scholarly journals Presence of mismatches between diagnostic PCR assays and coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 genome

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 200636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kashif Aziz Khan ◽  
Peter Cheung
Keyword(s):  
World Health ◽  
Current Standard ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Diagnostic Pcr ◽  
Diagnostic Assays ◽  
The World ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Pcr Assays ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Viral Sequences

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2; initially named as 2019-nCoV) is responsible for the recent COVID-19 pandemic and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the current standard method for its diagnosis from patient samples. This study conducted a reassessment of published diagnostic PCR assays, including those recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), through the evaluation of mismatches with publicly available viral sequences. An exhaustive evaluation of the sequence variability within the primer/probe target regions of the viral genome was performed using more than 17 000 viral sequences from around the world. The analysis showed the presence of mutations/mismatches in primer/probe binding regions of 7 assays out of 27 assays studied. A comprehensive bioinformatics approach for in silico inclusivity evaluation of PCR diagnostic assays of SARS-CoV-2 was validated using freely available software programs that can be applied to any diagnostic assay of choice. These findings provide potentially important information for clinicians, laboratory professionals and policy-makers.

scholarly journals The Expression of miR-155-5p and Local Matrix Gla Protein in Meningiomas

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-306
Author(s):  
Simona Roxana Gheorghe ◽  
Cătălin Marian ◽  
Ligia Gabriela Tătăranu ◽  
Anica Dricu ◽  
Cees Vermeer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Molecular Classification ◽  
Micro Rna ◽  
Matrix Gla Protein ◽  
World Health ◽  
Ectopic Calcification ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
The World ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Meningiomas are classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) in three grades, based on morphological features. Independent of this grading, the presence of calcification in meningiomas influences their growth rate. The messenger RNA of matrix Gla protein (MGP), an extra-hepatic protein with different conformations involved in the homeostasis of ectopic calcification has been found in meningiomas and was shown to be regulated in breast cancer by miR-155-5p, a specific micro RNA. Therefore, we investigated the expression of miR-155-5p and its relationship with local MGP conformations in different grade meningiomas. According to the WHO classification, our 41 samples of meningiomas were stratified in groups WHO I and WHO II. Using real time polymerase chain reaction, we observed a higher miR-155-5p expression in group WHO I versus group WHO II [with a fold change (FC) of 3.83, p=0.027)]. Moreover, the expression of miR-155-5p was higher in calcified tumors compared to non-calcified tumors in all samples (FC=3.01, p=0.047) and in group WHO I (FC=3.65, p=0.048). Utilizing immunohistochemistry, we determined the concurrent presence of all MGP conformations in calcified meningiomas. This study was the first to establish higher miR-155-5p expression in grade WHO I and calcified meningiomas, which could improve molecular classification and targeted therapy and also the presence of all MGP conformations in calcified meningiomas, confirming the existence of an anti-calcification mechanism in meningiomas..

scholarly journals Vulvar Tuberculosis—A Rare Manifestation of the Disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (09) ◽  
pp. 575-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Bragança ◽  
Inês Gonçalves ◽  
Luísa Guerreiro ◽  
Maria Janeiro
Keyword(s):  
Rare Case ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
World Health ◽  
Histological Findings ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Rare Manifestation ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Health Organization

AbstractTuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. According to data from the World Health Organization, this disease remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Although it most commonly affects the lungs, tuberculosis can compromise any organ. The present study reports a rare case of vulvar tuberculosis in a postmenopausal woman with a history of asymptomatic pulmonary and pleural tuberculosis, with no prior documented contact with the bacillus. Diagnosis was based on vulvar lesion biopsies, with histological findings suggestive of infection and isolation of M. tuberculosis by microbiological culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) essays. The lesions reverted to normal after tuberculostatic therapy.

scholarly journals Medical And Legal Reasons Of Compulsory PCRTest Implementation in Covid-19 With Ethical Assessment

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Çağatay Üstün ◽  
Gülsün Ayhan Aygörmez ◽  
Seçil Özçiftçi ◽  
Mehmet Korkmaz
Keyword(s):  
World Health ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction Test ◽  
Ethical Assessment ◽  
The World ◽  
Reaction Test ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Chain Reaction Test ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Pcr Test

COVID-19 disease, which emerged in December 2019, affected the world in a short time. A pandemic was declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) due to the increasing number of cases approximately 3 months after the first cases appeared. As every country has different strategic applications in the fight against disease, the disease has been dealt with thanks to the necessary interventions and measures since the fact that the facts have been observed in our country. The basis of the measures taken is to reduce the risk of transmission, rapid detection of the infected person and isolation measures. For this reason, PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) test is performed in early diagnosis and definitive diagnosis. However, whether the PCR test is applied to each individual, does not want to have the test performed, demanding another diagnostic method, etc. Situations such as are encountered. In this direction, it was aimed to evaluate the medical and legal justifications of PCR test in terms of ethics.

