scholarly journals The monaural threshold: effect of a subliminal contralateral stimulus

1938 ◽  
Vol 124 (837) ◽  
pp. 406-420 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Frequency Standard ◽  
Threshold Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
Threshold Intensity ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Similar Frequency ◽  
The One ◽  
Loudness Scale ◽  
Contralateral Stimulus

It has been assumed by some workers that the intensity of a note of any frequency in either ear at the binaural threshold is one-half of the threshold intensity in either ear when used alone, i.e. at the monaural threshold. Another form of the assumption is the statem ent that the monaural threshold intensity is 3.0 db. above the intensity in either ear at the binaural threshold. In the course of the investigation of the possibility of forming a loudness scale, Churcher (1935), and Fletcher and Munson (1933), have found that the intensity of a note when heard binaurally may be assumed to be onehalf of that of the same note heard monaurally when the note is judged to be equally loud under the two conditions of listening. In the present work, this fact has been further verified. The measurements were extended to the cases in which the subliminal note presented to the one ear w’as maintained at various levels below the monaural threshold, and the intensity of the note applied to the other ear to reach the “ binaural” threshold was determined. In this way it was possible to find the relation between the energy required at the monaural threshold and the total energy required at the “binaural” threshold determined under these conditions. The experiments were also carried out with notes of different frequencies in the two ears in an endeavour to investigate the variations of total energy in such cases. Two heterodyne oscillators were used to provide pure notes of the various frequencies used during the work. The first of these (oscillator A ) was already available, and has been described elsewhere (Shaxby and Gage 1932); the second (oscillator B ) was a commercial oscillator of similar frequency range, viz. 30-10,000 c./sec. A , if allowed to run for about an hour, was very stable in frequency, varying by only 1 or 2 c./sec. during the next 7 hr. B drifted for about 2 hr. fairly rapidly, and thereafter drifted quite steadily at the rate of 10-15 c./sec. every hour. A was therefore used as the frequency standard. It was adjusted to read correctly by the “zerobeat” method after the “settling down” period, and set to the particular frequency required; B was brought into unison with it. The actual frequency of B could be determined in this way at any time, and its drift checked.

scholarly journals The "action" of an electromagnetic field

1928 ◽  
Vol 120 (786) ◽  
pp. 483-502 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Extreme Value ◽  
Natural System ◽  
Degree Of Freedom ◽  
The Other ◽  
Material System ◽  
Least Action ◽  
The One ◽  
Special Circumstances

Variation Principles in Dynamics and in the Electromagnetic Field.—In the dynamics of a material system the name "action" is given to two different quantities. One of these is S = Ʃ r ∫ q'' r q1 s p r dq r = Ʃ r ∫ t'' t ' p r q r dt , q r , p , being the co-ordinate and momentum associated with the r th degree of freedom, and the integral being extended from one definite set of values of the q r 's, to another. The other is A = ∫ t'' t ' (Ʃ r ) p r q r —H) dt , where H (except in special circumstances) is in conservative systems the total energy, and the integral is taken between two definite times t ' and t ''. Corresponding to S and to A, there are two distinct principles of "least action." Among the group of imaginary systems produced by varying the p r and q r under specified conditions in each case, on the one hand the S and on the other the A, of the "natural" system which obeys the laws of dynamics, possesses an extreme value.

scholarly journals The digestibility of straw after treatment with soda

1920 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 437-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Godden
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Effective Action ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Maize Meal ◽  
Oat Straw ◽  
The One ◽  
High Degree

The use of straw as fodder is beset by the double difficulty that on the one hand its bulky character seriously limits the extent to which it can be consumed by the animal, whilst on the other hand its tough and fibrous nature entails such a heavy expenditure of energy to secure the high degree of comminution and further preparation essential for effective action of the digestive agents that only a comparatively small surplus of energy remains over to serve productive nutritional ends. Thus it was found by Kellner and Köhler in the case of oat straw that of the total energy contained in the straw only 35·8 per cent, was usefully digested, whilst only 12·9 per cent, could be applied after digestion to productive purposes. For wheat straw the corresponding proportions were 31·1 per cent, and 5·5 per cent, respectively. These may be contrasted with the proportions of 49 per cent, and 20·7 per cent, respectively found by the same observers for meadow hay; and the proportions of 74·9 per cent, and 45·9 per cent, respectively found by Armsby and Fries for maize meal.

