scholarly journals Studies of the processes operative in solutions. XXXI.— Sulphonic acids and sulphuric acid as hydrolytic agents—a discussion of the constitution of sulphuric and other polybasic acids and of the nature of acids

1914 ◽  
Vol 90 (616) ◽  
pp. 73-100
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Present Theory ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Monobasic Acid ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Hydroxypropionic Acid

Those who are conversant with the history of the development of our present theory of structure are aware that the constitution of lactic acid was the subject of discussion, in the years 1858-1860, by the distinguished German chemist Kolbe and the equally distinguished French chemist Wurtz, the latter contending that the acid was diabasic, whilst Kolbe held that it was a monatomic monobasic acid, viz. Hydroxypropionic acid—a view which has long been accepted. The discussion has an important place in chemical literature, as it practically involved the recognition of the doctrine that organic acids owe their distinctive properties to the presence of the carboxyl radicle, (CO. OH).

scholarly journals XV. Researches on acids of the lactic series.—No. 1. Synthesis of acids of the lactic series

1866 ◽  
Vol 156 ◽  
pp. 309-359 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Chemistry ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
New Members ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Complete History ◽  
General Method

With the exception of the acetic series, no family of organic acids has excited so much interest amongst chemists, and been the subject of such numerous researches, as that represented by lactic acid. Its character, intermediate between the monobasic and dibasic acids, its close relations to the acetic and acrylic families, and the numerous important transformations which it undergoes, have all contributed to render this family an attractive subject for experimental inquiry and a fruitful source of theoretical specu­lation. These inquiries and hypotheses have contributed greatly to the elucidation of the habits of these acids, and still more to the general progress of organic chemistry. Nevertheless there are two circumstances which have materially interfered with their complete success; these are, the comparatively small number of the known members of this series, and the absence of any synthetical proof of the nature of their consti­tuent radicals. These obstacles to a more satisfactory conception of the internal archi­tecture of the acids in question we have endeavoured to remove by the production, according to purely synthetical methods, of a number of new members of this series, a brief notice of which we have from time to time had the honour of submitting to the Royal Society, and the more complete history of which we propose to develope in the following pages. Our general method for synthetically producing the acids of the lactic series depends upon the replacement of one of the atoms of dyad oxygen in oxalic acid, or rather in the ethereal salts of oxalic acid, by two atoms of monad alcohol radicals. Such a replacement at once transforms dibasic oxalic acid into a monobasic acid of the lactic series. The nature of this transformation, as well as the relations of oxalic acid to the lactic family, is clearly seen from the following comparison of the formulae of oxalic acid and of its derivative, dimethoxalic acid.

scholarly journals «KAZAN MUSEUM HERALD» ON MUSEUM WORK IN TATARSTAN IN THE 1920S

2020 ◽  
pp. 74-80
Author(s):  
Kamilla B. Sabitova
Keyword(s):  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Soviet Socialist Republic ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Local Problems ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Source Study ◽  
Unique Source

The article is devoted to the consideration of the problems of formation and analysis of the content of one of the first specialised museological periodicals – Kazan Museum Herald, published in 1920-1924. The sources of the research were both the materials of the publication itself and the works of museologists who actively participated in the creation and activities of the journal. The application of methods of source study analysis allowed to consider the main range of problems that worried the museum community in the early 1920s, the directions of museum work that should have been covered in the pages of the publication and, for one reason or another, were not developed, to analyse the subject of publications and reflected in materials of the publication of museum work in different regions of the country. The conclusions of the work emphasise the importance of the publication for the development of museum work in the territory of the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in the early years of Soviet power, an important place occupied in the journal by materials on the problems of the exposition, research and educational activities of the Central Museum of the TASSR. However, the specifics of the publication was the way the topic went beyond solving exclusively local problems, considering the state of provincial museums in the country, issues of theory and practice of museum work, and problems of protecting monuments. The broad scientific approach of the publication to these problems, attracting to work and publications not only local scientists, museologists, but also art historians and pedagogues made Kazan Museum Herald a unique source on the history of the formation of Soviet museum work.

scholarly journals XIII.—On certain Salts and Products of Decomposition of Comenic Acid

1853 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-245
Author(s):  
Henry How
Keyword(s):  
Organic Chemistry ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
General Formula ◽  
The Other ◽  
Comenic Acid ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Field Of Inquiry ◽  
As If

The study of the organic acids appears scarcely to have advanced of late years pari passu with the other branches of organic chemistry. It seems, indeed, as if the development of each of the different departments of the science had been, to a certain extent, periodical; each engrossing the labours of investigators to the temporary exclusion of the others, themselves to be renewed when some new experiments should reawaken an interest in them.However this may be, the subject of the natural and artificial bases has proved so productive of interesting results as to have recently become the chosen and almost exclusive field of inquiry, notwithstanding several investigations which have thrown much light on one class of organic acids, namely, that represented by the general formula Cn Hn O4. With the exception of this section, the history of the organic acids remains very imperfect, and in many cases we have but a meagre account of a few of their salts.

