scholarly journals Actions do not speak louder than words in an interactive false belief task

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 191998
Author(s):  
Lisa Wenzel ◽  
Sebastian Dörrenberg ◽  
Marina Proft ◽  
Ulf Liszkowski ◽  
Hannes Rakoczy
Keyword(s):  
True Belief ◽  
False Belief ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Communicative Acts ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Replication Crisis ◽  
Verbal Test ◽  
Representational Theory Of Mind

Traditionally, it had been assumed that meta-representational Theory of Mind (ToM) emerges around the age of 4 when children come to master standard false belief (FB) tasks. More recent research with various implicit measures, though, has documented much earlier competence and thus challenged the traditional picture. In interactive FB tasks, for instance, infants have been shown to track an interlocutor's false or true belief when interpreting her ambiguous communicative acts (Southgate et al . 2010 Dev. Sci. 13 , 907–912. ( doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00946.x )). However, several replication attempts so far have produced mixed findings (e.g. Dörrenberg et al . 2018 Cogn. Dev. 46 , 12–30. ( doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2018.01.001 ); Grosse Wiesmann et al. 2017 Dev. Sci. 20 , e12445. ( doi:10.1111/desc.12445 ); Király et al . 2018 Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 115 , 11 477–11 482. ( doi:10.1073/pnas.1803505115 )). Therefore, we conducted a systematic replication study, across two laboratories, of an influential interactive FB task (the so-called ‘Sefo’ tasks by Southgate et al . 2010 Dev. Sci. 13 , 907–912. ( doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00946.x )). First, we implemented close direct replications with the original age group (17-month-olds) and compared their performance to those of 3-year-olds. Second, we designed conceptual replications with modifications and improvements regarding pragmatic ambiguities for 2-year-olds. Third, we validated the task with explicit verbal test versions in older children and adults. Results revealed the following: the original results could not be replicated, and there was no evidence for FB understanding measured by the Sefo task in any age group except for adults. Comparisons to explicit FB tasks suggest that the Sefo task may not be a sensitive measure of FB understanding in children and even underestimate their ToM abilities. The findings add to the growing replication crisis in implicit ToM research and highlight the challenge of developing sensitive, reliable and valid measures of early implicit social cognition.

scholarly journals Infant Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Unique Clinical and Biological Entity

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 777
Author(s):  
Charlotte Calvo ◽  
Odile Fenneteau ◽  
Guy Leverger ◽  
Arnaud Petit ◽  
André Baruchel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Biological Entity ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Megakaryoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Acute Myeloid

Infant acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a rare subgroup of AML of children <2 years of age. It is as frequent as infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) but not clearly distinguished by study groups. However, infant AML demonstrates peculiar clinical and biological characteristics, and its prognosis differs from AML in older children. Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL) is very frequent in this age group and has raised growing interest. Thus, AMKL is a dominant topic in this review. Recent genomic sequencing has contributed to our understanding of infant AML. These data demonstrated striking features of infant AML: fusion genes are able to induce AML transformation without additional cooperation, and unlike AML in older age groups there is a paucity of associated mutations. Mice modeling of these fusions showed the essential role of ontogeny in the infant leukemia phenotype compared to older children and adults. Understanding leukemogenesis may help in developing new targeted treatments to improve outcomes that are often very poor in this age group. A specific diagnostic and therapeutic approach for this age group should be investigated.

scholarly journals A Five Years Old Child with Failure To Thrive and Vomiting Presenting as a Diagnostic Dilemma: A Case Report

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (228) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Lamichhane ◽  
Rupesh Sharma ◽  
Ramana Rajkarnikar ◽  
Rubee Awale ◽  
Prapti Shrestha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Failure To Thrive ◽  
Exploratory Laparotomy ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Diagnostic Challenge ◽  
High Resolution Computed Tomography ◽  
Diagnostic Dilemma ◽  
Recurrent Vomiting ◽  
Colicky Pain ◽  
Band Failure