scholarly journals The Value of Pre-operative Testing for COVID-19 in Urological Patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. e29-e34
Author(s):  
Vasileios Bonatsos ◽  
Asif Raza
Keyword(s):  
Gold Standard ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
The World ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Pcr Assays

According to the World Health Organisation there have been 30,055,710 confirmed COVID-19 cases and 933,433 confirmed deaths across 216 countries globally. The availability of the complete SARS-CoV-2 genome relatively early in the epidemic has enabled the development of tests for the diagnosis of COVID-19. There are two broad categories of SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic tests currently in use or development: (1) Real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests and (2) serology tests. RT-PCR is considered the gold standard and preferred method of diagnosis of acute infection. There is, however, a plethora of laboratory-developed and commercial RT-PCR assays with different gene targets. We discuss the value of pre-operative testing for COVID-19 before urological surgery.

Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Infant with Negative SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR and Antibodies

2021 ◽  
pp. 35-39
Author(s):  
Hanna Sahhar ◽  
Karly Derwitz ◽  
Erica Rubin
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
World Health ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
The World ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Inflammatory Syndrome

Since the declaration of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic in March 2020 by the World Health Organization (WHO), there has been an emergence of a new syndrome termed multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) associated with COVID-19. MIS-C is defined by the presence of fever, systemic inflammation and multiorgan dysfunction in association with SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 exposure. Knowledge of this syndrome’s presentation and pathophysiology is constantly evolving as more cases are reported in the literature. This case identifies a 3-month-old patient who tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 antigen, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and antibodies but qualified for MIS-C diagnosis. To the best of our knowledge and through extensive research at the time of diagnosing and reporting this condition to the healthcare authorities, we report the youngest pediatric patient with MIS-C diagnosis. We document this case to contribute to further understanding the variable manifestations of MIS-C and the importance of early diagnosis and treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG).

Infodemic amid the COVID-19 pandemic

First Monday ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shekhar Shukla
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
World Health ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Equivalence Mapping

The unfortunate arrival of the COVID-19 pandemic has also brought along with it a tsunami of information that can be both authentic and important as well as non-reliable and misguiding. The World Health Organization (WHO) coins this outburst of information in this era of pandemic as an infodemic. It becomes essential for societies to consume and act on trusted information in these times of uncertainty and grief. In this article, we describe and assess the role of blockchain technology and its features to establish an environment of a trusted information ecosystem. We present an equivalence mapping of these important parameters to curb an infodemic with blockchain technology features and applications. This equivalence mapping provides a directional sense to stakeholders, decision-makers, policy-makers and investors to gauge and synthesize the potential of blockchain technology for tackling an infodemic.

scholarly journals Coronaviral infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 109-117
Author(s):  
Dmitry O. Ivanov ◽  
Tatyana M. Chernova ◽  
Elena B. Pavlova ◽  
Vladimir N. Timchenko ◽  
Elena V. Barakina
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Genetic Features ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Acute Respiratory Viral Infection ◽  
Health Organization

Coronavirus infection (CVI) is a group of acute ubiquitous infectious diseases known since the 60s 19 century. The clinical picture of CVI is characterized by damage to the respiratory system from mild forms of acute respiratory viral infection to the development of a severe acute respiratory syndrome, as well as involvement of other organs in the pathological process of the gastrointestinal tract. For a long time, coronaviruses were not given attention, since it was believed that they were able to cause only mild respiratory diseases. It is known that children and adolescents are less susceptible to infection than adults. In the etiological structure of acute respiratory viral infections among hospitalized children, coronaviruses account for 69%. The introduction of multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the inclusion of coronaviruses in practice has shown their role in the occurrence of severe diseases of the lower respiratory tract. Since 2002, outbreaks of coronavirus infection caused by previously unknown pathogens (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2) have been observed in the world. New coronaviruses have genetic features and are relatively highly resistant in the environment. The diseases they cause are distinguished by the predominance of severe forms with high mortality due to the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome and sepsis. In December 2019, an outbreak of pneumonia caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus began in China; in February 2020, the disease was called COVID-2019. In connection with the trend towards the global spread of new infections March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization announced a pandemic. The lecture covers the issues of epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis and treatment of coronavirus infection, taking into account the emergence of new pathogens.

