scholarly journals The Röntgen celebrations, November 1945

1946 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-44
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Early History ◽  
The Other ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Inaugural Meeting ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Great Discovery ◽  
The Impact

To celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the discovery of X-rays by William Conrad Rontgen, which was made on 8 November 1895, a series of meetings were held in London during November 1945, twelve Societies participating. The inaugural meeting was held under the auspices of the Royal Society at Burlington House on 8 November, and was opened by the reigning President, Sir Henry Dale. He referred to the early history of the discharge in vacuo and gave a lively account of the impact of the discovery on men of science at Cambridge, where he was an undergraduate at the time. The discussion, devoted to various aspects of Rontgen’s great discovery and to its influence, was opened by Sir Lawrence Bragg, who gave an account of the contents of the two chemical papers in which Rontgen announced his findings to the world, one dated December 1895 and the other March 1896. Sir Lawrence drew attention to the wide range of this pioneer work and also to an important early letter of Schuster’s on the rays, published in Nature on 23 January 1896, with a full translation of Rontgen’s first paper.

scholarly journals Nikola Tesla and medicine: 160th anniversary of the birth of the genius who gave light to the world - part I

2016 ◽  
Vol 69 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 313-322
Author(s):  
Danijela Vucevic ◽  
Drago Djordjevic ◽  
Tatjana Radosavljevic
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Nikola Tesla ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Biologic Effects ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Harmful Effects

Introduction. The interest in Nikola Tesla, a scientist, physicist, engineer and inventor, is constantly growing. In the millennia-long history of human civilization, it is almost impossible to find another person whose life and work has been under so much scrutiny of such a wide range of researchers, medical professionals included. Although Tesla was not primarily dedicated to biomedical research, his work significantly contributed to the development of radiology, and high frequency electrotherapy. This paper deals with the impact of Tesla?s work on the development of a new medical branch - radiology. Nikola Tesla and the Discovery of X-ray radiation. Tesla pioneered the use of X-rays for medical purposes, practically laying the foundations of radiology. Namely, since 1887, Tesla periodically experimented with X-rays, at that time still unknown and unnamed, which he called "shadowgraphs". Moreover, at the end of 1894, he conducted extensive research focusing on X-rays, but unfortunately it was interrupted after the fire burning down his laboratory in 1895. In 1896 and 1897, Tesla published ten papers on the biologic effects of X-ray radiation. All his studies on X-rays were experimental. During 1896 and 1897, Tesla continued improving X-ray devices. Apart from this, Tesla was the first to point out the harmful effects of exposure to X-ray radiation on human body. Conclusion. Nikola Tesla was a visionary genius of the future. Tesla?s pioneer steps, made more than a century ago in the domain of radiology, are still being used today.

The birth and early days of the Philosophical Transactions

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-27 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Early History ◽  
Scientific Society ◽  
Hundredth Anniversary ◽  
Corporate Body ◽  
Scientific Periodical ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
To Come ◽  
Accademia Del Cimento

The Royal Society was not the first scientific society, or organized academy for the promotion of science, to be founded, since it was preceded by the original Accademia del Cimento, which took its rise in 1657, but lived only ten years. The Royal Society is, then, the oldest corporate body of its kind to have enjoyed continuous existence until today. In a like way the Philosophical Transactions was not the earliest scientific periodical to come forth, since the first number of the Journal des Sçavans appeared, on 5 January 1665, two months before the first number of the Transactions . The Journal , however, while much concerned with scientific matters, including scientific books, dealt with the world of learning in general, including literary, legal and theological matters. Its pronouncements often led to stormy controversy, it had a troubled history and finally ceased to appear in 1790. The Transactions , except for a short break when it was replaced by Hooke’s Philosophical Collections , and for an interruption of three years that followed the landing of William of Orange and the flight of James II, has been published continuously from the issue of the first number dated 6 March 1664/5, the present year thus being the three hundredth anniversary of its beginning. Conspicuously connected with the first appearance of the Philosophical Transactions was Henry Oldenburg, a character very much to the fore in the early history of the Society.

scholarly journals TINJAUAN KRITIS ATAS TARIKH AL-UMAM WA AL-MULUK KARYA IBN JARIR AL-TABARI

ALQALAM ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 283
Author(s):  
Adnan Adnan
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Muslim World ◽  
Central Theme ◽  
Islamic History ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
Universal History ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Muslim Intellectuals ◽  
The Impact

