Social interactions within the family enhance the capacity for evolutionary change

AbstractClassical models of evolution seldom predict evolution in the wild. One explanation is that the social environment has important, yet overlooked, effects on how traits change in response to natural selection. We tested this idea with selection experiments on burying beetles (Nicrophorus vespilloides), sub-social insects that exhibit biparental care. Populations responded to selection for larger adults only when parents cared for their offspring, and responded to selection for smaller adults only when we prevented parents from providing care. Comparative analyses revealed a similar pattern: evolutionary increases in species size within the genus Nicrophorus are associated with the obligate provision of care. Synthesising our results with previous studies, we suggest that cooperative social environments enhance the response to selection whereas conflict can prevent further directional selection.

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Cooperation and the evolution of intelligence

Proceedings of The Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rspb.2012.0206 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 279 (1740) ◽

pp. 3027-3034 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Luke McNally ◽

Sam P. Brown ◽

Andrew L. Jackson

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Social Interactions ◽

Cognitive Abilities ◽

Artificial Neural Network Model ◽

Social Intelligence ◽

Arms Race ◽

Selection Pressures ◽

Social Intelligence Hypothesis ◽

The Social ◽

Selection For

The high levels of intelligence seen in humans, other primates, certain cetaceans and birds remain a major puzzle for evolutionary biologists, anthropologists and psychologists. It has long been held that social interactions provide the selection pressures necessary for the evolution of advanced cognitive abilities (the ‘social intelligence hypothesis’), and in recent years decision-making in the context of cooperative social interactions has been conjectured to be of particular importance. Here we use an artificial neural network model to show that selection for efficient decision-making in cooperative dilemmas can give rise to selection pressures for greater cognitive abilities, and that intelligent strategies can themselves select for greater intelligence, leading to a Machiavellian arms race. Our results provide mechanistic support for the social intelligence hypothesis, highlight the potential importance of cooperative behaviour in the evolution of intelligence and may help us to explain the distribution of cooperation with intelligence across taxa.

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Stigma Masyarakat Terhadap Mantan Narapidana (Studi Kasus Kecamatan Ganra Kabupaten Soppeng)

Phinisi Integration Review ◽

10.26858/pir.v4i2.22102 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 332

Author(s):

Muthiah Rahmi ◽

Heri Tahir ◽

Abdul Rahman A. Sakka

Keyword(s):

Qualitative Research ◽

Social Interaction ◽

Social Interactions ◽

Social Stigma ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Disabled Persons ◽

Public Acceptance ◽

The Social ◽

The Family ◽

Data Validity

The study aims to discover: (i) the causes of community stigma on former convicts in Ganra subdistrict in Soppeng district, (ii) the social interaction of the community with former convicts in Ganra subdistrict in Soppeng district, and (ii) public acceptance of former convicts in Ganra subdistrict in Soppeng district. This research is a type of qualitative research by using purposive sampling technique as to obtain the informants. Ten informants were used in this study according to the needs of the researcher by determining the criteria of the informants. Data collection techniques employed observation, interview, and documentation to obtain concrete data relating to the problems of the research. The data validity technique in this study employed source triangulation technique. Based on the results of the study, it shows that there are three findings: (i) the occurrence of stigma by the community on former convicts there are two, namely the attitude of former convicts who tend to be closed and the existence of social stigma in society "that a person has committed a crime once, he will do it again”, (ii) the social interactions built between the community and former convicts are still well established, but a sense of vigilance remains because they have committed criminal acts, and (iii) the former convicts who leave the detention are not easy to return to and mingle in the community even though they are free. They are still considered as socially disabled persons. However, with the acceptance from the family and society, the former convicts can be embraced to become better persons.