scholarly journals The Tragic Experience of Insight in the Memorial Literary Texts of Russian Journalism, Poetry, Art and Architecture of the 1940s

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 103-123
Author(s):  
Tatiana Malinina
Keyword(s):  
Fine Arts ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Spiritual World ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Symbolic Content ◽  
Art And Architecture ◽  
Qualitative Changes

The article, brought to the attention of readers, develops the outlined sections of the author’s report “The Theme of Death and Immortality in the Fine Arts of the Modern and Contemporary Times” presented at the conference of the Research Institute of Theory and History of Fine Arts of the Russian Academy of Arts (November 21-22, 2019). The initiators of the conference explained their choice of one of the global and eternal themes of world art related to the very essence of the existence of humankind and each person by the fact that if ethnologists and culturologists have systematically studied certain aspects of thanatology, the existing extensive art material has yet to be brought together. Of the priority areas proposed by the conference program compilers, the author of this article chooses to say: “There is no death!”: the theme of immortality, resurrection, eternal and repetitive life in art”. The theme of memory, which occupied an important place in the art of the Great Patriotic War, is the subject of research of the published article. It is most fully expressed in such a field of creative and scientific thought of the war years as memorial architecture. Widely held contests for the projects of monuments became a noticeable phenomenon of the artistic life of those years, and the graphic works were included in the valuable fund of Russian cultural heritage. Observing the birth of a new monument, the author of the article notes that memory and remembrance concepts underwent significant changes during the war years. The attitude to memory became an essential measurement of the very concept of memoriality, its worldview, semantic and symbolic content. Identifying the ways of interaction of the perceiving, experiencing, and interpreting consciousness, during which the mythologeme of "return" begins to be realized, a kind of regeneration of damaged cultural tissues takes place, is the purpose of this small study. The review of the archetypal concepts of “Life, Death, Immortality”, these main subjects in the works of literature, fine art, and wartime architecture, allows us to see what significant qualitative changes occurred in the spiritual world of an individual and led to profound changes in the artistic and cultural process in general.

State-aided Land Purchase under the Disestablishment Act of 1869

1944 ◽  
Vol 4 (13) ◽  
pp. 58-80
Author(s):  
Hugh Shearman
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Economic Policy ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Political Justice ◽  
Irish History ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject

It has been usual in works on nineteenth century Irish history to treat the Irish Church Act, 1869, as having been solely or predominantly an act of political justice and a setting right of an unfair relationship between churches and communities. The important place which the act holds in British economic policy as the first enactment for state-aided tenant purchase of land in Ireland has been generally ignored. What attention the subject of tenant purchase at that early period has received both from contemporaries and from subsequent writers has been mainly centred on the Landlord and Tenant (Ireland) Act, 1870, which was, in its tenant purchase provisions, a much less successful and less extensively applied measure. There are several reasons for this ignoring of the place of the Irish Church Act in the history of tenant purchase. Neither the act nor any part of it was classified as falling within the mass of legislation to which the collective citation of the Land Purchase (Ireland) Acts was given, nor was it specifically directed to be read as part of any of these later acts.

scholarly journals I. Notes of researches on the poly-ammonias.— No. XXII. Secondary products formed in the manufacture of aniline

1863 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 389-394 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Short Paper ◽  
Secondary Products ◽  
Basic Compounds ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Soluble Sulphate ◽  
Very High

In a short paper submitted to the Royal Society some weeks ago, I have recorded some experiments on the basic compounds distilling at very high temperatures, which are formed as secondary products in the manufacture of aniline, and which are known in the ateliers of MM. Collin and Coblenz as queues d'aniline I have mentioned that the bases which distil above 330°, when treated with dilute sulphuric acid, furnish a soluble sulphate, the sulphate of paraniline, the history of which I have already traced, and a sulphate remarkable for its insolubility in water. It is this insoluble sulphate, and the base from which it is derived, that form the subject of the following notice.

scholarly journals ARTISTS OF PAINTER VIKAS BHATTACHARYA, EMBODIED IN COLORS

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (3SE) ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Ruchika Shrivastava
Keyword(s):  
Human Society ◽  
Human History ◽  
Important Place ◽  
New Creation ◽  
The Arts ◽  
History Of Art ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Construction ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right

