scholarly journals Representing the UK's cattle herd as static and dynamic networks

2008 ◽  
Vol 276 (1656) ◽  
pp. 469-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew C Vernon ◽  
Matt J Keeling
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Networks ◽  
Dynamic Network ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Cattle Herd ◽  
Detailed Data ◽  
Dynamic Representation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Temporal Structures ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

Network models are increasingly being used to understand the spread of diseases through sparsely connected populations, with particular interest in the impact of animal movements upon the dynamics of infectious diseases. Detailed data collected by the UK government on the movement of cattle may be represented as a network, where animal holdings are nodes, and an edge is drawn between nodes where a movement of animals has occurred. These network representations may vary from a simple static representation, to a more complex, fully dynamic one where daily movements are explicitly captured. Using stochastic disease simulations, a wide range of network representations of the UK cattle herd are compared. We find that the simpler static network representations are often deficient when compared with a fully dynamic representation, and should therefore be used only with caution in epidemiological modelling. In particular, due to temporal structures within the dynamic network, static networks consistently fail to capture the predicted epidemic behaviour associated with dynamic networks even when parameterized to match early growth rates.

scholarly journals Evaluating the efficacy of technical measures: a case study of selection device legislation in the UK Crangon crangon (brown shrimp) fishery

2008 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom L. Catchpole ◽  
Andrew S. Revill ◽  
James Innes ◽  
Sean Pascoe
Keyword(s):  
Brown Shrimp ◽  
Crangon Crangon ◽  
Shrimp Fishery ◽  
The North ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Technical Measures

Abstract Catchpole, T. L., Revill, A. S., Innes, J., and Pascoe, S. 2008. Evaluating the efficacy of technical measures: a case study of selection device legislation in the UK Crangon crangon (brown shrimp) fishery. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 267–275. Bycatch reduction devices are being introduced into a wide range of fisheries, with shrimp and prawn fisheries particularly targeted owing to the heavy discarding common in these fisheries. Although studies are often undertaken to estimate the impact of a technical measure on the fishery before implementation, rarely have the impacts been assessed ex post. Here, the efficacy of the UK legislation pertaining to the use of sievenets in the North Sea Crangon crangon fishery is assessed. Three impacts were evaluated: on fisher behaviour (social), on the level of bycatch (biological), and on vessel profitability (economic). An apparent high level of compliance by skippers was identified despite a low level of enforcement. The estimated reduction in fleet productivity following the introduction of the legislation was 14%, equalling the mean loss of Crangon landings when using sievenets calculated from catch comparison trawls. Sievenets did reduce the unnecessary capture of unwanted marine organisms, but were least effective at reducing 0-group plaice, which make up the largest component of the bycatch. Clearly the legislation has had an effect in the desired direction, but it does not address sufficiently the bycatch issue in the Crangon fishery.

The EU as an “enforcement patchwork”: the impact of national enforcement for compliance with EU water law in Spain and Britain

2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mónica García Quesada
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
National Level ◽  
State Level ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Deterrent Effect ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

AbstractFailures of compliance with European Union (EU) directives have revealed the EU as a political system capable of enacting laws in a wide range of different policy areas, but facing difficulties to ensure their actual implementation. Although the EU relies on national enforcement agencies to ensure compliance with the EU legislation, there is scarce analysis of the differential deterrent effect of national enforcement in EU law compliance. This article examines the enforcement of an EU water directive, the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive, in Spain and the UK. It focuses on the existing national sanctions for disciplining actors in charge of complying with EU requirements, and on the actual use of punitive sanctions. The analysis shows that a more comprehensive and active disciplinary regime at the national level contributes to explain a higher degree of compliance with EU law. The article calls for a detailed examination of the national administrative and criminal sanction system for a more comprehensive understanding of the incentives and disincentives to comply with EU law at the national state level.

scholarly journals COVID-VU an ENT UK National Survey of Flexible Nasendoscopy in the Upper Aerodigestive Tract Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avgi Loizidou ◽  
Taranjit Singh Tatla ◽  
Ian Harvey ◽  
Miriayi Aibibula ◽  
Justin Roe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aerodigestive Tract ◽  
Upper Aerodigestive Tract ◽  
Speech And Language ◽  
National Guidelines ◽  
Healthcare Settings ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Window Opening ◽  
Operating Theatres ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

