reproduction and death are functions of foraging efficiency. We compared the dynamics of populations of with- and without-memory individuals. We showed that memory-based movement leads to a higher population size at equilibrium, to a higher depletion of the environment, to a marked discrepancy between the global (i.e. measured at the population level) and local (i.e. measured at the individual level) intensities of competition, and to a nonlinear density dependence. These results call for a deeper investigation of the impact of individual movement strategies and cognitive abilities on population dynamics.

scholarly journals Complex eco-evolutionary dynamics induced by the coevolution of predator–prey movement strategies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Netz ◽  
Hanno Hildenbrandt ◽  
Franz J. Weissing
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Strategy Space ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Movement Strategies

AbstractThe coevolution of predators and prey has been the subject of much empirical and theoretical research that produced intriguing insights into the interplay of ecology and evolution. To allow for mathematical analysis, models of predator–prey coevolution are often coarse-grained, focussing on population-level processes and largely neglecting individual-level behaviour. As selection is acting on individual-level properties, we here present a more mechanistic approach: an individual-based simulation model for the coevolution of predators and prey on a fine-grained resource landscape, where features relevant for ecology (like changes in local densities) and evolution (like differences in survival and reproduction) emerge naturally from interactions between individuals. Our focus is on predator–prey movement behaviour, and we present a new method for implementing evolving movement strategies in an efficient and intuitively appealing manner. Throughout their lifetime, predators and prey make repeated movement decisions on the basis of their movement strategies. Over the generations, the movement strategies evolve, as individuals that successfully survive and reproduce leave their strategy to more descendants. We show that the movement strategies in our model evolve rapidly, thereby inducing characteristic spatial patterns like spiral waves and static spots. Transitions between these patterns occur frequently, induced by antagonistic coevolution rather than by external events. Regularly, evolution leads to the emergence and stable coexistence of qualitatively different movement strategies within the same population. Although the strategy space of our model is continuous, we often observe the evolution of discrete movement types. We argue that rapid evolution, coexistent movement types, and phase shifts between different ecological regimes are not a peculiarity of our model but a result of more realistic assumptions on eco-evolutionary feedbacks and the number of evolutionary degrees of freedom.

scholarly journals “Who Cares?”: Investigating Consistency in Expressions of Racial Apathy among Whites

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 237802311983951 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tony N. Brown ◽  
Asia Bento ◽  
Quintin Gorman ◽  
Lydia Koku ◽  
Julian Culver
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Racial Prejudice ◽  
Racial Equality ◽  
National Study ◽  
Individual Level

Survey researchers theorize that how whites express racial prejudice changes across time. They argue one of its contemporary forms is racial apathy (i.e., not caring about racial equality). However, few empirical studies characterize racial apathy. To fill this gap, the present study addresses consistency in racial apathy across time at the population level and individual level. Using three waves of panel data (i.e., 2003, 2007–2008, and 2013) from the National Study of Youth and Religion, the authors examine the distribution of racial apathy at each wave. The authors then cross-tabulate racial apathy at wave 1 and wave 3, wave 3 and wave 4, and wave 1 and wave 4. The authors next explore correlates of individual-level consistency in racial apathy across time. Results reveal strong population-level consistency concurrent with weak individual-level consistency in the distribution of racial apathy. Furthermore, few correlates predict individual-level consistency.

scholarly journals WHY DO SPATIAL DATA AND INFORMATION HAVE A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN SPATIAL PLANNING PROCESS? : THE INVESTIGATION OF SPATIAL DATA AND INFORMATION USAGE IN INDONESIAN SPATIAL PLANNING POLICIES

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
Adipandang Yudono
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Data ◽  
Spatial Planning ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
Human Interactions ◽  
Planning Processes ◽  
Spatial Plan

In spatial planning processes, the different aspects of human interactions involving political circumstances, social, economics, historical and cultural objectives can be understood through maps or spatial visualisations, because those media can illustrate abstract phenomena into visual images. Spatial data has a role to play in spatial governance by providing thematic spatial information and analysis at all authority scales. Furthermore, spatial data and information are prerequisites for any participation in planning deliberation helping to create consensus.This paper investigates the role of spatial data and information in Indonesian spatial planning process using archival research method. The empirical studies take a qualitative approach in analysing the results of data collection from fieldwork observation through collecting legal documents and internal institutional reports. Synchronization and consistency between development plan and spatial plan must be ensured in every interrelated spatial policy, so that the various implementation efforts do not lead to conflict. Furthermore, spatial data and information has a crucial role in translating the development strategies into the implementation of the development programme for the implementation of the government's agenda.

scholarly journals Consequences of spatial patterns for coexistence in species-rich plant communities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thorsten Wiegand ◽  
Xugao Wang ◽  
Kristina J. Anderson-Teixeira ◽  
Norman A. Bourg ◽  
Min Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Statistics ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Species Coexistence ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Dynamical Theory ◽  
Analytical Treatment ◽  
Interaction Coefficients ◽  
Individual Level