Vomiting with failure to thrive in older children is a diagnostic challenge due to the diversity in the diagnosis. We report a case of a five-years-old girl with failure to thrive, history of recurrent vomiting and intermittent colicky pain abdomen since 45 days of life. Intestinal malrotation with Ladd’s band was diagnosed based on clinical acumen, high- resolution computed tomography, barium follow through and intraoperative findings. Exploratory laparotomy with Ladd’s procedure was performed under general anesthesia which showed malrotation at the duodenojejunal junction with a short route of mesentery with floating caecum with Ladd’s band. Failure to thrive with malrotation of the gut in the older age group is rare in itself. As there are very few cases reported in this age group, so we undertook to report this case to increase the awareness of knowledge concerning the diagnosis and timely management to prevent the comorbidity of this condition.

Acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia in infants: clinical presentation and outcome.

1988 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 1008-1013 ◽  
Author(s):  
C H Pui ◽  
D K Kalwinsky ◽  
M J Schell ◽  
C A Mason ◽  
J Mirro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Complete Remission ◽  
Older Patients ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Leukocyte Count ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Survival Times ◽  
Event Free Survival ◽  
Free Survival ◽  
Acute Nonlymphoblastic Leukemia

The presenting features and clinical outcome of acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL) in infants and older children were compared to identify any differences that might suggest methods to improve therapy. Twelve of the 29 infants were boys and 17 were girls, with ages ranging from two days to 12 months (median, 7 months). By comparison with 222 patients greater than 1 year of age, infants were significantly more likely to have monoblastic or myelomonoblastic leukemia (P less than .0001), chloroma (P less than .0001), marked hepatomegaly (P = .001), and high leukocyte count (P = .005) and were less likely to have Auer rods (P less than .001). Each of these features except leukocyte count showed an association with infant ANLL in a multivariate analysis. Twenty-four (83%) of the infants attained a complete remission, a rate that was not significantly different from that of the older children. Even though infants had a significantly higher CNS relapse rate (P = .003), their event-free survival times were no different than those of older children (P = .74). Ten of the infants remain in initial complete remission for 5+ to 112+ months (median, 52+ months). Infants with ANLL did not have a poorer prognosis than older patients in our study; future protocols for this age group should emphasize more effective systemic therapy, preferably including an epipodophyllotoxin, as well as improved treatment for subclinical CNS leukemia.

scholarly journals Theory of Mind Abilities and Social Competence in Preschool Children

2019 ◽  
Vol 09 (01) ◽  
pp. 09-11
Author(s):  
Shrunga Manchanapura Shivalingaiah ◽  
Fathimath Ramseena ◽  
Nafeesath Shareen
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Social Life ◽  
True Belief ◽  
False Belief ◽  
Clinical Population ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Typically Developing Children ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Objective Theory ◽  
Mixed Responses

Abstract Background and Objective Theory of mind (ToM) is the ability that can be attributed to mental status beliefs, intents, emotions, proficiency, etc., to oneself and to others, and the understanding that others also have intentions, conceptions, desires, and perspectives that are different from one’s own. Daily social life depends on the ability to evaluate the behavior of other people on the basis of their mental state such as their beliefs, intentions, compassions, and goals. This study was conducted to explore the ToM abilities in preschoolers. Methods A total of 36 preschoolers participated in the study. Two stories were narrated to the children, the classic Sally-Anne Task and the Smarty’s Task. In both the tasks, the responses of the children were scored as either true belief or false belief. Results The results of the present study revealed mixed responses among the preschoolers. It was found that 3- to 4-year-old children had more false beliefs for both the tasks when compared with 4- to 5-year-old. Conclusion This study highlights the importance of ToM abilities in typically growing children and other clinical population. It can be concluded that the ToM abilities were improved in typically developing children. Future studies are required to explore the higher levels of embedding of ToM, and also to incorporate it in the clinical population.

