scholarly journals Bats are able to maintain long-term social relationships despite the high fission–fusion dynamics of their groups

2011 ◽  
Vol 278 (1719) ◽  
pp. 2761-2767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Kerth ◽  
Nicolas Perony ◽  
Frank Schweitzer
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Large Datasets ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
High Importance ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
The Social ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Weighted Network Analysis ◽  
Term Data

Elephants, dolphins, as well as some carnivores and primates maintain social links despite their frequent splitting and merging in groups of variable composition, a phenomenon known as fission–fusion. Information on the dynamics of social links and interactions among individuals is of high importance to the understanding of the evolution of animal sociality, including that of humans. However, detailed long-term data on such dynamics in wild mammals with fully known demography and kin structures are scarce. Applying a weighted network analysis on 20 500 individual roosting observations over 5 years, we show that in two wild Bechstein's bat colonies with high fission–fusion dynamics, individuals of different age, size, reproductive status and relatedness maintain long-term social relationships. In the larger colony, we detected two stable subunits, each comprising bats from several family lineages. Links between these subunits were mainly maintained by older bats and persisted over all years. Moreover, we show that the full details of the social structure become apparent only when large datasets are used. The stable multi-level social structures in Bechstein's bat colonies resemble that of elephants, dolphins and some primates. Our findings thus may shed new light on the link between social complexity and social cognition in mammals.

scholarly journals Open House? Class-Specific Career Opportunities within German Universities

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-110
Author(s):  
Frerk Blome ◽  
Christina Möller ◽  
Anja Böning
Keyword(s):  
Doctoral Students ◽  
Social Power ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Social Origin ◽  
Social Closure ◽  
Career Opportunities ◽  
The Social ◽  
Specific Career ◽  
German Universities

This article focuses on the development of class-specific inequalities within German universities. Based on data on the social origin of students, doctoral students, and professors in the long-term cross-section, the article views the empirically observable dynamic of social closure of higher education since the 1950s. The focus of interest is on the level of the professorship. Data show that career conditions for underprivileged groups have deteriorated again. This finding is discussed in the context of social closure theories. The article argues that closure theories consider social closure processes primarily as intentional patterns of action, aimed at a strategic monopolization of participation, and securing social power. Such an analytical approach means that unintended closure processes remain understudied. Our conclusion is that concealed modes of reproduction of social structures ought to be examined and theorized more intensively due to their importance for the elimination of social inequality within universities.

scholarly journals Quality of Life in Young Adults With Cerebral Palsy: A Longitudinal Analysis of the SPARCLE Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Vidart d'Egurbide Bagazgoïtia ◽  
Virginie Ehlinger ◽  
Carine Duffaut ◽  
Jérôme Fauconnier ◽  
Silke Schmidt-Schuchert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Psychological Well Being ◽  
The Social

Introduction: While most people with cerebral palsy (CP) will have a life expectancy similar to that of the general population, international research has primarily focused on childhood and adolescence; and knowledge about the quality of life (QoL) of young adults with CP, its trajectories, and associated factors remains scarce.Methods: This longitudinal study included young adults with CP living in five European regions and who had previously participated in the SPARCLE cohort as children and/or adolescents. Their QoL in the psychological well-being and social relationships domains was estimated using age-appropriate validated instruments (KIDSCREEN-52 in childhood/adolescence and WHOQOL-Bref in young adulthood). We used generalized linear mixed-effect models with random intercept to estimate long-term trajectories of QoL in both domains and to investigate whether severity of impairment, pain, and seizure influenced these trajectories. We sought to identify potentially different trajectories of QoL from childhood to adulthood using a shape-based clustering method.Results: In total, 164 young adults with CP aged 22–27 years participated in the study. Psychological well-being linearly decreased by 0.78 points (scale 0–100) per year (95% confidence interval (CI) −0.99 to −0.56) from childhood to young adulthood, whereas QoL in the social relationships domain increased (β coefficient 1.24, 95% CI 0.92–1.55). Severity of impairment was associated with reduced QoL in all life periods of the study (childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood): motor impairment with social relationships, and more nuancedly intellectual disability with psychological well-being and social relationships. At all periods, frequent pain significantly reduced psychological well-being, and seizures were associated with lower QoL in the social relationships domain. In both domains, we identified a group of individuals with CP who presented a reverse trajectory compared with the general QoL trajectory.Conclusion: Identification of QoL trajectories and their associated factors yields improved knowledge about the experience of individuals with CP until young adulthood. Further studies are needed to better understand the determinants that have the greatest influence on the different shapes of long-term trajectories of QoL.

