scholarly journals Genetic variation in social influence on mate preferences

2013 ◽  
Vol 280 (1763) ◽  
pp. 20130803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darren Rebar ◽  
Rafael L. Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Social Influence ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Mate Preferences ◽  
Social Effects ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Full Sibling ◽  
The Social

Patterns of phenotypic variation arise in part from plasticity owing to social interactions, and these patterns contribute, in turn, to the form of selection that shapes the variation we observe in natural populations. This proximate–ultimate dynamic brings genetic variation in social environments to the forefront of evolutionary theory. However, the extent of this variation remains largely unknown. Here, we use a member of the Enchenopa binotata species complex of treehoppers (Hemiptera: Membracidae) to assess how mate preferences are influenced by genetic variation in the social environment. We used full-sibling split-families as ‘treatment’ social environments, and reared focal females alongside each treatment family, describing the mate preferences of the focal females. With this method, we detected substantial genetic variation in social influence on mate preferences. The mate preferences of focal females varied according to the treatment families along with which they grew up. We discuss the evolutionary implications of the presence of such genetic variation in social influence on mate preferences, including potential contributions to the maintenance of genetic variation, the promotion of divergence, and the adaptive evolution of social effects on fitness-related traits.

scholarly journals How predation shapes the social interaction rules of shoaling fish

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1861) ◽  
pp. 20171126 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Herbert-Read ◽  
Emil Rosén ◽  
Alex Szorkovszky ◽  
Christos C. Ioannou ◽  
Björn Rogell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Poecilia Reticulata ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Critical Distance ◽  
The Social ◽  
Acceleration And Deceleration ◽  
Natural Predation ◽  
High Predation ◽  
Moving Groups

Predation is thought to shape the macroscopic properties of animal groups, making moving groups more cohesive and coordinated. Precisely how predation has shaped individuals' fine-scale social interactions in natural populations, however, is unknown. Using high-resolution tracking data of shoaling fish ( Poecilia reticulata ) from populations differing in natural predation pressure, we show how predation adapts individuals' social interaction rules. Fish originating from high predation environments formed larger, more cohesive, but not more polarized groups than fish from low predation environments. Using a new approach to detect the discrete points in time when individuals decide to update their movements based on the available social cues, we determine how these collective properties emerge from individuals' microscopic social interactions. We first confirm predictions that predation shapes the attraction–repulsion dynamic of these fish, reducing the critical distance at which neighbours move apart, or come back together. While we find strong evidence that fish align with their near neighbours, we do not find that predation shapes the strength or likelihood of these alignment tendencies. We also find that predation sharpens individuals' acceleration and deceleration responses, implying key perceptual and energetic differences associated with how individuals move in different predation regimes. Our results reveal how predation can shape the social interactions of individuals in groups, ultimately driving differences in groups' collective behaviour.

scholarly journals Fluctuations in neighbourhood fertility generate variable signalling effort

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1796) ◽  
pp. 20141974 ◽  
Author(s):  
Conor C. Taff ◽  
Gail L. Patricelli ◽  
Corey R. Freeman-Gallant
Keyword(s):  
Natural Populations ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Common Yellowthroat ◽  
Geothlypis Trichas ◽  
The Social ◽  
Sexual Signalling ◽  
Song Production ◽  
Signal Production ◽  
Breeding Seasons

Studies of sexual signalling generally focus on interactions between dyadic pairs, yet communication in natural populations often occurs in the context of complex social networks. The ability to survey social environments and adjust signal production appropriately should be a critical component of success in these systems, but has rarely been documented empirically. Here, we used autonomous recording devices to identify 118 472 songs produced by 26 male common yellowthroats ( Geothlypis trichas ) over two breeding seasons, coupled with detailed surveys of social conditions on each territory. We found strong evidence that common yellowthroat males adjusted their total song production in response to both changes in within-pair social context and changes in the fertility of neighbouring females up to 400 m away. Within the social pair, males drastically reduced their song production when mated, but the magnitude of this reduction depended on both the time of day and on the fertility status of the social mate. By contrast, when fertile females were present on nearby territories, males increased their song output, especially during daytime singing. At this time, it is unclear whether males actively gathered information on neighbouring female fertility or whether the patterns that we observed were driven by changes in social interactions that varied with neighbourhood fertility. Regardless of the mechanism employed, however, subtle changes in the social environment generated substantial variation in signalling effort.

