scholarly journals Discovering simple heuristics from mental simulation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick Callaway ◽  
Jessica Hamrick ◽  
Tom Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Real World ◽  
Mental Simulation ◽  
Generative Models ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Simple Heuristics ◽  
Relevant Outcome

In the history of cognitive science, there have been two competing philosophies regarding how people reason about the world. In one, people rely on rich, generative models to make predictions about a wide range of scenarios; while in the other, people have a large “bag of tricks”, idiosyncratic heuristics that tend to work well in practice. In this paper, we suggest that rather than being in opposition to one another, these two ideas complement each other. We argue that people’s capacity for mental simulation may support their ability to learn new cue- based heuristics, and demonstrate this phenomenon in two experiments. However, our results also indicate that participants are far less likely to learn a heuristic when there is no logical or explicitly conveyed relationship between the cue and the relevant outcome. Furthermore, simulation—while a potentially useful tool—is no substitute for real world experience.

scholarly journals The Röntgen celebrations, November 1945

1946 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-44
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Early History ◽  
The Other ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Inaugural Meeting ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Great Discovery ◽  
The Impact

To celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the discovery of X-rays by William Conrad Rontgen, which was made on 8 November 1895, a series of meetings were held in London during November 1945, twelve Societies participating. The inaugural meeting was held under the auspices of the Royal Society at Burlington House on 8 November, and was opened by the reigning President, Sir Henry Dale. He referred to the early history of the discharge in vacuo and gave a lively account of the impact of the discovery on men of science at Cambridge, where he was an undergraduate at the time. The discussion, devoted to various aspects of Rontgen’s great discovery and to its influence, was opened by Sir Lawrence Bragg, who gave an account of the contents of the two chemical papers in which Rontgen announced his findings to the world, one dated December 1895 and the other March 1896. Sir Lawrence drew attention to the wide range of this pioneer work and also to an important early letter of Schuster’s on the rays, published in Nature on 23 January 1896, with a full translation of Rontgen’s first paper.

Ideology and Utopia

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyman Tower Sargent
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ernst Bloch ◽  
Karl Mannheim ◽  
The Real ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Fredric Jameson ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Way

In popular usage both ideology and utopia have negative, and somewhat similar, connotations. Utopia is thought to imply something naively idealistic and, as a result, impossible to achieve due to the constraints of the ‘real world’ or because ‘human nature’ will get in the way. Ideology is also thought to imply being out of touch with the ‘real world’ by being blinkered by a set of beliefs that distorts one’s understanding of that ‘real world’.This chapter examines the recent history of the relationship between the two concepts by examining the way they are treated by their best known theorists, Ernst Bloch, Michael Freeden, Fredric Jameson, Ruth Levitas, Karl Mannheim, and Paul Ricoeur. The chapter argues that while they are closely related and one can become the other, they can also be separated because they reflect different ways of understanding the world.

The World after the End of the World

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kas Saghafi
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
End Of The World

In several late texts, Derrida meditated on Paul Celan's poem ‘Grosse, Glühende Wölbung’, in which the departure of the world is announced. Delving into the ‘origin’ and ‘history’ of the ‘conception’ of the world, this paper suggests that, for Derrida, the end of the world is determined by and from death—the death of the other. The death of the other marks, each and every time, the absolute end of the world.

scholarly journals Representations, Affordances, and Interactive Systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Robert Rowe
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Data Structures ◽  
Digital Computer ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Interactive Systems ◽  
Algorithmic Composition ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

The history of algorithmic composition using a digital computer has undergone many representations—data structures that encode some aspects of the outside world, or processes and entities within the program itself. Parallel histories in cognitive science and artificial intelligence have (of necessity) confronted their own notions of representations, including the ecological perception view of J.J. Gibson, who claims that mental representations are redundant to the affordances apparent in the world, its objects, and their relations. This review tracks these parallel histories and how the orientations and designs of multimodal interactive systems give rise to their own affordances: the representations and models used expose parameters and controls to a creator that determine how a system can be used and, thus, what it can mean.

3D Technology – Additive Manufacturing Applications and Prospects (Vol. 24, No. 9, Full Issue)

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (09) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Real World ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Health Screening ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Real World Applications ◽  
Manufacturing Applications

For the month of September 2020, APBN dives into the world of 3D printing and its wide range of real-world applications. Keeping our focus on the topic of the year, the COVID-19 pandemic, we explore the environmental impact of the global outbreak as well as gain insight to the top 5 vaccine platforms used in vaccine development. Discover more about technological advancements and how it is assisting innovation in geriatric health screening.