scholarly journals PERBANDINGAN DETEKSI PLASMODIUM SPP ANTARA METODE IMMUNOCHROMATOGRAPHIC ASSAY DENGAN METODE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanes Nyoman D. Widiswara Mawan
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
World Health ◽  
Immunochromatographic Assay ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Genus Plasmodium ◽  
The World ◽  
Rapid Tests ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract: Malaria is caused by protozoa of the genus Plasmodium remains a health problem in the world, especially in tropical countries and subtropical. Incidence of malaria from the World Health Organization (WHO) shows that in 2010 as many as 219 million cases of clinical malaria episodes show and 660,000 of them died. Therefore we need a means of early diagnosis has a sensitivity and specificity are good. This study compared the sensitivity and specificity of detection of Plasmodium spp using Immunochromatographic Assay method commonly known as rapid inspection test and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). This study is a diagnostic test with a sample of 30 people who were taken with random sampling method in malaria patients who come to Budi Mulia Hospital since September 2013 - November 2013. The sample is a blood specimen taken at the brachial vein previously given informed consent in patients with the triad of symptoms of malaria in the area of ​​Bitung, Manado. From the blood samples examined by PCR. The results of the rapid tests and PCR in the detection of Plasmodium spp diagnostic test is then performed to determine the level of sensitivity and specificity. Result: The level of sensitivity of rapid tests in general by 89,2%, specificity of 100%, a positive predictive value of 100% and a negative predictive value of 40%. Conclusions: The sensitivity is moderate but has high specificity. Keywords:   Immunochromatographic Assay, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), rapid tests, sensitivity, specificity  Abstrak: Malaria yang disebabkan oleh protozoa dari genus Plasmodium masih menjadi masalah kesehatan di dunia terutama di negara- negara tropis dan subtropis. Kejadian malaria dari World Health Organization (WHO) menunjukan bahwa pada 2010 sebanyak 219 juta kasus menunjukan episode klinik malaria dan 660.000 diantaranya meninggal dunia. Oleh karena itu diperlukan suatu alat diagnosa dini yang memiliki sensitivitas dan spesifisitas yang yang baik. Penelitian ini membandingkan tingkat sensitivitas dan spesifisitas deteksi Plasmodium spp dengan menggunakan metode Immunochromatographic Assay yang biasa dikenal dengan pemeriksaan rapid tes dan Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian uji diagnostik dengan sampel sejumlah 30 orang yang diambil secara random sampling pada pasien malaria yang datang ke RSU Budi Mulia sejak bulan September 2013 - November 2013. Sampel adalah spesimen darah yang diambil pada vena brachialis yang sebelumnya telah diberikan inform consent pada pasien dengan gejala trias malaria di daerah Bitung, Manado. Dari sampel darah tersebut dilakukan pemeriksaan dengan PCR. Hasil dari rapid tes dengan metode Immunochromatographic dan PCR dalam mendeteksi Plasmodium spp selanjutnya dilakukan uji diagnostik untuk mengetahui tingkat sensitivitas dan spesifisitasnya. Hasil : Tingkat sensitivitas rapid tes secara umum sebesar 89,2%, spesifisitas sebesar 100%, nilai duga positif sebesar 100% dan nilai duga negatif sebesar 40%. Simpulan: Nilai sensitivitas yang sedang tetapi  memiliki  nilai spesifisitas  yang tinggi. Kata Kunci : Immunochromatographic Assay, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), rapid tes, sensitivitas, spesifisitas

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2; What We Know so far

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 498-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huda Fatima Rajani ◽  
Fatima Ahmed Alshaikh ◽  
Amir Anushiravani
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
World Health ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
The World ◽  
Recent Outbreak ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Precautionary Measures ◽  
Health Organization

A recent outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has affected more than 1100000 (April 5, 2020) individuals worldwide and is spreading rapidly. The virus is reported to be derived from bats and the infection was first reported in China. Similar to the severe acute respiratory syndrome and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronaviruses, it is responsible for respiratory tract infection. Real time polymerase chain reaction and radiography are the two main diagnostic methods. Guidelines from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization (WHO) should be followed for diagnostic and precautionary measures. Treatment of the infection is still not available; however, antivirals are under clinical trials.

scholarly journals Cigarette affordability in Canadian provinces: a 10-year review

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (10) ◽  
pp. 315-318
Author(s):  
Melissa Worrell ◽  
Les Hagen
Keyword(s):  
Relative Income ◽  
World Health ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The World ◽  
Canadian Provinces ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Wage Increases ◽  
Tobacco Taxation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Abstract The association between pricing and cigarette consumption is long-established. However, the effects of taxation alone can be diminished if relative income increases. Therefore, affordability is seen as a key determinant of demand for cigarettes, as it combines the impact of changing prices with economic growth or wage increases. This brief analysis employs methods used by the World Health Organization in examining cigarette affordability, and explores the trend in affordability across Canadian provinces over a 10-year period, from 2009 to 2019. The discussion illustrates how monitoring affordability over time can help policy makers in Canadian provinces design tobacco taxation for maximum impact.

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