Tarikh al-Umam wa al-Muluk (history of nations and kings) by Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabiiri, is by common consent the most important universal history produced in the world of Islam. This monumental work explores the history of the ancient nations, the prophets, the rise of Islam and the history of  the Islamic World down to the year 302 A.H./915 AD. His work, chronicled the History of Islam year by year; an attempt to categorize history from creation till the year 302 A.H/915 A.D. By the time he had finished his work, he had gathered all the historical traditions of the Arabs in his voluminous work. The Muslim world was not slow in showing its appreciation, and this work became famous as Islamic Traditional Historiography. However, much to criticize by western scholars (orientalist or lslamicist) sphere in writting   style  of Thabari  work not systematically and interp retatively. In fact, no discovered logical argumen and rational parallel with historical ideas manifesting. The impact of uncommon muslim scholars to become a reference for Islamic historical Studies. A central theme of this paper will be invate of Muslim intellectuals/scholars to be Tarikh Thabari as prominent reference in the Islamic historical studies. Moreover, I will argue that Tarikh al-Umam wa al-muluk by al-Tabari is the most important reference on Islamic history than the other references.

scholarly journals Discovering simple heuristics from mental simulation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick Callaway ◽  
Jessica Hamrick ◽  
Tom Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Real World ◽  
Mental Simulation ◽  
Generative Models ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Simple Heuristics ◽  
Relevant Outcome

In the history of cognitive science, there have been two competing philosophies regarding how people reason about the world. In one, people rely on rich, generative models to make predictions about a wide range of scenarios; while in the other, people have a large “bag of tricks”, idiosyncratic heuristics that tend to work well in practice. In this paper, we suggest that rather than being in opposition to one another, these two ideas complement each other. We argue that people’s capacity for mental simulation may support their ability to learn new cue- based heuristics, and demonstrate this phenomenon in two experiments. However, our results also indicate that participants are far less likely to learn a heuristic when there is no logical or explicitly conveyed relationship between the cue and the relevant outcome. Furthermore, simulation—while a potentially useful tool—is no substitute for real world experience.

scholarly journals Preface

1976 ◽  
Vol 275 (936) ◽  
pp. 3-3
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Early History ◽  
Human History ◽  
Arts And Sciences ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of Agriculture ◽  
The Arts ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

This volume contains the proceedings of the third Discussion Meeting organized jointly by the British Academy and the Royal Society. The first, on the impact of the natural sciences on archaeology, took place on 11 and 12 December 1969. The second, on the place of astronomy in the ancient world, was held on 7 and 8 December 1972. The third, which is here recorded, was on 9 and 10 April 1975, and in covering the early history of agriculture, continues the joint exploration of the arts and sciences in human history.

Pulling Down the Walls of the World, 1920–1930

2020 ◽  
pp. 19-49
Author(s):  
Simon J. Potter
Keyword(s):  
Short Wave ◽  
Early History ◽  
World War ◽  
International Broadcasting ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Exchange Material ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First World

This chapter traces the origins of international broadcasting in the 1920s, examines cooperation among broadcasters working to control and regulate transnational transmissions, and analyses utopian ideas about the impact of radio on the international order. It draws out the early history of cross-border broadcasting and listening and demonstrates that in the first years of radio, all listeners were distant listeners. It explores the technologies of transmission and reception used in international broadcasting during the 1920s. It discusses why many contemporaries thought that broadcasting could encourage international understanding and peace in the wake of the carnage of the First World War. It argues that wireless internationalism found its most obvious expression in this period with the foundation of the International Broadcasting Union (IBU). The IBU encouraged members to exchange material with one another and relay each other’s programmes. Finally, the chapter explores the early history of short-wave broadcasting and relay work, and examines debates about the establishment of a BBC empire service.

