scholarly journals Spatially resolved non-invasive chemical stimulation for modulation of signalling in reconstructed neuronal networks

2005 ◽  
Vol 3 (7) ◽  
pp. 333-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yulia Mourzina ◽  
Alfred Steffen ◽  
Dmitri Kaliaguine ◽  
Bernhard Wolfrum ◽  
Petra Schulte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Network Architecture ◽  
Neuronal Networks ◽  
Network Formation ◽  
Microcontact Printing ◽  
Chemical Stimulation ◽  
Functional Coupling ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
On Chip

Functional coupling of reconstructed neuronal networks with microelectronic circuits has potential for the development of bioelectronic devices, pharmacological assays and medical engineering. Modulation of the signal processing properties of on-chip reconstructed neuronal networks is an important aspect in such applications. It may be achieved by controlling the biochemical environment, preferably with cellular resolution. In this work, we attempt to design cell–cell and cell–medium interactions in confined geometries with the aim to manipulate non-invasively the activity pattern of an individual neuron in neuronal networks for long-term modulation. Therefore, we have developed a biohybrid system in which neuronal networks are reconstructed on microstructured silicon chips and interfaced to a microfluidic system. A high degree of geometrical control over the network architecture and alignment of the network with the substrate features has been achieved by means of aligned microcontact printing. Localized non-invasive on-chip chemical stimulation of micropatterned rat cortical neurons within a network has been demonstrated with an excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. Our system will be useful for the investigation of the influence of localized chemical gradients on network formation and long-term modulation.

Assessment and modulation of cortical inhibition using transcranial magnetic stimulation

e-Neuroforum ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Vlachos ◽  
Klaus Funke ◽  
Ulf Ziemann
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Neuronal Networks ◽  
Cortical Excitability ◽  
Cortical Inhibition ◽  
Excitatory Synapses ◽  
Long Term Depression ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Synaptic Changes

Abstract:Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique, which is used for diagnostic, therapeutic and scientific purposes in the field of neurology and psychiatry. It is based on the physical principle of electromagnetic induction and allows for the local activation of cortical areas through the intact skull of conscious humans. When applied repeatedly (repetitive TMS; rTMS) sustained changes of cortical excitability can be observed. Hence, TMS resembles a promising approach for assessing and modulating neuronal networks in a non-invasive manner. However, despite its broad clinical application, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of rTMS-based therapies remain not well understood. Established therapeutic concepts assume that pathologically altered cortical excitability is normalised, which may involve ‘long-term potentiation’ or ‘long-term depression’ of excitatory synapses. Indeed, animal studies demonstrate that rTMS induces long-term changes of excitatory neurotransmission. However, it is unclear through which mechanisms synaptic changes, which are caused by external electromagnetic activation of the cortex and therefore are not specific for context or behaviour, could have a positive impact on complex brain function. More recent findings suggest that not only excitatory but also inhibitory neuronal networks are modulated by rTMS. It was shown for example that 10 Hz rTMS leads to a calcium-dependent long-term depression of inhibitory GABAergic synapses. Since the reduction of inhibitory neurotransmission (= disinhibition) is considered important for the expression of associative plasticity at excitatory synapses, it is conceivable that rTMS-induced disinhibition may promote context- and behaviour-specific synaptic changes. Hence, the model of

scholarly journals Taxonomic signatures of cause-specific mortality risk in human gut microbiome

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaro Salosensaari ◽  
Ville Laitinen ◽  
Aki S. Havulinna ◽  
Guillaume Meric ◽  
Susan Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Human Gut Microbiome ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Sequencing Technologies

AbstractThe collection of fecal material and developments in sequencing technologies have enabled standardised and non-invasive gut microbiome profiling. Microbiome composition from several large cohorts have been cross-sectionally linked to various lifestyle factors and diseases. In spite of these advances, prospective associations between microbiome composition and health have remained uncharacterised due to the lack of sufficiently large and representative population cohorts with comprehensive follow-up data. Here, we analyse the long-term association between gut microbiome variation and mortality in a well-phenotyped and representative population cohort from Finland (n = 7211). We report robust taxonomic and functional microbiome signatures related to the Enterobacteriaceae family that are associated with mortality risk during a 15-year follow-up. Our results extend previous cross-sectional studies, and help to establish the basis for examining long-term associations between human gut microbiome composition, incident outcomes, and general health status.