Abstract BackgroundFlexible nasendoscopy (FNE) is an invaluable multi-disciplinary tool for upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) examination. During the COVID-19 pandemic concerns were raised that FNE had the potential of generating aerosols resulting in human cross-contamination when performed on SARS-COV2 carriers. In the UK, and other European countries, national guidelines were issued restricting FNE to essential cases. We surveyed ENT UK members and Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists (RCSLT) members to determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic (first peak) on FNE practice in the UK.MethodsAn observational internet-based survey constructed in accordance to the CHERRIES checklist and setup in SurveyMonkeyof FNE practice amongst UK-based ENT surgeons and speech and language therapists in community clinics, the outpatient department, inpatient wards, ICU, emergency department and operating theatres (through the NHS and private sector) prior to, during and following the first COVID-19 wave in the UK. Results 314 responses collected (24% response rate), 82% from ENT clinicians, 17% from SLTs and 1% from other allied healthcare professionals. Overall, there has been a large reduction in the volume and indications for FNE during the first peak of the COVID-19 pandemic with limited recovery by mid-August 2020. Cancer and airway assessments were impacted less. A wide range of FNE protocols influenced by local factors are reported, varying in endoscope preference, Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and sterilization methods. Where dedicated Aerosol Generating Procedure (AGP) rooms were unavailable, clinicians resorted to window opening and variable room “down-time” between patients. Endoscope preference reflected availability and user familiarity, ENT trainees favoring the use of single-use video endoscopes. ConclusionDespite national guidance, local practice of FNE remains interrupted and highly variable in the UK. A collaborative inter-disciplinary approach is required to re-introduce FNE safely in volume across healthcare settings, re-establishing timely endoscopic diagnosis and pre-pandemic levels of patient care.

scholarly journals The (T, L)-Path Model and Algorithms for Information Dissemination in Dynamic Networks

Information ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 212
Author(s):  
Zhiwei Yang ◽  
Weigang Wu
Keyword(s):  
Network Topology ◽  
Information Dissemination ◽  
Dynamic Networks ◽  
Dynamic Network ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Path Model ◽  
Dynamic Network Models ◽  
Topology Changes ◽  
Practical Design

A dynamic network is the abstraction of distributed systems with frequent network topology changes. With such dynamic network models, fundamental distributed computing problems can be formally studied with rigorous correctness. Although quite a number of models have been proposed and studied for dynamic networks, the existing models are usually defined from the point of view of connectivity properties. In this paper, instead, we examine the dynamicity of network topology according to the procedure of changes, i.e., how the topology or links change. Following such an approach, we propose the notion of the “instant path” and define two dynamic network models based on the instant path. Based on these two models, we design distributed algorithms for the problem of information dissemination respectively, one of the fundamental distributing computing problems. The correctness of our algorithms is formally proved and their performance in time cost and communication cost is analyzed. Compared with existing connectivity based dynamic network models and algorithms, our procedure based ones are definitely easier to be instantiated in the practical design and deployment of dynamic networks.

scholarly journals ETHICAL EXAMINATION OF SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS IN MEDICINE: FOREIGN EXPERIENCE AND RUSSIAN PRACTICE

Bioethics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 33-38
Author(s):  
Natalia A. Alshuk ◽  
◽  
Svetlana A. Kostenko ◽  
Olga Yu. Golitsyna ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Hirsch Index ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Ethical Assessment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Number Of Publications ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Digital Processes ◽  
The Impact

Currently, much attention is paid to the correct presentation of the results of. This is not surprising, since international standards used for assessing the effectiveness of scientific clinical and pre-clinical studies in scientific publications activities are based on citation rates and the number of publications in peer-reviewed journals. This tradition originated in the UK and is the result of a struggle for grants in the scientific community. The Hirsch index (individual authors) type of assessment and the impact factor (journals) made it possible to quantitatively compare papers without referring to their content. The assessment of the latter was accomplished by editors of the journals, and it was assumed that it was objective. This method was consistent with the digitalization process, but it has not yet received an ethical assessment. This is happening not only because there is a fairly wide range of opinions on this issue in the scientific community [1], but also because moral plots are generally not referred to digital processes.

Data-Driven Dynamic Network Modeling for Analyzing the Evolution of Product Competitions

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Xie ◽  
Youyi Bi ◽  
Zhenghui Sha ◽  
Mingxian Wang ◽  
Yan Fu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Random Graph ◽  
Market Competition ◽  
Network Modeling ◽  
Dynamic Networks ◽  
Dynamic Network ◽  
Graph Model ◽  
Exponential Random Graph Model ◽  
Random Graph Model ◽  
Exponential Random Graph ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Understanding the impact of engineering design on product competitions is imperative for product designers to better address customer needs and develop more competitive products. In this paper, we propose a dynamic network based approach to modeling and analyzing the evolution of product competitions using multi-year product survey data. We adopt Separate Temporal Exponential Random Graph Model (STERGM) as the statistical inference framework because it considers the evolution of dynamic networks as two separate processes: formation and dissolution. This treatment allows designers to investigate why two products enter into competition and why a competitive relationship preserves or dissolves over time. In an open market, the available products to customers are continuously changing over the time, posing challenges for conventional modeling methods concerning fixed product input. Consequently, we propose to leverage “structural zeros” in STERGM to tackle the problem of modeling varying product competitors as nodes in dynamic networks. We use China’s automotive market as a case study to illustrate the implementation of the proposed approach and its benefits compared to the static network modeling approach based on Exponential Random Graph Model (ERGM). The results show that our approach identifies the driving factors associated with product attributes and current market competition structures for the change of competition in both formation and dissolution processes. The insights gained from this paper can help designers better interpret the temporal changes of product competition relations and make product design decisions with the aid of dynamic network-based models.