The Oxford Handbook of the Protestant Reformations

2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Early History ◽  
Cutting Edge ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Reform Movements ◽  
History Of Emotions ◽  
The World ◽  
Before And After ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

The Oxford Handbook of the Protestant Reformations covers the “long Reformation” period from ca.1400 to 1750 in its European and global dimensions. Thirty-eight contributors offer cutting-edge research. This is the most comprehensive handbook of Protestant Reformations ever published to investigate the beliefs, practices, and institutions which followed medieval reform movements and Martin Luther’s Reformation in Germany. The sixteenth and seventeenth centuries provide a particular focus as the central time for the initial developments of faiths which began to be called “Protestant.” Contributors explore the Protestant Reformations in relation to the Catholic Renewal before and after Trent and repeatedly point to areas of convergence among Protestants and Catholics. The handbook highlights the significance of cultural—historical approaches and the history of emotions to understand confessional identities. It also thoroughly engages with revisions of Max Weber's influential arguments about the impact of Protestantism on attitudes toward work, capital accumulation, and rational lifestyles. The handbook emphasizes the importance of radical traditions, especially from a global perspective. Previous handbook literature omits global Protestantism, and the influential confessionalization paradigm was entirely European-based. The point of incorporating global dimensions is that it demonstrates the vitality of varied traditions, which confronted very different institutional milieux, could significantly challenge political and cultural ideas of mainstream European faiths, and in turn reshape European Protestantisms. The handbook thus aims to be an indispensable guide to reshaping future discussions in the field, to recover the early history of Protestantism as part of our account about a history of the world.

scholarly journals KAPTAI LAKE BASED LIVELIHOOD & THE DEVELOPMENT IN RANGAMATI: A DEVELOPMENT OBSERVATION

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-34
Author(s):  
MD. AMIRUL ISLAM
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Political History ◽  
Indigenous Community ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Underlying Causes ◽  
The Impact

The Chittagong Hill Tract is a diverse part of Bangladesh for its ethnic diversity. The indigenous community has fame of simplicity and friendly across the world but in CHT! It has a different political history of the peach accord, pre-peach ach accord unrest situation, engagement of military, a riot between tribal and non-tribal almost the CHT is considered as an unrest zone and hostile in attitude to the people from outside. But many of them are in dark about the underlying causes of that situation. Kaptai dam is one of the main causes. Kaptai Lake is a creation of kaptai dam; displaced 10 million people but creates some opportunity for the inhabitant in Rangamati. Whether the impact of dam is good or bad but should be cleat to all about the reality of that context. The bad notion to the distinctive lifestyle of an indigenous community should be calm by providing proper information and clarification. On the other hand, the good impact of the mega project of kaptai dam needs to be analyzed for learning.

The Film World’s Cooperative Store: Institutions and Films of the 1930s and 1940s

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Claire Thomson
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Public Information ◽  
Early History ◽  
World War ◽  
International Context ◽  
German Occupation ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

This chapter traces the early history of state-sponsored informational filmmaking in Denmark, emphasising its organisation as a ‘cooperative’ of organisations and government agencies. After an account of the establishment and early development of the agency Dansk Kulturfilm in the 1930s, the chapter considers two of its earliest productions, both process films documenting the manufacture of bricks and meat products. The broader context of documentary in Denmark is fleshed out with an account of the production and reception of Poul Henningsen’s seminal film Danmark (1935), and the international context is accounted for with an overview of the development of state-supported filmmaking in the UK, Italy and Germany. Developments in the funding and output of Dansk Kulturfilm up to World War II are outlined, followed by an account of the impact of the German Occupation of Denmark on domestic informational film. The establishment of the Danish Government Film Committee or Ministeriernes Filmudvalg kick-started aprofessionalisation of state-sponsored filmmaking, and two wartime public information films are briefly analysed as examples of its early output. The chapter concludes with an account of the relations between the Danish Resistance and an emerging generation of documentarists.

Modernism, Empiricism, and Rationalism

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-47
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Squires
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Modern Poetry ◽  
Philosophical Perspective ◽  
Irish Poetry ◽  
Dimensional Spectrum ◽  
Culture History ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Rule Out

Modernism is usually defined historically as the composite movement at the beginning of the twentieth century which led to a radical break with what had gone before in literature and the other arts. Given the problems of the continuing use of the concept to cover subsequent writing, this essay proposes an alternative, philosophical perspective which explores the impact of rationalism (what we bring to the world) on the prevailing empiricism (what we take from the world) of modern poetry, which leads to a concern with consciousness rather than experience. This in turn involves a re-conceptualisation of the lyric or narrative I, of language itself as a phenomenon, and of other poetic themes such as nature, culture, history, and art. Against the background of the dominant empiricism of modern Irish poetry as presented in Crotty's anthology, the essay explores these ideas in terms of a small number of poets who may be considered modernist in various ways. This does not rule out modernist elements in some other poets and the initial distinction between a poetics of experience and one of consciousness is better seen as a multi-dimensional spectrum that requires further, more detailed analysis than is possible here.

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