scholarly journals Serum Anti-Collagen IV IgM and IgG Antibodies as Indicators of Low Vascular Turnover of Collagen IV in Patients with Long-Term Complications of Type 2 Diabetes

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 900
Author(s):  
Krasimir Kostov ◽  
Alexander Blazhev
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Vascular Wall ◽  
Collagen Iv ◽  
Collagen Type Iv ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Antibody Levels

Thickening of the vascular basement membrane (BM) is a fundamental structural change in the small blood vessels in diabetes. Collagen type IV (CIV) is a major component of the BMs, and monitoring the turnover of this protein in type 2 diabetes (T2D) can provide important information about the mechanisms of vascular damage. The aim of the study was through the use of non-invasive biomarkers of CIV (autoantibodies, derivative peptides, and immune complexes) to investigate vascular turnover of CIV in patients with long-term complications of T2D. We measured serum levels of these biomarkers in 59 T2D patients with micro- and/or macrovascular complications and 20 healthy controls using an ELISA. Matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9 (MMP-2 and MMP-9) were also tested. In the T2D group, significantly lower levels of CIV markers and significantly higher levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were found compared to controls. A significant positive correlation was found between IgM antibody levels against CIV and MMP-2. These findings suggest that vascular metabolism of CIV is decreased in T2D with long-term complications and show that a positive linear relationship exists between MMP-2 levels and CIV turnover in the vascular wall.

scholarly journals A comparative two-cohort study of pediatric patients with long term stay in ICUs

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia García Mancebo ◽  
Sara de la Mata Navazo ◽  
Estíbaliz López-Herce Arteta ◽  
Rosario Montero Mateo ◽  
Isabel María López Esteban ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Resources ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Non Invasive Ventilation ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Single Center Study ◽  
High Flow Oxygen ◽  
Hospital Acquired ◽  
Complications And Mortality ◽  
Second Period

AbstractDuring the last decades, the number of patients with long stay admissions (LSA) in PICU has increased. The purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with PICU LSA, assessing healthcare resources use and changes in the profile of these patients. A retrospective, observational, single-center study was carried out. Characteristics of LSA were compared between two periods (2006–2010 and 2011–2015). During the earlier period there were 2,118 admissions (3.9% of them LSA), whereas during the second period, there were 1,763 (5.4% of them LSA) (p = 0.025). LSA accounted for 33.7% PICU stay days during the first period and 46.7% during the second (p < 0.001). Higher use of non-invasive ventilation (80.2% vs. 37.8%, p = 0.001) and high-flow oxygen therapy (68.8% vs. 37.8%, p = 0.005) was observed in the 2011–2015 cohort, whereas the use of arterial catheter (77.1% vs. 92.6%, p = 0.005), continuous infusion of adrenaline (55.2% vs. 75.9%, p = 0.004), and hemoderivative transfusion (74% vs. 89.2%, p = 0.010) was less frequent. In the 2006–2010 cohort, hospital-acquired infections were more common (95.2% vs. 68.8%, p < 0.001) and mortality was higher (26.8% vs. 13.8%, p = 0.026). The number of long-stay PICU admissions have increased entailing an intensive use of healthcare resources. These patients have a high risk for complications and mortality.

scholarly journals Serum sCD25 Protein as a Predictor of Lack of Long-Term Benefits from Immunotherapy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Pilot Study

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 3702
Author(s):  
Anna Siemiątkowska ◽  
Maciej Bryl ◽  
Katarzyna Kosicka-Noworzyń ◽  
Jakub Tvrdoň ◽  
Iwona Gołda-Gocka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Cycle ◽  
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma ◽  
Interleukin 2 ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Soluble Form ◽  
Small Cell Lung ◽  
Cell Lung Carcinoma ◽  
Non Invasive