Note on Selection of Coordinate Systems for Geodynamics

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 395-407
Author(s):  
S. Henriksen
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coordinate Systems ◽  
Mean Sea Level ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The One ◽  
Static Systems ◽  
Selection Of

The first question to be answered, in seeking coordinate systems for geodynamics, is: what is geodynamics? The answer is, of course, that geodynamics is that part of geophysics which is concerned with movements of the Earth, as opposed to geostatics which is the physics of the stationary Earth. But as far as we know, there is no stationary Earth – epur sic monere. So geodynamics is actually coextensive with geophysics, and coordinate systems suitable for the one should be suitable for the other. At the present time, there are not many coordinate systems, if any, that can be identified with a static Earth. Certainly the only coordinate of aeronomic (atmospheric) interest is the height, and this is usually either as geodynamic height or as pressure. In oceanology, the most important coordinate is depth, and this, like heights in the atmosphere, is expressed as metric depth from mean sea level, as geodynamic depth, or as pressure. Only for the earth do we find “static” systems in use, ana even here there is real question as to whether the systems are dynamic or static. So it would seem that our answer to the question, of what kind, of coordinate systems are we seeking, must be that we are looking for the same systems as are used in geophysics, and these systems are dynamic in nature already – that is, their definition involvestime.

Stories and the Self

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Krause ◽  
Markus Appel
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lower Degree ◽  
Contrast Effects ◽  
Self Perception ◽  
Self Perceptions ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Abstract. Two experiments examined the influence of stories on recipients’ self-perceptions. Extending prior theory and research, our focus was on assimilation effects (i.e., changes in self-perception in line with a protagonist’s traits) as well as on contrast effects (i.e., changes in self-perception in contrast to a protagonist’s traits). In Experiment 1 ( N = 113), implicit and explicit conscientiousness were assessed after participants read a story about either a diligent or a negligent student. Moderation analyses showed that highly transported participants and participants with lower counterarguing scores assimilate the depicted traits of a story protagonist, as indicated by explicit, self-reported conscientiousness ratings. Participants, who were more critical toward a story (i.e., higher counterarguing) and with a lower degree of transportation, showed contrast effects. In Experiment 2 ( N = 103), we manipulated transportation and counterarguing, but we could not identify an effect on participants’ self-ascribed level of conscientiousness. A mini meta-analysis across both experiments revealed significant positive overall associations between transportation and counterarguing on the one hand and story-consistent self-reported conscientiousness on the other hand.

Radioimmunotherapy for treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia and myelodysplastic syndrome

2005 ◽  
Vol 44 (03) ◽  
pp. 107-117
Author(s):  
R. G. Meyer ◽  
W. Herr ◽  
A. Helisch ◽  
P. Bartenstein ◽  
I. Buchmann
Keyword(s):  
Acute Myeloid Leukaemia ◽  
Myeloid Leukaemia ◽  
Primary Tumour ◽  
The Other ◽  
Haematopoietic Stem Cell ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Primary Reduction ◽  
The One ◽  
Acute Myeloid

SummaryThe prognosis of patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) has improved considerably by introduction of aggressive consolidation chemotherapy and haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT). Nevertheless, only 20-30% of patients with AML achieve long-term diseasefree survival after SCT. The most common cause of treatment failure is relapse. Additionally, mortality rates are significantly increased by therapy-related causes such as toxicity of chemotherapy and complications of SCT. Including radioimmunotherapies in the treatment of AML and myelodyplastic syndrome (MDS) allows for the achievement of a pronounced antileukaemic effect for the reduction of relapse rates on the one hand. On the other hand, no increase of acute toxicity and later complications should be induced. These effects are important for the primary reduction of tumour cells as well as for the myeloablative conditioning before SCT.This paper provides a systematic and critical review of the currently used radionuclides and immunoconjugates for the treatment of AML and MDS and summarizes the literature on primary tumour cell reductive radioimmunotherapies on the one hand and conditioning radioimmunotherapies before SCT on the other hand.