History of art is as old as human history. It is said that since the time when Manusya opened her eyes, from day to day he got involved in the task of new construction for his livelihood and this new creation trend has made his life exciting, happy and prosperous.To show this thrill, prosperity and prosperity, he (man) took the support of painting and made Ragas his companion to express it in the right form. He presented the darker colors and the lighter colors in front of those who saw them. Colors have a very important place in the life of any person. In modern surroundings, the arts have influenced human society in such a way that it feels incomplete without any kind of art, whether it is music, writing, photography or painting. In today's context, in some ways, arts help to influence and highlight the personality of a person. What kind of effects can be shown by the use of veins in illustration in my written paper written by painter Bikas Bhattacharya ji, who are counted among photographers and painters, how will they use colors will remain the subject. कला का इतिहास उतना ही पुराना है जितना की मानव का इतिहास। ऐसा कहा जाता है कि मनुश्य ने जिस समय अपने नेत्रों को खोला तब से ही वह अपनी आजीविका के लिये दिन प्रतिदिन नव निर्माण के कार्य में जुट गया और उसकी इस नव निर्माण प्रवृति ने उसके जीवन को रोमांचक, खुषहाल व समृद्ध बनाया है।इस रोमांचकता, खुषहाली व समृद्धि को दर्षाने के लिये उसनें (मनुश्य नें) चित्रकला का सहारा लिया और उसे सही रुप में व्यक्त करने के लियें रगों को अपना साथी बनाया। उसने कहीं गहरे रंग तो कहीं हल्के रंगों का प्रयोग करके अपनी भावनाओं को देखने वालों के सम्मुख प्रस्तुत किया। रंग किसी भी व्यक्ति के जीवन में बहुत महत्वपूर्ण स्थान रखते है। आधुनिक परिवेष में कलाओं ने मानव समाज को इस तरह प्रभावित किया है कि वह किसी भी प्रकार की कला के बिना अपने आपको अधूरा महसूस करता है वह कला फिर चाहे संगीत हो, लेखन हो, फोटोग्राफी हो या फिर चित्रकला ही क्यों न हो। आज के परिवेष में कुछ प्रकार से कलायें व्यक्ति के व्यक्तित्व को प्रभावित व उजागर करने में सहयोग करती है। मेरे द्वारा लिखित षोध पत्र में चित्रण में रगों के प्रयोग से किस प्रकार के प्रभावों को दिखाया जा सकता है चित्रकार बिकास भट्टाचार्यजी जो फोटोयर्थाथ वादी चित्रकारों में गिने जाते है उन्होनें रंगों का किस प्रकार प्रयोग किया है यही विषय रहेगा।

scholarly journals The Problem of the Unity of Christian Churches in the Works of A.Richinsky

2006 ◽  
pp. 62-67
Author(s):  
Vitaliy Volodymyrovych Shevchenko
Keyword(s):  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Greek Orthodox ◽  
Christian Church ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Christian Churches ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Catholic Churches ◽  
Exact Definition

In the history of the Christian Church in general, and Ukraine in particular, Orthodox-Catholic relations occupy an extremely important place. The dramatic, as a fact of church and religious life, they attracted the attention of a large number of scholars of different fields of knowledge and research interests. Arsena Rychynsky, a well-known Ukrainian religious scholar whose views on the problem of unity of the Christian Church, overwhelmingly, are scientifically valid, meaningfully original and prognostically relevant. Under such a review, we would like to update some of the researcher's provisions, which directly or indirectly correlate with the uniqueness in her Ukrainian expression. To this end, we recall that, by the exact definition of I. Lysyak-Rudnytsky, Ukraine is quite rightly considered a classic country of the unified tradition. Located on the border of the two worlds, by which we understand the Orthodox East and the Catholic West, it has become the subject of influence of both the Greek (Orthodox) and Roman (Catholic) Churches, which, after all, has caused acute religious and religious events in Rus-Ukraine. inter-confessional controversy and repeated attempts at Orthodox-Catholic reconciliation, and even unification.

Introduction to drawing geology

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Genge
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Earth Science ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Pictorial Representation ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Geological Features ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Impact

Illustrations and drawings have been used in geology to record field data and communicate science since the inception of the subject. In this chapter the history of illustration and drawing in geology is described and shows the evolution of pictorial representation in Earth Science from the earliest examples of the fifteenth century to the present time. The impact of new technologies and the changes in emphasis brought about by modern technology is also considered in relation to drawing as a means to record data. The chapter argues that drawing remains the best means to document geological features and still has an important place in Earth Science.

scholarly journals El asombro: una emoción para el acceso a la sabiduría

2021 ◽  
Vol 79 (278) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Luis Fuentes ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Value ◽  
Philosophy Of Education ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
Educational Activity ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Clear Tendency ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject

Awe is a classic concept with an important place in the history of philosophy, since it is regarded as the beginning of the development of thought, as we know it today. However, until now it has historically received little attention in the field of education, although in recent years it has been the subject of renewed attention for a variety of reasons. These include a growing discomfort with curriculum designs that reflect a frenetic culture with a clear tendency towards activism and instrumentalism. This work explores the concept of awe, considering some current approaches from the philosophy of education, at the same as providing new perspectives, considering the links between awe and wisdom as well as conditions that make awe possible, such as humility, gratitude, contemplation of the environment, and appreciation of the intrinsic value of what is observed. Moreover, it suggests three areas for fostering awe in schools. These include: creating opportunities for contact with truth, beauty, and goodness; promoting a greater immersion in natural environments; and reducing the pace of educational activity.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document