The cataphoresis of spherical, solid non-conducting particles in a symmetrical electrolyte

1950 ◽  
Vol 203 (1075) ◽  
pp. 514-533 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Zeta Potential ◽  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Field Strength ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Applied Electric Field ◽  
Applied Field ◽  
Considerable Importance ◽  
Steady Velocity ◽  
General Method ◽  
Charged Spheres

A theoretical analysis is given of the motion of solid non-conducting charged spheres through symmetrical electrolytes, under the action of an applied electric field. It is shown that the steady velocity of translation U may be written in the alternative forms U = Ʃ ∞ 1 c v Q v = Ʃ ∞ 1 d v ζ v , where Qe denotes the charge on a sphere and ζ the zeta-potential; the coefficients c v and d v are proportional to the applied field strength and depend upon the radius of the particle and the concentrations, valencies and mobilities of the ions in the electrolyte. A general method is given for calculating the c v and d v and the first four coefficients of each series found explicitly. Some quite general properties of the c v are also deduced. It is shown that under certain conditions, the terms of the series for U , apart from the first, are of considerable importance and must be taken into account in estimating ζ from U .

scholarly journals DRIFT VELOCITY OF HOT ELECTRONS IN n-TYPE GERMANIUM

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (9) ◽  
pp. 1056-1066 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Barrie ◽  
R. R. Burgess
Keyword(s):  
Field Strength ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Drift Velocity ◽  
Applied Electric Field ◽  
Applied Field ◽  
Hot Electrons ◽  
High Fields

The drift velocity of electrons in n-type germanium has been measured as a function of applied electric field at lattice temperatures of 77° K and 295° K. Three directions of applied field were used, viz. (100), (110), and (111) crystal directions. The range of field strength was from 500 v/cm to 75 kv/cm. A longitudinal anisotropy was observed at 77° K but not at 295° K. All specimens showed saturation of the drift velocity at high fields. At 77° K, all (100) specimens exhibited a breakdown effect, the cause of which is not known. The results are analyzed on the basis of an extension of Stratton's theory to the case of a many-valley semiconductor.

Numerical Studies of Signal Amplification in a BaTiO3:Ce Crystal with an Applied Electric Field

1997 ◽  
Vol 06 (03) ◽  
pp. 349-360
Author(s):  
Ping Xie ◽  
Jian-Hua Dai ◽  
Peng-Ye Wang ◽  
Hong-Jun Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Input Signal ◽  
Applied Electric Field ◽  
Signal Amplification ◽  
Applied Field ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Pump Intensity ◽  
Numerical Studies ◽  
Fanning Effect

The gain and the spatial fidelity of signal amplification in photorefractive BaTiO 3: Ce , with considerations of the effect of the externally applied electric field and the fanning effect (or noise), are numerically studied using a three-dimensional analysis. Although the gain of the signal can be enhanced with the applied field, its spatial fidelity is greatly reduced, especially at a small angle between the two propagation directions of the pump and signal beams. The fanning effect reduces the spatial fidelity, and the smaller the input signal to pump intensity ratio is, the smaller the fidelity becomes. At large magnitudes of the applied field, the applied field plays a critical role in the reduction of the fidelity of the signal and the fanning effect on the fidelity is negligible.

Effect of Electric Field Strength on Texture Evolution of IF Steel Sheet during Annealing

2012 ◽  
Vol 706-709 ◽  
pp. 2617-2621
Author(s):  
Chang Shu He ◽  
Xiang Zhao ◽  
Wei Ping Tong ◽  
Liang Zuo
Keyword(s):  
Field Strength ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Electric Field Strength ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Applied Electric Field ◽  
Steel Sheet ◽  
Texture Evolution ◽  
If Steel ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
If Steel Sheet

Specimens cut from a cold-rolled IF steel sheet of 1 mm thickness were respectively annealed at 750°C for 20min under a range of DC electric fields (1kV/cm~4kV/cm). The Effect of electric field strength on recrystallization texture of IF steel sheet was studied by mean of X-ray diffraction ODF analysis. It was found that γ-fiber textures were notably enhanced as electric field strength increased. The strength of γ-fiber textures got their peak values as the applied electric field reached to 4kV/cm. The possible reason for such phenomena was discussed in the viewpoint of interaction between the applied electric field and the orientation-dependent stored-energy in deformed metals which is known as the driving force for recrystallization during annealing.

THE RESPONSE OF STARCH/GELATIN/GLYCERIN AQUEOUS ELECTRORHEOLOGICAL ELASTOMER TO APPLIED ELECTRIC FIELD

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (07n09) ◽  
pp. 1449-1455 ◽  
Author(s):  
LINGXIANG GAO ◽  
XIAOPENG ZHAO
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Applied Electric Field ◽  
Applied Field ◽  
Weight Fraction ◽  
Compression Modulus ◽  
Composite Systems ◽  
Water Matrix ◽  
Dc Electric Field

The aqueous ER elastomers, containing crude organic starch particles which dispersed in gelatin/glycerin/water matrix, were prepared with or without the applied DC electric field. The responses of the composite systems to the electric field were tested by the compression modulus and resistance of the elastomers. The result shows that they are enhanced and controlled evidently under an applied DC electric field. The strongest responses appear at 25% weight fraction of starch. In addition, the increment modulus of the elastomer increases with the strength of the applied field within 0.5~1.5 kV/mm, while after the field is stronger than 1.5 kV/mm it doesn't increase with field, appearing "saturation".

scholarly journals Nonlinear neutral inclusions: assemblages of coated ellipsoids

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 140394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Jiménez Bolaños ◽  
Bogdan Vernescu
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Applied Electric Field ◽  
Applied Field ◽  
Nonlinear Materials

The problem of determining nonlinear neutral inclusions in (electrical or thermal) conductivity is considered. Neutral inclusions, inserted in a matrix containing a uniform applied electric field, do not disturb the field outside the inclusions. The well-known Hashin-coated sphere construction is an example of a neutral inclusion. In this paper, we consider the problem of constructing neutral inclusions from nonlinear materials. In particular, we discuss assemblages of coated ellipsoids. The proposed construction is neutral for a given applied field.