scholarly journals Interlending and resource sharing in UK public libraries: A mixed methods study

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Wakeling ◽  
Sophie Rutter ◽  
Briony Birdi ◽  
Stephen Pinfield
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Resource Sharing ◽  
Public Libraries ◽  
Public Library ◽  
Mixed Methods Study ◽  
The Public ◽  
Library Funding ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

This paper presents the results of a mixed methods study of interlending and resource sharing in UK public libraries, based on the results of a survey distributed to both senior library managers and interlending staff, and in-depth follow-up interviews with 20 respondents. We present an analysis of perspectives towards rates of interlending, the rationales and strategies for providing the service, the perceived value for money offered by various interlending schemes, the impact of the current digital environment, and views on the future of interlending in the UK. Our findings suggest that while interlending services are undoubtedly threatened by the drastic cuts to public library funding, and that demand for the service is more generally in decline, resource sharing is viewed by some as a potential means of mitigating the effects of increasingly limited acquisitions budgets, and ensuring the public library system continues to provide access to a wide range of resources for its users.

Dynamic assessment of agro-industrial sector efficiency and productivity changes among G20 nations

2021 ◽  
pp. 0958305X2110560
Author(s):  
Ying Feng ◽  
Ching-Cheng Lu ◽  
I-Fang Lin ◽  
Jia-Yan Lin
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Dynamic Assessment ◽  
Dynamic Network ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Forested Area ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Efficiency And Productivity

In this study, the Group of 20 (G20; excluding EU economies) were selected as the research objects, and the dynamic network slacks-based model (SBM) was used to evaluate the impact of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and forested area on the efficiency and productivity of the industrial and agricultural sectors from 2011 to 2015. Empirical results showed that: (1) The efficiency of the industrial sector was superior to that of the agricultural sector among the G20 countries. Argentina, Australia, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, the UK, and the US maintained the best industrial sector efficiency values, falling on the efficiency boundary, whereas Argentina, Brazil, Canada, France, Indonesia, South Korea, Russia, and the US had the best agricultural sector efficiency values. (2) Argentina, Indonesia, and the US had the best overall efficiency value of G20 countries. Saudi Arabia (0.0303), China (0.2721), and the UK (0.2809) had the lowest efficiency values. (3) Only France and Germany had higher than average total factor productivity, while Indonesia and Saudi Arabia had declining industrial and agricultural sector productivity. (4) The proportion of forested area (546.02%) was the most important variable to be improved due to the influence of desert topography, followed by the proportion of agricultural output values (60.86%) and the proportion of industrial output values (38.02%) in some countries.

What are the issues affecting grandparents in Britain today?

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Smethers
Keyword(s):  
Family Life ◽  
Maternal Employment ◽  
Practical Implication ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Economic Trends ◽  
The Uk ◽  
New Research ◽  
The Impact

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the role that grandparents play in family life in Britain today with a particular focus on demographic change and the grandparental caring contribution for both children and older adults. Design/methodology/approach – Drawing upon a wide range of sources the author sets out the context, recent demographic and economic trends and presents a way forward. Findings – The research presented in this paper suggests that grandparents are playing an increasingly important role in family life and their caring contribution makes a material difference to maternal employment rates in particular. It also suggests that those who step in to the parenting role face particular challenges which need to be addressed. Research limitations/implications – Further research into the significance of the grandparent/grandchild relationship is needed, together with the caring contribution of those who provide intensive support to families in times of crisis both in terms of the impact that has on the grandparents but also the difference it makes to parents and children. Practical implications – One key practical implication is the need for a formal childcare infrastructure in the UK which does not assume that grandparents will always be there to provide childcare for working parents on the scale they do today. Social implications – Grandparents are living longer so more of them will have longer-lasting relationships with their grandchildren. But mothers are also ageing and so gradually over time the age at which we become grandparents will also be pushed back. This may in turn mean that grandparents in 20 years time may be less involved in childcare in any case. Originality/value – This piece does not present new research but rather provides an overview of existing evidence.

3. Sovereignty and sources of law

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elspeth Berry ◽  
Matthew J. Homewood ◽  
Barbara Bogusz
Keyword(s):  
Eu Law ◽  
Eu Integration ◽  
Eu Membership ◽  
Legislative Procedures ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Complete Series ◽  
Explanatory Text ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Primary Materials

Titles in the Complete series combine extracts from a wide range of primary materials with clear explanatory text to provide readers with a complete introductory resource. This chapter examines the principle of sovereignty of EU law and how the judicial application of the sovereignty principle has advanced EU integration. The chapter specifically considers the impact of EU membership on the UK’s sovereignty and how the principle has been applied by the UK courts. The chapter also discusses EU competences and the attribution of powers to the EU; the application of the principle of subsidiarity; the sources of EU law; and EU legislative procedures.

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