scholarly journals Unveiling Social Gratifications Sought and Obtained from Social Media Utilization

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 168
Author(s):  
Ridwan Adetunji Raji ◽  
Olawale Abdulgaffar Arikewuyo ◽  
Adeyemo Saheed Oladimeji Adeyemi ◽  
Muhammad Ramzan Pahore
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Social Influence ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Bridging Social Capital ◽  
The Social ◽  
Networking Tool ◽  
Bonding And Bridging ◽  
Social Gratification

<p class="Default"><em>Going by the proposition of the Uses and Gratifications Theory (UGT), people are motivated to use media by various psychological factors and for obtaining different forms of gratifications. However, as social media continue to play an essential role in shaping the sociability and bridging social connectivity and interactions among its users, therefore, this study seeks to incorporate social influence and social interactions as the social gratification sought in social media utilization, as well as both bonding and bridging social capital as social gratification obtained from social media utilization. An online survey was conducted among 400 users of Instagram </em><em>in Nigeria. </em><em>The data analyzed with PLS-SEM revealed that social influence and social interaction significantly motivate social media utilization. Also, social media utilization is significantly associated with bonding and bridging social capital. Impliedly, this study shows that social media is a social and networking tool which is stimulated by social factors and for achieving social purposes such as getting help, support and community engagements.</em></p>

scholarly journals THE ASSESSMENT OF THE SCOPE OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE IDEA OF MULTIFUNCTIONAL RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN LAND CONSOLIDATION PROJECTS IN POLAND

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Sobolewska-Mikulska ◽  
Małgorzata Stańczuk-Gałwiaczek
Keyword(s):  
Rural Development ◽  
Social Influence ◽  
Social Effects ◽  
Land Consolidation ◽  
Clear Explanation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Design Solutions

Land consolidation is considered as a tool for accomplishingthe goals of multifunctional rural development.However, the mechanisms of execution of the idea do not offera clear explanation. The aim of this paper is to assess thescope of implementation of the idea of multifunctional ruraldevelopment in land consolidation projects in Poland. Thispaper attempts to assess whether all elements of the conceptincluded in land consolidation procedures are dealt with ina sufficient manner. The analyses were based on the exampleof 15 selected land consolidation projects carried out indisparate regions of Poland. This paper presents the analysesof design solutions concerning three major aspects: the improvementof efficiency of farming, the preservation of theenvironment and the landscape, the social influence of landconsolidation. According to the results of the studies, for allanalyzed objects, satisfactory economic results were obtainedwhich indirectly influence the social effects. However, environmentaland landscape solutions were only partially considered.The studies have shown, that in Poland it seems necessaryto create appropriate organizational and administrativestructures in order to generate a tool for implementation of themultifunctional rural development idea within the process ofland consolidation.

scholarly journals What can we learn from COVID-19 data by using epidemic models with unidentified infectious cases?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
quentin Griette ◽  
Jacques Demongeot ◽  
pierre magal
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Social Effects ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Reproduction Numbers ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Early Beginning ◽  
Case Data