The social aspects of consumption as predictors of consumer loyalty: online vs. offline services

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodoula H Tsiotsou
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Social Aspects ◽  
Online Services ◽  
Service Setting ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
The Social ◽  
Service Brands ◽  
Soccer Fans

Purpose Nowadays, companies are seeking to create meaningful and long-term relationships with their customers. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the role of parasocial and social aspects of consumption in building trustworthy and loyal relationships in both offline and online services. Design/methodology/approach Two studies were conducted using the survey research method. The first study collected data from 285 soccer fans, and the second study collected data from 298 Facebook consumers. Findings The study confirms the proposed model and suggests that parasocial and social relationships act as significant antecedents of service brand loyalty in both offline and online services.. Originality/value This is the first study that examines parasocial and social relationships in tandem and their role in developing loyal relationships with service brands. It also confirms that social relationships in a service setting play a significant role in predicting brand trust and loyalty.

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of the typology, seasonality and economic cost of human-wildlife conflict in Kajiado and Laikipia Counties, Kenya

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Owino Manoa ◽  
Francis Mwaura ◽  
Thuita Thenya ◽  
Stellah Mukhovi
Keyword(s):  
Wildlife Conservation ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Livestock Predation ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Common ◽  
Human Wildlife Conflict ◽  
Term Data

Human –wildlife conflicts (HWC) affect the social-economic aspects of millions of people across the world and is one of the most important challenges facing wildlife conservation. Long-term data collection provides an opportunity to critically understand HWC trends and enable wildlife stakeholders to create evidence-based solutions for co-existence of people and wildlife. We used Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) data for the 2010-2018 period to analyse trends in typology, seasonality and economic costs of HWC in Kajiado and Laikipia Counties in Kenya. A total of 953 HWC reported cases in the two counties were analysed. Wildlife threats to human life, crop damage and livestock predation were the common form of HWC, contributing 65.7% (n=626), 21.7% (n=207), and 7.7% (n=73) respectively. Apart from livestock predation (t=2.431; P=0.028) all other types of HWC did not show any significant differences in the two counties over the nine-year period. Elephants were responsible for the highest conflict cases (79%, n=753) followed by baboons (6.9%, n=66). Elephants contributed to the highest human fatality and injuries (43%, n=10); while snakes and buffalo were second, each contributing to 17% (n=4) of the total cases. Majority of the HWC occurred in the dry season months of July (n=114), January (n=99) and October (n=96). The overall trend indicated increasing HWC cases over the 9 years in both counties. The analysis of economic cost of HWC showed that a total of 64.09 hectares of crops were damaged in 2010-2018, with 70% of the cases reported in Kajiado County. In terms of predation, Kajiado lost livestock worth KES 1,785, 000 (U$ 16,780.53) while Laikipia lost KES 407,000 (U$ 3826.15). This study provides empirical evidence that can be used to develop strategies for mitigating HWC based on types, seasons and conflict species.  

Eurocrisis and Beyond

2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Şuay Nilhan Açıkalın
Keyword(s):  
Structural Effect ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Consequences ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
The Social ◽  
Political Effects ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Of Greece ◽  
The Eu

Eurocrisis can be considered the most remarkable challenge to the EU since it was founded by the inner six countries. There is no doubt Eurocrisis has a structural effect on Eurozone countries especially Greece. However, the social and political consequences of Eurocrisis are the most ignored dimension of crisis. In order to understand the long term effect of Eurocrisis and its implication on the EU multi-level governance, a brief analysis of social and political effects of Eurocrisis is crucial. That's why this chapter will analyze how Eurocrisis affected the political atmosphere of Greece and Greek people's daily life.

scholarly journals Disembedded or Deeply Embedded? A Multi-Level Network Analysis of Online Labour Platforms

Sociology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 003803852098608
Author(s):  
Paola Tubaro
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Economic Networks ◽  
Economic Action ◽  
The Social ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Economic Ties ◽  
And Control ◽  
Kinship Ties