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ISTERI SEBAGAI PENCARI NAFKAH UTAMA: Studi terhadap Perajin Kapuk di Desa Imogiri, Bantul, Yogyakarta

Al-Ahwal Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Islam ◽

10.14421/ahwal.2016.09104 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 47

Author(s):

Siti Djazimah ◽

Ihab Habudin

Keyword(s):

Social Interactions ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Economic Independence ◽

The Social ◽

The Family ◽

Wage Earners ◽

Positive Traits ◽

The Impact ◽

The Village

Islam has expressly regulate the division of tasks and roles between husbands and wives fairly. Although the husband is obliged to provide sustenance for his wife and children, but the family law of Islam does not forbid a wife from helping her husband in making a living with her husband's consent and does not interfere with her obligations as a housewife. There is a wife in a family of craftsmen in the village of Tegal Kembang, Imogiri, Yogyakarta, which acts as the main breadwinners for their families. This article examines the wives who work as the wage earners by using the concept of maqa> s} id ash-shari'ah < 'ah. The impact that emerges of the role of the kapok craftsmen woman is more on the impacts that are in positive traits and it is associated with the hajjiy and daruriy needs. The wife who has an income has the economic independence power that can even sustain the needs of the family. Social interactions that occur in kapok craftsmen community, make a strong emotional connection between kapok craftsmen. While the social interaction with the "outside world" (consumers) clearly provides insight of the Kapok Craftsmen. As for the negative impact of the mother's role of Kapok craftsman towards parenting does not seem significant.[Islam secara tegas telah mengatur tentang pembagian tugas dan peran antara suami dan istri secara adil. Walaupun suami berkewajiban memberi nafkah kepada isteri dan anak-anaknya, tetapi hukum keluarga islam tidak melarang istri membantu suaminya dalam mencari nafkah dengan persetujuan suaminya dan tidak mengganggu kewajibannya sebagai seorang ibu rumah tangga. Ada istri pada keluarga perajin kapuk di dusun Tegal Kembang, Imogiri, Bantul, Yogyakarta, yang berperan sebagai pencari nafkah utama bagi keluarganya. Tulisan ini mengkaji para isteri yang bekerja sebagai pencari nafkah dengan menggunakan konsep maqa>s}id asy-syari<‘ah. Dampak yang ditimbulkan dari peran yang dijalankan para ibu perajin kapuk adalah lebih pada dampak yang sifatnya positif dan hal ini terkait dengan kebutuhan yang sifatnya daruriy dan hajjiy. Para isteri yang mempunya penghasilan tersebut memiliki kemandirian dalam ekonomi bahkan dapat menopang kebutuhan keluarga. Interaksi sosial yang terjadi dalam komuitas perajin kapuk, menjadikan kuatnya hubungan emosional di antara perajin kapuk. Sementara interaksi sosial dengan “dunia luar” (konsumen) jelas memberikan wawasan perajin kapuk semakin bertambah. Adapun dampak negatif peran ibu sebagai perajin kapuk terhadap pengasuhan anak tidak nampak secara signifikan.]

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THE ORIENTATION SETTING OF BUILDINGS IN THE TRADITIONAL MALAY SETTLEMENT: A CASE STUDY OF KG SERI TANJUNG, SUNGAI UDANG, MELAKA

PLANNING MALAYSIA JOURNAL ◽

10.21837/pm.v18i12.752 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (12) ◽

Author(s):

Fatin Farhana N Murtaza ◽

Illyani Ibrahim ◽

Alias Abdullah

Keyword(s):