Background: The COVID-19 epidemic, which started in late December 2019 and rapidly spread throughout the world, was accompanied by an unprecedented release of reported case data. Our objective is to propose a fresh look at this data by coupling a phenomenological description to the epidemiological dynamics. Methods: We use a phenomenological model to describe and regularize the data. This model can be matched by a single mathematical model reproducing the epidemiological dynamics with a time-dependent transmission rate. We provide a method to compute this transmission rate and reconstruct the changes in the social interactions between people as well as changes in host-pathogen interactions. This method is applied to the cumulative case data of 8 different geographic areas. Findings: We reconstruct the transmission rate from the data, therefore we are in position to understand the contribution of the dynamical effects of social interactions (contacts between individuals) and the contribution of the dynamics of the epidemic. We deduce from the comparison of several instantaneous reproduction numbers that the social effects are the most important in the dynamic of COVID-19. We obtain an instantaneous reproduction number that stays below $3.5$ from early beginning of the epidemic. Conclusion: The instantaneous reproduction number staying below $3.5$ implies that it is sufficient to vaccinate $71\%$ of the population in each state or country considered in our study. Therefore assuming the vaccines will remain efficient against the new variants, and to be more confident it is sufficient to vaccinate $75-80\%$ to get rid of COVID-19 in each state or country. Funding: This research was funded by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche in France (Project name: MPCUII (PM) and (QG))

scholarly journals Social environment drives sex and age-specific variation in Drosophila melanogaster microbiome composition and predicted function

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Leech ◽  
Laurin McDowall ◽  
Kevin P Hopkins ◽  
Steven M Sait ◽  
Xavier A. Harrison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Social Contact ◽  
Social Effects ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Individual Health ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Partners ◽  
Host Health

AbstractSocial environments influence multiple traits of individuals including immunity, stress and ageing, often in sex-specific ways. The composition of the microbiome (the assemblage of symbiotic microorganisms within a host) is determined by environmental factors and the host’s immune, endocrine and neural systems. The social environment could alter host microbiomes extrinsically by affecting transmission between individuals, likely promoting homogeneity in the microbiome of social partners. Alternatively, intrinsic effects arising from interactions between the microbiome and host physiology (the microbiota-gut-brain axis) could translate social stress into dysbiotic microbiomes, with consequences for host health. We investigated how manipulating social environments during larval and adult life-stages altered the microbiome composition of Drosophila melanogaster fruit flies. We used social contexts that particularly alter the development and lifespan of males, predicting that any intrinsic social effects on the microbiome would therefore be sex-specific. The presence of adult males during the larval stage significantly altered the microbiome of pupae of both sexes. In adults, same-sex grouping increased bacterial diversity in both sexes. Importantly, the microbiome community structure of males was more sensitive to social contact at older ages, an effect partially mitigated by housing focal males with young rather than co-aged groups. Functional analyses suggest that these microbiome changes impact ageing and immune responses. This is consistent with the hypothesis that the substantial effects of the social environment on individual health are mediated through intrinsic effects on the microbiome, and provides a model for understanding the mechanistic basis of the microbiota-gut-brain axis.Significance statementThe social environment has pervasive, multifaceted effects on individual health and fitness. If a host’s microbiome is sensitive to the social environment then it could be an important mediator of social effects, as the reciprocal relationships between hosts and their microbiomes have substantial implications for host health. Using a Drosophila melanogaster fruit fly model we show that the fly microbiome is sensitive to the social environment in a sex, age and life-stage dependent manner. In particular, older adult male microbiome communities are altered by same-sex social contact, but this depends on the age of the social partners. These changes have functional effects on fly immunity and lifespan, evidence that indeed this is an influential mediator of social effects on health.

scholarly journals The carnival is not over: Cultural resistance in dementia care

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Capstick ◽  
John Chatwin
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Residential Care ◽  
Medical Discourse ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Cultural Resistance ◽  
Social Challenges ◽  
Social Actors ◽  
People With Dementia ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Face

Within the still-dominant medical discourse on dementia, disorders of language feature prominently among diagnostic criteria. In this view, changes in ability to produce or understand coherent speech are considered to be an inevitable result of neuropathology. Alternative psychosocial accounts of communicative challenges in dementia exists, but to date, little emphasis has been placed on people with dementia as social actors who create meaning and context from their social interactions. In this article we draw on Bakhtin’s concepts of the carnivalesque, heteroglossia, polyphony and dialogism to analyse a series of interactions involving people with dementia in day and residential care environments. We argue that many of the communicative challenges faced by people with dementia arise from the social environments in which they find themselves, and that the utterances of people with dementia in the face of these social challenges show many of the hallmarks of cultural resistance identified by Bakhtin.