Camus's Absurd and the World of Melville's Confidence-Man

PMLA ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-27
Author(s):  
Leon F. Seltzer
Keyword(s):  
Careful Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Novel ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Critical Attention ◽  
Confidence Man ◽  
Ugly Duckling ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One

In recent years, The Confidence-Man: His Masquerade, a difficult work and for long an unjustly neglected one, has begun to command increasingly greater critical attention and esteem. As more than one contemporary writer has noted, the verdict of the late Richard Chase in 1949, that the novel represents Melville's “second best achievement,” has served to prompt many to undertake a second reading (or at least a first) of the book. Before this time, the novel had traditionally been the one Melville readers have shied away from—as overly discursive, too rambling altogether, on the one hand, or as an unfortunate outgrowth of the author's morbidity on the other. Elizabeth Foster, in the admirably comprehensive introduction to her valuable edition of The Confidence-Man (1954), systematically traces the history of the book's reputation and observes that even with the Melville renaissance of the twenties, the work stands as the last piece of the author's fiction to be redeemed. Only lately, she comments, has it ceased to be regarded as “the ugly duckling” of Melville's creations. But recognition does not imply agreement, and it should not be thought that in the past fifteen years critics have reached any sort of unanimity on the novel's content. Since Mr. Chase's study, which approached the puzzling work as a satire on the American spirit—or, more specifically, as an attack on the liberalism of the day—and which speculated upon the novel's controlling folk and mythic figures, other critics, by now ready to assume that the book repaid careful analysis, have read the work in a variety of ways. It has been treated, among other things, as a religious allegory, as a philosophic satire on optimism, and as a Shandian comedy. One critic has conveniently summarized the prevailing situation by remarking that “the literary, philosophical, and cultural materials in this book are fused in so enigmatic a fashion that its interpreters have differed as to what the book is really about.”

scholarly journals Hepatitis E: an underestimated emerging threat

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 204993611983716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glynn W. Webb ◽  
Harry R. Dalton
Keyword(s):  
Burden Of Disease ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Zoonotic Infections ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
History Of

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the most common cause of viral hepatitis in the world. It is estimated that millions of people are infected every year, resulting in tens of thousands of deaths. However, these estimates do not include industrialized regions and are based on studies which employ assays now known to have inferior sensitivity. As such, this is likely to represent a massive underestimate of the true global burden of disease. In the developing world, HEV causes large outbreaks and presents a significant public-health problem. Until recently HEV was thought to be uncommon in industrialized countries, and of little relevance to clinicians in these settings. We now know that this is incorrect, and that HEV is actually very common in developed regions. HEV has proved difficult to study in vitro, with reliable models only recently becoming available. Our understanding of the lifecycle of HEV is therefore incomplete. Routes of transmission vary by genotype and location: endemic regions experience large waterborne epidemics, while sporadic cases in industrialized regions are zoonotic infections likely spread via the food chain. Both acute and chronic infection has been observed, and a wide range of extrahepatic manifestations have been reported. This includes neurological, haematological and renal conditions. As the complete clinical phenotype of HEV infection is yet to be characterized, a large proportion of cases go unrecognized or misdiagnosed. In many cases HEV infection does not feature in the differential diagnosis due to a lack of knowledge and awareness of the disease amongst clinicians. In combination, these factors have contributed to an underestimation of the threat posed by HEV. Improvements are required in terms of recognition and diagnosis of HEV infection if we are to understand the natural history of the disease, improve management and reduce the burden of disease around the world.

scholarly journals CULTURAL REPRESENTATION OF POWER AND THE COURT DURING THE PERSONAL REIGN OF CHARLES I STUART

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-110
Author(s):  
L. I. Ivonina
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
General Trend ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Cultural Representation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Charles I ◽  
The World ◽  
King Charles I ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One

The article analyzes the main features of the Caroline era in the history of Britain, which were reflected in the cultural representation of the power of King Charles I Stuart and the court’s daily life in the 1630s. The author shows that, on the one hand, the cult of peace and the greatness of the monarch were the cultural product of the Caroline court against the background of the Thirty Years' War in continental Europe. On the other hand, there was a spread of various forms of escapism, the departure into the world of illusions. On the whole, the representation of the power of Charles Stuart and the court’s daily life were in line with the general trend of the time. At the same time, the court of Charles I reflected his personality. Thinly sensing and even determining the artistic tastes of his era, the English king abstracted from its political and social context.

scholarly journals Animal Real-Unreal in Traditional Conceptions of the World in Croatian Areas

2021 ◽  
pp. 298-319
Author(s):  
Lidija Bajuk
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
The World

Trying to interpret oneself and the other in the world, the traditional Man has established a real world and an otherworld. Specific herbal and animal attributes were ascribed to particular people who allegedly had the power to communicate between worldliness and transcendence. Also some human characteristics were linked with herbal and animal mediators. These attributes were folklorized as miraculous powers. Such supernatural beings from South Slavic traditional conceptionsof the world have been largely associated with the pre-Christian deities and their degradations, based on the observed real attributes of the vegetal and animal species. The interdisciplinary comparative way of treating South Slavic folklore real-unreal motifs through time and space in this article is its ethnological, animalistic and anthropological contribution.

scholarly journals Cycling Pathways

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henk-Jan Dekker
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Political Struggle ◽  
The Road ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Road Space ◽  
History Of ◽  
On The Road

In an effort to fight climate change, many cities try to boost their cycling levels. They often look towards the Dutch for guidance. However, historians have only begun to uncover how and why the Netherlands became the premier cycling country of the world. Why were Dutch cyclists so successful in their fight for a place on the road? Cycling Pathways: The Politics and Governance of Dutch Cycling Infrastructure, 1920-2020 explores the long political struggle that culminated in today’s high cycling levels. Delving into the archives, it uncovers the important role of social movements and shows in detail how these interacted with national, provincial, and urban engineers and policymakers to govern the distribution of road space and construction of cycling infrastructure. It discusses a wide range of topics, ranging from activists to engineering committees, from urban commuters to recreational cyclists and from the early 1900s to today in order to uncover the long and all-but-forgotten history of Dutch cycling governance.

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