scholarly journals Young Children's Exposure to and Ability to Eat Different Food Textures, as Reported by Parents (P11-119-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Smith-Simpson ◽  
Lisa Fries ◽  
Carolyn Ross
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Food Texture ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Group Data ◽  
Age Appropriate

Abstract Objectives The objective was to identify the age at which parents expose their children to different food textures and how challenging the textures were for their child to eat. It was hypothesized that older children would be exposed to a wider variety of food textures and that parents would consider a larger proportion of these textures to be easy to eat. Methods Parents (n = 365) in Grand Rapids, MI, USA with a child aged 6–36 months completed an online survey. The survey had 37 questions, including 15 unique food texture categories with food examples (Table 1). Parents were asked how difficult each texture category was for their child to eat using a 5-point scale ranging from “Very Easy” to “Very Difficult”, plus an option for “My child hasn't tried this yet”. Children were divided into 5 age groups (6-8 months, 9–12 months, 13–18 months, 19–24 months, 25–36 months) for analysis. Across texture category and age group, data were analyzed using analysis of variance, with mean separation accomplished using Fisher's LSD (P < 0.05). Results A majority of children in the youngest age group (6-8 months) had only eaten foods described as creamy, dissolvable, or pureed. All of the texture categories had been served to a majority of 9–12 month-old children, except for “hard” and “tough meat”. By 18 months of age, a majority of children had tried all food texture categories except “hard”. Across all age groups, creamy, dissolvable, and puree were rated as easy and “tough meat” was rated as difficult. The other textures showed age-related differences, with parents of older children reporting the textures as easier to eat than those of younger children. Food textures were compared within the 9–12 and 13–18 month age groups, when most new food textures are introduced, and similar trends were observed. The easiest textures were creamy, dissolvable, puree and soft, followed by lumpy and juicy, then slippery, chewy, rubbery, and sticky. The most difficult textures were leafy, with skin, hard, tough meat and combination of textures. Conclusions When considering textures of the foods that comprise a well-balanced, healthy diet, many foods are difficult for children to eat. Preparing foods such as green vegetables specifically to have age-appropriate textures could improve consumption. Funding Sources Washington State Univ College of Agricultural, Human and Natural Resource Emerging Research Issues Grant.

scholarly journals Children's understanding of homonymy: metalinguistic awareness and false belief

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARTIN J. DOHERTY
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
False Belief ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Metalinguistic Awareness ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Mental Age ◽  
And Control ◽  
Selection Of

The aim of this study was to explain why children have difficulty with homonymy. Two experiments were conducted with forty-eight children (Experiment 1) and twenty-four children (Experiment 2). Three- and four-year-old children had to either select or judge another person's selection of a different object with the same name, avoiding identical objects and misnomers. Older children were successful, but despite possessing the necessary vocabulary, younger children failed these tasks. Understanding of homonymy was strongly and significantly associated to understanding of synonymy, and more importantly, understanding of false belief, even when verbal mental age, chronological age, and control measures were partialled out. This indicates that children's ability to understand homonymy results from their ability to make a distinction characteristic of representation, a distinction fundamental to both metalinguistic awareness and theory of mind.

Favorable Prognosis for Patients 12 to 18 Months of Age With Stage 4 Nonamplified MYCN Neuroblastoma: A Children's Cancer Group Study

2005 ◽  
Vol 23 (27) ◽  
pp. 6474-6480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Lou Schmidt ◽  
Ashutosh Lal ◽  
Robert C. Seeger ◽  
John M. Maris ◽  
Hiroyuki Shimada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autologous Bone Marrow Transplantation ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
High Survival ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Long Term Survival ◽  
Cancer Group ◽  
Stage 4