AbstractEcology cannot yet fully explain why so many tree species coexist in natural communities such as tropical forests. A major difficulty is linking individual-level processes to community dynamics. We propose a combination of tree spatial data, spatial statistics and dynamical theory to reveal the relationship between spatial patterns and population-level interaction coefficients and their consequences for multispecies dynamics and coexistence. Here we show that the emerging population-level interaction coefficients have, for a broad range of circumstances, a simpler structure than their individual-level counterparts, which allows for an analytical treatment of equilibrium and stability conditions. Mechanisms such as animal seed dispersal, which result in clustering of recruits that is decoupled from parent locations, lead to a rare-species advantage and coexistence of otherwise neutral competitors. Linking spatial statistics with theories of community dynamics offers new avenues for explaining species coexistence and calls for rethinking community ecology through a spatial lens.

scholarly journals Inferring individual-level processes from population-level patterns in cultural evolution

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (9) ◽  
pp. 170949 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Kandler ◽  
Bryan Wilder ◽  
Laura Fortunato
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Change ◽  
Cultural Evolution ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Theoretical Work ◽  
Cultural Variation ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The One ◽  
Over Time

Our species is characterized by a great degree of cultural variation, both within and between populations. Understanding how group-level patterns of culture emerge from individual-level behaviour is a long-standing question in the biological and social sciences. We develop a simulation model capturing demographic and cultural dynamics relevant to human cultural evolution, focusing on the interface between population-level patterns and individual-level processes. The model tracks the distribution of variants of cultural traits across individuals in a population over time, conditioned on different pathways for the transmission of information between individuals. From these data, we obtain theoretical expectations for a range of statistics commonly used to capture population-level characteristics (e.g. the degree of cultural diversity). Consistent with previous theoretical work, our results show that the patterns observed at the level of groups are rooted in the interplay between the transmission pathways and the age structure of the population. We also explore whether, and under what conditions, the different pathways can be distinguished based on their group-level signatures, in an effort to establish theoretical limits to inference. Our results show that the temporal dynamic of cultural change over time retains a stronger signature than the cultural composition of the population at a specific point in time. Overall, the results suggest a shift in focus from identifying the one individual-level process that likely produced the observed data to excluding those that likely did not. We conclude by discussing the implications for empirical studies of human cultural evolution.

scholarly journals Cultural diffusion dynamics depend on behavioural production rules

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Chimento ◽  
Brendan J. Barrett ◽  
Anne Kandler ◽  
Lucy M. Aplin
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Social Transmission ◽  
Production Rules ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Cultural Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Analysis ◽  
Diffusion Dynamics ◽  
The Social

Culture is an outcome of the acquisition of knowledge about behaviour through social transmission, and its subsequent production. Transmission and production are often discussed interchangeably or modeled separately, yet to date, no study has accounted for both processes and explored their interaction. We present a generative model that integrates the two in order to explore how variation in either might shape cultural diffusion dynamics. Agents make behavioural choices that change as they learn from their behavioural productions. Their repertoires also change over time, and the social transmission of behaviours depends on their frequency. We diffuse a novel behaviour through social networks across a large parameter space to demonstrate how accounting for both transmission and production reveals dependencies between individual-level behavioural production rules and population-level diffusion dynamics. We then investigate how such dependencies might affect the performance of two commonly used inferential models for social learning; Network-based Diffusion Analysis (NBDA), and Experienced Weighted Attraction models (EWA). By clarifying the distinction between acquisition and usage, we illuminate often-overlooked theoretical differences between social learning and social influence. These distinctions yield consequences and new considerations for how inferential methods are applied to empirical studies of culture.

scholarly journals Inferring individual-level processes from population-level patterns in cultural evolution

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Kandler ◽  
Bryan Wilder ◽  
Laura Fortunato
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Change ◽  
Cultural Evolution ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Theoretical Work ◽  
Cultural Variation ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The One ◽  
Over Time

AbstractOur species is characterized by a great degree of cultural variation, both within and between populations. Understanding how group-level patterns of culture emerge from individual-level behaviour is a long-standing question in the biological and social sciences. We develop a simulation model capturing demographic and cultural dynamics relevant to human cultural evolution, focusing on the interface between population-level patterns and individual-level processes. The model tracks the distribution of variants of cultural traits across individuals in a population over time, conditioned on different pathways for the transmission of information between individuals. From these data we obtain theoretical expectations for a range of statistics commonly used to capture population-level characteristics (e.g. the degree of cultural diversity). Consistent with previous theoretical work, our results show that the patterns observed at the level of groups are rooted in the interplay between the transmission pathways and the age structure of the population. We also explore whether, and under what conditions, the different pathways can be distinguished based on their group-level signatures, in an effort to establish theoretical limits to inference. Our results show that the temporal dynamic of cultural change over time retains a stronger signature than the cultural composition of the population at a specific point in time. Overall, the results suggest a shift in focus from identifying the one individual-level process that likely produced the observed data to excluding those that likely did not. We conclude by discussing the implications for empirical studies of human cultural evolution.

DARCY RIBEIRO UNIVERSITY CAMPUS MAP – 2017- TECHNICAL NOTE

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Sanzio Araújo dos Anjos ◽  
Jose Leandro de Araujo Conceição ◽  
Jõao Emanuel ◽  
Matheus Nunes
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Data ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
University Campus ◽  
Communication Tool ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Data Manipulation ◽  
Geographic Space ◽  
The Many ◽  
New Generation

The spatial information regarding the use of territory is one of the many strategies used to answer and to inform about what happened, what is happening and what may happen in geographic space. Therefore, the mapping of land use as a communication tool for the spatial data made significant progress in improving sources of information, especially over the last few decades, with new generation remote sensing products for data manipulation.

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