Prognosis of advanced non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) is poor. Even though it can improve with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agents, most patients do not respond to treatment. We hypothesized that the serum soluble form of the unit α of the interleukin-2 receptor (sCD25) could be used as a biomarker of successful immunotherapy in NSCLC. We recruited patients dosed with atezolizumab (n = 42) or pembrolizumab (n = 20) and collected samples at baseline and during the treatment. Levels of sCD25 were quantified with the ELISA kits. Patients with a high sCD25 at baseline (sCD25.0 ≥ 5.99 ng/mL) or/and at the end of the fourth treatment cycle (sCD25.4 ≥ 7.73 ng/mL) progressed faster and lived shorter without the disease progression and serious toxicity. None of the patients with high sCD25 at both time points continued therapy longer than 9.3 months, while almost 40% of patients with low sCD25 were treated for ≥12.3 months. There was a 6.3-times higher incidence of treatment failure (HR = 6.33, 95% CI: 2.10–19.06, p = 0.001) and a 6.5-times higher incidence of progression (HR = 6.50, 95% CI: 2.04–20.73, p = 0.002) in patients with high compared with low sCD25.0 and sCD25.4. Serum levels of sCD25 may serve as a non-invasive biomarker of long-term benefits from the anti-PD-1/PD-L1s in NSCLC.

scholarly journals Framework for patient-ventilator asynchrony during long-term non-invasive ventilation

Thorax ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (7) ◽  
pp. 715-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesus Gonzalez-Bermejo ◽  
Jean-Paul Janssens ◽  
Claudio Rabec ◽  
Christophe Perrin ◽  
Frédéric Lofaso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Present Report ◽  
Time Windows ◽  
Clinical Impact ◽  
Positive Pressure ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Non Invasive Ventilation ◽  
Polygraphic Recordings ◽  
Bench Testing

Episodes of patient-ventilator asynchrony (PVA) occur during acute and chronic non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIV). In long-term NIV, description and quantification of PVA is not standardised, thus limiting assessment of its clinical impact. The present report provides a framework for a systematic analysis of polygraphic recordings of patients under NIV for the detection and classification of PVA validated by bench testing. The algorithm described uses two different time windows: rate asynchrony and intracycle asynchrony. This approach should facilitate further studies on prevalence and clinical impact of PVA in long-term NIV.

The acceptance of hearing aids for children with otitis media with effusion

1999 ◽  
Vol 113 (4) ◽  
pp. 314-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Jardine ◽  
M. V. Griffiths ◽  
E. Midgley
Keyword(s):  
Otitis Media ◽  
Hearing Aids ◽  
Otitis Media With Effusion ◽  
Binaural Hearing ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Binaural Hearing Aids

AbstractConservative treatment for otitis media with effusion (OME) led us to consider the use of hearing aids as a way of managing the associated hearing loss. This study aimed to assess the compliance of patients and acceptance of hearing aids for the management of children with OME.Thirty-nine children who had been given binaural hearing aids to manage OME were assessed at routine follow-up after six months. A clinician who did not prescribe the aid administered a questionnaire to assess compliance, change in symptoms and acceptance of the aids.Thirty-eight parents thought the aids were easy to use and 25 (66 per cent) were completely satisfied with the management. Aided hearing improved by a mean of 17 dB (Range 10–30) over three frequencies, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 Khz and all parents reported subjective hearing improvement in their children. The stigma of an aid was reported as minimal under the age of seven.Hearing aids provide a non-invasive way of managing the problems associated with OME which is acceptable to certain parents and children. Long-term effects of using aids need to be evaluated before they can be recommended.

scholarly journals On-chip long-term jitter measurement for PLL based on undersampling technique

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (24) ◽  
pp. 20130887-20130887 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhikuang Cai ◽  
Haobo Xu ◽  
Shixuan Que ◽  
Weiwei Shan ◽  
Jun Yang
Keyword(s):  
Jitter Measurement ◽  
On Chip

Music Neurotechnology for Sound Synthesis: Sound Synthesis with Spiking Neuronal Networks

Leonardo ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 439-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo R. Miranda ◽  
John Matthias
Keyword(s):  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Neuronal Networks ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Sound Synthesis ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Computer Interfaces ◽  
Engineering Sciences ◽  
New Research ◽  
Sound Files

Music neurotechnology is a new research area emerging at the crossroads of neurobiology, engineering sciences and music. Examples of ongoing research into this new area include the development of brain-computer interfaces to control music systems and systems for automatic classification of sounds informed by the neurobiology of the human auditory apparatus. The authors introduce neurogranular sampling, a new sound synthesis technique based on spiking neuronal networks (SNN). They have implemented a neurogranular sampler using the SNN model developed by Izhikevich, which reproduces the spiking and bursting behavior of known types of cortical neurons. The neurogranular sampler works by taking short segments (or sound grains) from sound files and triggering them when any of the neurons fire.

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