Social Interactions ◽

Urban Design ◽

Future Development ◽

State Structure ◽

Family Ties ◽

Geographical Factors ◽

Ground Survey ◽

The Social ◽

The Family

The orientation of buildings is one of the factors that define the characteristics and pattern of a settlement. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the orientation setting of the buildings in one of the gazetted traditional Malay settlements in Melaka, namely Kg Seri Tanjung, which has been listed as Heritage Village in Melaka State Structure Plan 2035. The objective of this research is to identify the orientation setting of the built-up areas and analyse the factors of the orientation of the built up. This research has used the drone technology to identify the orientation setting of each built up in the settlements, which is also supported by the ground survey to confirm the social interactions among the settlers. The findings indicate that the orientation of a building is influenced by the geographical factors and distribution of houses that depends on the family ties among the dwellers. It is identified that the geographical factors and relationship among the neighbours are highly related to the orientation of the buildings, which is also contributed by the factors of orientation of the buildings towards the natural environment, road, qiblat and its adjacent buildings. This analysis highlights and acknowledges some potential values in the traditional Malay settlement settings that can be used as a reference for the preservation of the characters of the future traditional settlement. The findings of this study are also a part of the urban design principles of the traditional Malay settlement that is important to preserve the identity of Malay in future development.

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Socio-symbolic ownership: extending the socio-emotional wealth perspective

Management Research The Journal of the Iberoamerican Academy of Management ◽

10.1108/mrjiam-06-2016-0676 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 244-257 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mattias Nordqvist

Keyword(s):

Social Interactions ◽

Family Firms ◽

Content Type ◽

Family Control ◽

The Social ◽

The Family ◽

Micro Level ◽

The Rich ◽

World Environment ◽

Micro Foundations

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to extend the socio-emotional wealth (SEW) perspective in general, and the contribution by Martin and Gomez-Mejia (this issue) in particular. The aim is also to address recent calls to incorporate more micro-level theorizing in the development of the SEW perspective and to embrace the rich, real-world environment in which this phenomenon takes place. Focus is particularly on the SEW dimension that is related to the ability to exercise family control over a business. Design/methodology/approach The approach is conceptual and introduces symbolic interactionism, a theory from micro-sociology and socio-psychology, to the SEW literature within the family business field. The paper draws on a previously published study by the author and relies on the centrality of the notion of socio-symbolic ownership in family firms. Findings The concepts of socio-symbolic ownership and the process of enacting ownership underline how family and non-family actors interpret and act upon specific guiding values and interests that constitute SEW at a micro level in each family firm. Socio-symbolic ownership and the guiding values and interests that the ownership is based on allow scholars to capture SEW differences among family firms, as the specific values and interests typically vary between family firms. Originality/value An approach is outlined that helps scholars to develop a more process-sensitive theory of SEW. Studying how and why actors engage in the social interactions, symbolic relations and interpretations that constitute the decision-making gives a better understanding of the important micro-foundations of SEW, and of the heterogeneity of family firms.

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Event ethics and their elasticity: weddings in Botswana and the exploration of the tacit extraordinary

Africa ◽

10.1017/s0001972017000067 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 87 (3) ◽

pp. 462-478

Author(s):

Rijk van Dijk

Keyword(s):

Social Interactions ◽

Social Life ◽

Special Events ◽

Everyday Ethics ◽

Local Practices ◽

The Social ◽

The Family ◽

The Everyday ◽

Opposite View ◽

The Individual

AbstractWhereas Michael Lambek situates the exploration of the significance of ‘ordinary ethics’ in the everyday as the study of ‘the ethical in the conjunction or movement between explicit local pronouncements and implicit local practices and circumstances’, this article takes the opposite view by drawing attention to special events that appear to engage – or provide space for – extraordinary ethics. Special events and their extraordinary ethics bring into relief the implicitness of the ordinary in everyday ethics. Weddings in Botswana are moments in the social life of the individual, the family and the community that produce such event ethics. On one level, the event ethics relate to the execution of these highly stylized weddings in terms of concerns about their performance and marital arrangements. On another level, the event ethics can have tacit dimensions that belong to the special nature of the occasion. This article argues not only that ‘ordinary ethics’ may be privileged through the study of what is tacit in social interactions, but that ‘event ethics’ also demonstrate the importance of the tacit.