scholarly journals Social interactions within the family enhance the capacity for evolutionary change

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
BJM Jarrett ◽  
M Schrader ◽  
D Rebar ◽  
TM Houslay ◽  
RM Kilner
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family ◽  
Selection Experiments ◽  
Nicrophorus Vespilloides ◽  
Classical Models ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Provision Of Care

AbstractClassical models of evolution seldom predict evolution in the wild. One explanation is that the social environment has important, yet overlooked, effects on how traits change in response to natural selection. We tested this idea with selection experiments on burying beetles (Nicrophorus vespilloides), sub-social insects that exhibit biparental care. Populations responded to selection for larger adults only when parents cared for their offspring, and responded to selection for smaller adults only when we prevented parents from providing care. Comparative analyses revealed a similar pattern: evolutionary increases in species size within the genus Nicrophorus are associated with the obligate provision of care. Synthesising our results with previous studies, we suggest that cooperative social environments enhance the response to selection whereas conflict can prevent further directional selection.

The carnival is not over

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-195
Author(s):  
Andrea Capstick ◽  
John Chatwin
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Residential Care ◽  
Medical Discourse ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Cultural Resistance ◽  
Social Challenges ◽  
Social Actors ◽  
People With Dementia ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Face

Within the still-dominant medical discourse on dementia, disorders of language feature prominently among diagnostic criteria. In this view, changes in ability to produce or understand coherent speech are considered to be an inevitable result of neuropathology. Alternative psychosocial accounts of communicative challenges in dementia exists, but to date, little emphasis has been placed on people with dementia as social actors who create meaning and context from their social interactions. In this article we draw on Bakhtin’s concepts of the carnivalesque, heteroglossia, polyphony and dialogism to analyse a series of interactions involving people with dementia in day and residential care environments. We argue that many of the communicative challenges faced by people with dementia arise from the social environments in which they find themselves, and that the utterances of people with dementia in the face of these social challenges show many of the hallmarks of cultural resistance identified by Bakhtin.

Neural Implementation of Bayesian mechanisms underlying the continous trade-off between cooperation and competition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Andrea Pisauro ◽  
Elsa Fouragnan ◽  
Desislava Arabadzhiyska ◽  
Matthew A J Apps ◽  
Marios G Philiastides
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Social Preferences ◽  
Computational Modelling ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Social Orientation ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Cooperation And Competition ◽  
The Social

Social interactions are not all or nothing. In some moments we are highly competitive, in others we are very cooperative, but sometimes we are somewhere in between and we constantly adjust our social orientation over time. Such a continuous spectrum of social approaches depends on both the actions favoured by the social environment and those of conspecifics. However, research examining strategic social interactions typically uses binary choices and therefore cannot consider how people shift their behaviour along a cooperation-competition continuum. Here, we use a novel economic game – the Space Dilemma – in which two players make a choice of a spatial location to indicate their degree of cooperativeness on each trial. Participants played the game across different social environments allowing us to compare their behaviour and neural responses in cooperative and competitive contexts. Using computational modelling and fMRI we show that social environments, social biases and inferences about others’ intentions shape people’s decisions about their degree of cooperativeness, in a manner consistent with a Bayesian learning model. We show that sub-regions of the brain previously linked to social cognition, including the Temporo-Parietal Junction (TPJ), dorso-medial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) and the anterior cingulate gyrus (ACCg), signalled features of the Bayesian model. This included context independent surprise signals in the TPJ, context dependent signals in ACCg and dmPFC when monitoring others’ changes in competitiveness, as well as signals guiding shifts along the cooperation-competition continuum in posterior dMPFC. These results highlight how the social environment, one’s own and others’ social preferences all contribute to guide the continuous trade-off between cooperation and competition.

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