This article extends the economic-sociological concept of embeddedness to encompass not only social networks of, for example, friendship or kinship ties, but also economic networks of ownership and control relationships. Applying these ideas to the case of digital platform labour pinpoints two possible scenarios. When platforms take the role of market intermediaries, economic ties are thin and workers are left to their own devices, in a form of ‘disembeddedness’. When platforms partake in intricate inter-firm outsourcing structures, economic ties envelop workers in a ‘deep embeddedness’ which involves both stronger constraints and higher rewards. With this added dimension, the notion of embeddedness becomes a compelling tool to describe the social structures that frame economic action, including the power imbalances that characterize digital labour in the global economy.

scholarly journals Fitness trend analysis in male Austrian middle and high school students from 1975 to 2010

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 007
Author(s):  
Friedrich Brunner ◽  
Elmar Kornexl ◽  
Hannes Kasnter ◽  
Clemens Drenowatz ◽  
Klaus Greier
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Aerobic Fitness ◽  
School Students ◽  
Male Adolescents ◽  
Health And Wellbeing ◽  
The Social ◽  
Fitness Tests ◽  
Term Data

Considerable changes in the social and built environment contributed to alterations in physical activity, which potentially affect physical fitness. Long-term data on various components of physical fitness with multiple assessments in similar cohorts, however, remains limited. The present study, therefore, examined secular trends in physical fitness between 1975 and 2010 in adolescents living in a rural region in Tyrol, Austria. Data consisted of records from a physical education (PE) teacher that included a total of 2998 cases of male adolescents between 11 and 18 years of age. Fitness assessments included sprint, longjump and an endurance run that were performed annually in 3 to 5 grades during regular PE classes. The results indicated three distinct eras during the observation period. There was an improvement in physical fitness until the mid to late 1980s with a subsequent decline until the mid 1990s and a final period of relatively consistent low physical fitness. Further, it was shown that aerobic fitness started to decline earlier and that the decline was more pronounced than the performance in anaerobic fitness tests. This is of particular concern due to the importance of aerobic fitness for general health and wellbeing. Accordingly, these results along with previous studies highlight the need to promote physical activities that contribute to an improvement of physical fitness in children and adolescents.

scholarly journals Influence of social relationship domains and their combinations on incident dementia: a prospective cohort study

2017 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tami Saito ◽  
Chiyoe Murata ◽  
Masashige Saito ◽  
Tokunori Takeda ◽  
Katsunori Kondo
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Prospective Cohort ◽  
Social Relationship ◽  
Long Term Care ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Incident Dementia ◽  
The Social

BackgroundSocial relationships consist of mutually related but distinct dimensions. It remains unclear how these domains independently contribute to incident dementia. This large-scale, prospective cohort study examines associations between the social relationship domains as well as their combinations and incident dementia among community-dwelling older adults.MethodsWe analysed data from 13 984 community-dwelling adults aged 65+ without long-term care needs living in Aichi prefecture in Japan. Incident dementia was assessed based on the Long-term Care Insurance records, followed for 3436 days from the baseline survey conducted in 2003. Three social relationships domains (social support, social networks and social activities) were further divided into a total of eight subdomains. A social relationship diversity score was calculated using the social relationship domains which were significantly related to incident dementia.ResultsA Cox proportional hazards model showed that being married, exchanging support with family members, having contact with friends, participating in community groups and engaging in paid work were related to a lower likelihood of developing incident dementia, controlling for covariates and other social relationship domains. The diversity scores, ranging from 0 to 5, were linearly associated with incident dementia (p<0.001), and those who scored highest were 46% less likely to develop incident dementia compared with those in the lowest category.ConclusionsOur findings revealed five social relationship subdomains which were negatively related to incident dementia, suggesting that dementia may potentially be prevented by enhancing these social relationships. Future studies should examine independent pathways between each social relationship domain and incident dementia.

Enhancing Social Opportunities and Relationships of Children who are Deaf-Blind

1995 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 280-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.H. Mar ◽  
N. Sall
Keyword(s):  
Social Integration ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Intervention Programs ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Opportunities

This article reports on a study of intervention programs to increase the social integration of three children with deaf-blindness, aged 7–10. Although the number of socially integrated activities increased for each child, the children continued to have few consistent friends and acquaintances. The implications of these results for enhancing long-term social relationships of children with deaf-blindness are discussed.

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