Ionization of Liquid Tetramethyl Germanium by 60Co-γ-Radiation

1990 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 832-834 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Lopes ◽  
W. F. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Field Strength ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Applied Electric Field ◽  
Ionization Chamber ◽  
Parallel Plate ◽  
Ion Pairs ◽  
Guard Ring ◽  
Applied Electric Field Strength ◽  
Γ Radiation ◽  
Free Ion

AbstractThe ionization current produced in liquid tetramethyl germanium by 60Co-γ-radiation was measured with a guard ring type, parallel plate ionization chamber. The yield of ion pairs as a function of the applied electric field strength was determined and the free ion yield without applied electric field was obtained to be Gfi (0) = 0.68 ±0.10.

Electron Mobilities and Ranges in Liquid C1–C3 Hydrocarbons and in Xenon: Effects of Temperature and Field Strength

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 440-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurice G. Robinson ◽  
Gordon R. Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Field Strength ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Electric Field Strength ◽  
Temperature Coefficient ◽  
Applied Electric Field ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Secondary Electrons ◽  
Applied Electric Field Strength ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Arrhenius Temperature

Electron mobilities were measured in ethane, ethylene, propane, cyclopropane, and propylene to complete the studies of the lower hydrocarbons. The effect of temperature on the mobilities in these liquids and in methane, n-butane, and xenon were also measured. Examples of the data are given in the order mobility (cm2/Vs), temperature (K), Arrhenius temperature coefficient (kcal/mol): methane, 430, 140, −0.16; ethane, 0.97, 200, ∼3; ethylene, 0.0030, 170, —; propane, 0.55, 238, ∼3; n-butane, 0.073, 250, ∼4; cyclopropane, 0.0043, 234, ∼4; propylene, 0.008, 234, ∼4; xenon, ∼1200 at 40 V/cm, 198, 0. The mobilities in the C2–C4 hydrocarbons are independent of applied electric field strength E up to 20 kV/cm; that in methane is independent of E up to 2 kV/cm; that in xenon decreases as E−1/2 between 33 and 300 V/cm and decreases slightly more rapidly at higher field strengths. The density-normalized ranges of the secondary electrons in each of the liquids is independent of temperature. The correlation between the ranges of the secondary electrons and the mobilities of thermal electrons observed in other liquids (ref. 2) persists for the simple hydrocarbons.

Frequency Dependence of Electrorheological (ER) Effect and Its Relationship to Dielectric and Electrical Properties in Ba1-xSrxTiO3 Suspensions

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (07n09) ◽  
pp. 1443-1448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuhito Misono ◽  
Shoichi Furukawa ◽  
Hitomi Yosinaga ◽  
Junko Sugiyama ◽  
Keishi Negita
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Electrical Properties ◽  
Dielectric Permittivity ◽  
Field Strength ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Frequency Dependence ◽  
Applied Electric Field ◽  
Electrode Polarization ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
High Frequencies

Varying the electric field strength (E), the ER effect, the dielectric permittivity, and the electrical conductivity were simultaneously measured on the Ba 0.75 Sr 0.25 TiO 3 suspension. It was found that at high E the ER effect increased with the frequency (f), while at low E it once decreased and then increased with increase in f. At high E, the dielectric permittivity at low frequencies was much larger than that at high frequencies, indicating that an electrode polarization was formed as a result of accumulations of ions, which were dissociated from the liquid at high E, near the electrodes. This electrode polarization was further confirmed in the time dependence of the electrical conductivity after the electric field was switched on. From these results it is suggested that the E-dependent frequency dependence of the ER effect may be due to the electrode polarization, which causes larger shielding of the applied electric field at lower f while smaller shielding at higher f.

The explosion of silver azide in an electric field

1958 ◽  
Vol 246 (1245) ◽  
pp. 197-199 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Field Strength ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Single Crystals ◽  
Field Emission ◽  
Applied Field ◽  
Constant Field ◽  
Silver Azide ◽  
Self Heating ◽  
Sufficient Energy ◽  
Preliminary Study

Recently McLaren & Rogers (1957) reported that silver azide could be made to explode if placed between two electrodes and an electric field of ca . 250 V/cm applied. In an attempt to determine the nature of the process of the initiation of explosion, a preliminary study of the conductivity of single crystals of silver azide has been made. The current has been measured as a function of time for a constant field, and as a function of field strength at temperatures from 50 °C down to -100 °C. Measurements have also been made of the time to explosion as a function of the frequency of the applied field. The results suggest that the breakdown is due to field emission from the cathode, and that electrons may enter the crystal with sufficient energy to produce decomposition, followed by self-heating and explosion.

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