Purpose The long-term survival of children between age 12 and 24 months with stage 4 neuroblastoma and nonamplified MYCN (MYCN-NA) has not been defined previously. Patients and Methods Survival for stage 4 MYCN-NA neuroblastoma patients enrolled onto Children's Cancer Group (CCG) protocols 321P2 (1986 to 1991) and 3891 (1991 to 1996) was analyzed. Treatment consisted of intensive alkylator-based induction chemotherapy with or without autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT) with or without 13 cis-retinoic acid. Survival was analyzed by age strata less than 12, 12 to 18, 18 to 24, and more than 24 months at diagnosis. Patients younger than 12 months were treated on the moderate-intensity CCG protocol 3881. Results Forty-three patients with stage 4 MYCN-NA disease enrolled onto CCG-321P2 (n = 17) or CCG-3891 (n = 26) were between 12 and 24 months of age at diagnosis. After a median follow-up of 94 months (range, 4 to 140 months), the 6-year event-free survival (EFS) for the 12- to 18-month age group was superior to that of the 18- to 24-month age group (74% ± 8% v 31% ± 12%; P = .008). The EFS for children older than 24 months with stage 4 MYCN-NA neuroblastoma was 23% ± 3%, and for children younger than 12 months was 92% ± 3%. Conclusion Children diagnosed with stage 4 MYCN-NA neuroblastoma in the second year of life form a transitional group between infants and older children in terms of prognosis. Patients between 12 and 18 months of age have significantly better long-term survival than that of older children treated with intensive chemotherapy with or without ABMT. These patients may not benefit from additional intensification of therapy beyond that provided in earlier clinical trials and may even maintain this high survival rate with less intensive therapy.

4. The analysis of knowledge

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Nagel
Keyword(s):  
True Belief ◽  
Causal Theory ◽  
False Belief ◽  
Theory Of Knowledge ◽  
Classical Analysis ◽  
Alvin Goldman ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Analysis Of Knowledge

‘The analysis of knowledge’ begins with Edmund Gettier who challenged the ‘classical analysis of knowledge’ that equates knowledge with justified true belief. His no-false-belief proposal had some flaws. Alvin Goldman then proposed the causal theory of knowledge: experience-based knowledge that requires the knower to be appropriately causally connected to a fact. Goldman went on to launch a fresh analysis of knowledge, focused on reliability. Reliabilism is when knowledge is true belief that is produced by a mechanism likely to produce true belief. But can knowing be analysed at all? The relationship between knowing and believing is considered in the knowledge-first and belief-first movements of epistemology.

Analysis of Warfarin Therapy in Pediatric Patients: A Prospective Cohort Study of 319 Patients

Blood ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 94 (9) ◽  
pp. 3007-3014 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Streif ◽  
M. Andrew ◽  
V. Marzinotto ◽  
P. Massicotte ◽  
A.K.C. Chan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enteral Nutrition ◽  
Warfarin Therapy ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
International Normalized Ratio ◽  
Target Range ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Effect Of Age ◽  
Fontan Patients

Abstract This study details warfarin use in a large pediatric population followed in a central anticoagulation clinic. A prospective, consecutive cohort of nonselected children were studied. Patients were divided into groups by age, target international normalized ratio (INR) range, disease, medications, and vitamin K supplemented enteral nutrition use. Groups were analyzed on multiple aspects of warfarin therapy using multivariate methods. A total of 319 patients received 352 warfarin courses representing 391 treatment years. Age independently influenced all aspects of therapy. When compared with all older children, the ≤1 year of age group required increased warfarin doses, longer overlap with heparin, longer time to achieve target INR ranges, more frequent INR testing and dose adjustments, and fewer INR values in the target range. Although significantly different than children ≤1 year, children 1 to 6 years of age showed the same findings when compared with 7- to 18-year-olds. Fontan patients required 25% decreased dosage as compared with other congenital heart disease patients. Children on corticosteroids had less INRs in the target range and children on phenobarbital/carbamazepine required increased maintenance dosages of warfarin. Also, patients receiving enteral nutrition required increased dosages of warfarin. Serious bleeding occurred in 2 children (0.5% per patient year). Recurrent thromboembolic events (TEs) occurred in 8 children. Two children had recurrences while receiving warfarin (1.3% per patient year). This study outlines the profound effect of age and relative complexity of clinical management of warfarin therapy in children.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document