Das Ende der Postdemokratie, den Pessimismus überwinden.

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (188) ◽  
pp. 487-494
Author(s):  
Daniel Mullis
Keyword(s):  
Political Thought ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Economic Decline ◽  
Far Right ◽  
Windows Of Opportunity ◽  
Political Events ◽  
Political Struggles ◽  
The One

In recent years, political and social conditions have changed dramatically. Many analyses help to capture these dynamics. However, they produce political pessimism: on the one hand there is the image of regression and on the other, a direct link is made between socio-economic decline and the rise of the far-right. To counter these aspects, this article argues that current political events are to be understood less as ‘regression’ but rather as a moment of movement and the return of deep political struggles. Referring to Jacques Ranciere’s political thought, the current conditions can be captured as the ‘end of post-democracy’. This approach changes the perspective on current social dynamics in a productive way. It allows for an emphasis on movement and the recognition of the windows of opportunity for emancipatory struggles.

Tolerance is theoretical and practical principles

1996 ◽  
pp. 13-23
Author(s):  
Mykhailo Babiy
Keyword(s):  
Religious Diversity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nodal Points ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
The One ◽  
Ukrainian Society

Political ideological pluralism, religious diversity are characteristic features of modern Ukrainian society. On the one hand, multiculturalism, socio-political, religious differentiation of the latter appear as important characteristics of its democracy, as a practical expression of freedom, on the other - as a factor that led to the deconsocialization of society, gave rise to "nodal points" of tension, confrontational processes, in particular, in political and religious spheres.

The Salvage of Ideas: Schumpeter and the Core Problems Still Confronting Economics

2003 ◽  
pp. 15-26
Author(s):  
P. Wynarczyk
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The Core ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

Two aspects of Schumpeter' legacy are analyzed in the article. On the one hand, he can be viewed as the custodian of the neoclassical harvest supplementing to its stock of inherited knowledge. On the other hand, the innovative character of his works is emphasized that allows to consider him a proponent of hetherodoxy. It is stressed that Schumpeter's revolutionary challenge can lead to radical changes in modern economics.

Hidden “holes” in the capital of banks and the supply of credit to the real sector of economy

2018 ◽  
pp. 49-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Mamonov
Keyword(s):  
Credit Risk ◽  
The Other ◽  
Real Sector ◽  
Capital Management ◽  
Loan Loss ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Real ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
The One

Our analysis documents that the existence of hidden “holes” in the capital of not yet failed banks - while creating intertemporal pressure on the actual level of capital - leads to changing of maturity of loans supplied rather than to contracting of their volume. Long-term loans decrease, whereas short-term loans rise - and, what is most remarkably, by approximately the same amounts. Standardly, the higher the maturity of loans the higher the credit risk and, thus, the more loan loss reserves (LLP) banks are forced to create, increasing the pressure on capital. Banks that already hide “holes” in the capital, but have not yet faced with license withdrawal, must possess strong incentives to shorten the maturity of supplied loans. On the one hand, it raises the turnovers of LLP and facilitates the flexibility of capital management; on the other hand, it allows increasing the speed of shifting of attracted deposits to loans to related parties in domestic or foreign jurisdictions. This enlarges the potential size of ex post revealed “hole” in the capital and, therefore, allows us to assume that not every loan might be viewed as a good for the economy: excessive short-term and insufficient long-term loans can produce the source for future losses.

Global Economic Crisis of 2008-2009: Sources and Roots

2009 ◽  
pp. 18-31
Author(s):  
G. Rapoport ◽  
A. Guerts
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Trade Deficit ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The Other ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Market Mechanisms ◽  
Production Output ◽  
The One ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Partial Destruction

In the article the global crisis of 2008-2009 is considered as superposition of a few regional crises that occurred simultaneously but for different reasons. However, they have something in common: developed countries tend to maintain a strong level of social security without increasing the real production output. On the one hand, this policy has resulted in trade deficit and partial destruction of market mechanisms. On the other hand, it has clashed with the desire of several oil and gas exporting countries to receive an exclusive price for their energy resources.

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