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INTERAKSI SOSIAL WANITA PENGRAJIN BATIK TERHADAP KELUARGA DI DESA BAKARAN KABUPATEN PATI

IJTIMAIYA: Journal of Social Science Teaching ◽

10.21043/ji.v3i1.5582 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

Author(s):

ARGHOB KHOFYA HAQIQI

Keyword(s):

Social Interaction ◽

Women Workers ◽

Qualitative Methods ◽

Social Interactions ◽

Family Members ◽

Field Observations ◽

Social Contacts ◽

Household Chores ◽

The Social ◽

The Family

: Most of the workers of the home industry of Bakaran batik industry are housewives. Most of their husbands work as farmers or other jobs outside of agriculture. Most batik craft workers are more engaged by women because batik requires precision, tenacity and high perseverance. The problems that occur among women workers are that they are less able to divide their time aside from make batik every day, also have to complete household chores cook, sweep, care for the house and care for children, etc. The purpose of this study was to determine the social interactions between women batik craftsmen and their families. The method used is qualitative methods and result obtained by means of field observations, interviews, and literature studies. The results of this study are that social interaction between women batik craftsmen with their families is well and sometimes conflict occur. Women batik craftsmen hold social contacts and communicate well with family members. The form of interaction between batik craftsmen and families is an associative and dissociative interaction. Associative because there is cooperation and agreement with the family to achieve the goal. Dissociative because there is a dispute between women batik craftsmen and families that sometimes occur resulting in conflict.

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Genetic variation in social influence on mate preferences

Proceedings of The Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rspb.2013.0803 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 280 (1763) ◽

pp. 20130803 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Darren Rebar ◽

Rafael L. Rodríguez

Keyword(s):

Genetic Variation ◽

Social Influence ◽

Social Interactions ◽

Species Complex ◽

Natural Populations ◽

Mate Preferences ◽

Social Effects ◽

Social Environments ◽

Full Sibling ◽

The Social

Patterns of phenotypic variation arise in part from plasticity owing to social interactions, and these patterns contribute, in turn, to the form of selection that shapes the variation we observe in natural populations. This proximate–ultimate dynamic brings genetic variation in social environments to the forefront of evolutionary theory. However, the extent of this variation remains largely unknown. Here, we use a member of the Enchenopa binotata species complex of treehoppers (Hemiptera: Membracidae) to assess how mate preferences are influenced by genetic variation in the social environment. We used full-sibling split-families as ‘treatment’ social environments, and reared focal females alongside each treatment family, describing the mate preferences of the focal females. With this method, we detected substantial genetic variation in social influence on mate preferences. The mate preferences of focal females varied according to the treatment families along with which they grew up. We discuss the evolutionary implications of the presence of such genetic variation in social influence on mate preferences, including potential contributions to the maintenance of genetic variation, the promotion of divergence, and the adaptive evolution of social effects on fitness-related traits.

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The carnival is not over: Cultural resistance in dementia care

Pragmatics and Society ◽

10.1075/ps.7.2.01cha ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 169-195 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Andrea Capstick ◽

John Chatwin

Keyword(s):

Social Interactions ◽

Residential Care ◽

Medical Discourse ◽

Social Environments ◽

Cultural Resistance ◽

Social Challenges ◽

Social Actors ◽

People With Dementia ◽

The Social ◽

The Face

Within the still-dominant medical discourse on dementia, disorders of language feature prominently among diagnostic criteria. In this view, changes in ability to produce or understand coherent speech are considered to be an inevitable result of neuropathology. Alternative psychosocial accounts of communicative challenges in dementia exists, but to date, little emphasis has been placed on people with dementia as social actors who create meaning and context from their social interactions. In this article we draw on Bakhtin’s concepts of the carnivalesque, heteroglossia, polyphony and dialogism to analyse a series of interactions involving people with dementia in day and residential care environments. We argue that many of the communicative challenges faced by people with dementia arise from the social environments in which they find themselves, and that the utterances of people with dementia in the face of these social challenges show many of the hallmarks of cultural resistance identified by Bakhtin.

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