scholarly journals Male-like female morphs in hummingbirds: the evolution of a widespread sex-limited plumage polymorphism

2021 ◽  
Vol 288 (1945) ◽  
pp. 20203004
Author(s):  
Eleanor S. Diamant ◽  
Jay J. Falk ◽  
Dustin R. Rubenstein
Keyword(s):  
Social Dominance ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Indirect Selection ◽  
Direct Selection ◽  
Discrete Variation ◽  
Female Ornamentation ◽  
Plumage Polymorphism ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Migratory Status ◽  
And Function

Differences in the way males and females look or behave are common in animals. However, discrete variation within sexes (sex-limited polymorphism) also occurs in several vertebrate and invertebrate lineages. In birds, female-limited polymorphism (FLP) in which some females resemble males in coloration is most prominent in hummingbirds, a group known for its morphological and behavioural sexual dimorphism. Yet, it remains unclear whether this intrasexual colour variation in hummingbirds arises through direct selection on females, or indirectly as a non-adaptive byproduct resulting from selection on males. Here, we analysed specimens from more than 300 hummingbird species to determine the extent, evolutionary history and function of FLP. We found that FLP evolved independently in every major clade and occurs in nearly 25% of hummingbird species. Using phylogenetically informed analyses, we rejected non-adaptive hypotheses that FLP is the result of indirect selection or pleiotropy across species. Instead, FLP is associated with ecology, migratory status, and marginally with social dominance, suggesting a socioecological benefit to females. Ultimately, we show that FLP is not only widespread in hummingbirds and likely adaptive, but may also be useful for understanding the evolution of female ornamentation in systems under strong sexual selection.

scholarly journals Protogyny in Autumn Migration: Do Male Birds ”Play Chicken”?

The Auk ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander M. Mills
Keyword(s):  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Indirect Selection ◽  
Male Competition ◽  
Autumn Migration ◽  
Direct Selection ◽  
Differential Migration ◽  
The North ◽  
Parsimonious Explanation ◽  
Ground Conditions ◽  
Wintering Ground

AbstractProtandry, the earlier arrival of males than of females on breeding areas, occurs in many taxa, including many migratory birds. Numerous hypotheses have been generated to explain protandry. Using bird-banding records, I show that protogyny, the earlier migration of females, frequently occurs in the autumn, though it is less universal and less dramatic than spring protandry. In one species, it occurs in both hatch-year and adult birds. When (1) spring and autumn, (2) departures and arrivals, and (3) breeding and wintering ground conditions are considered, hypotheses generated only to explain spring protandry can be more thoroughly evaluated. Using that approach, the most parsimonious explanation of differential migration between the sexes explains earlier male arrival in spring and later male departure in autumn through either (1) indirect selection operating on intrasexual male competition for territories or (2) direct selection operating on intersexual relations requiring males to be present on breeding territories when females are present. In autumn-protogynous species, males may ”play chicken,” balancing the benefits of remaining longer than females and protecting territories for subsequent years against the costs of remaining in the north under deteriorating conditions and delaying the acquisition of a good winter territory.Protogynie et migration automnale: Est-ce que les mâles ”jouent les dégonflés”?

A Family of Genes Clustered at the Triplo-lethal Locus of Drosophila melanogaster Has an Unusual Evolutionary History and Significant Synteny With Anopheles gambiae

Genetics ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 165 (2) ◽  
pp. 613-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas R Dorer ◽  
Jamie A Rudnick ◽  
Etsuko N Moriyama ◽  
Alan C Christensen
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Codon Bias ◽  
Good Target ◽  
The Family ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
And Function ◽  
Gambiae Genome

Abstract Within the unique Triplo-lethal region (Tpl) of the Drosophila melanogaster genome we have found a cluster of 20 genes encoding a novel family of proteins. This family is also present in the Anopheles gambiae genome and displays remarkable synteny and sequence conservation with the Drosophila cluster. The family is also present in the sequenced genome of D. pseudoobscura, and homologs have been found in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and in four other insect orders, but it is not present in the sequenced genome of any noninsect species. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that the cluster evolved prior to the divergence of Drosophila and Anopheles (250 MYA) and has been highly conserved since. The ratio of synonymous to nonsynonymous substitutions and the high codon bias suggest that there has been selection on this family both for expression level and function. We hypothesize that this gene family is Tpl, name it the Osiris family, and consider possible functions. We also predict that this family of proteins, due to the unique dosage sensitivity and the lack of homologs in noninsect species, would be a good target for genetic engineering or novel insecticides.

scholarly journals P110 Sex differences in hand osteoarthritis symptoms and function

Rheumatology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 60 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brona Dinneen ◽  
David Heath ◽  
Mohammed Tauseef Ghaffar ◽  
Miriam O'Sullivan ◽  
Carmel Silke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Functional Assessment ◽  
Functional Ability ◽  
Fine Motor ◽  
Hand Osteoarthritis ◽  
Fine Motor Skills ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Function

Abstract Background/Aims  There is currently no consensus regarding sex-related differences in pain intensity and functional abilities among patients with hand osteoarthritis (OA). In this study we determine sex-related differences in pain intensity and functional ability among patients with hand OA, as assessed by a self-report questionnaire and by performance-based tests. Methods  Using the AUSCAN tool for symptom and functional assessment of hand OA with dynamometry we prospectively accessed patients meeting the ACR criteria for hand osteoarthritis. Using this analysis, assessments of pain and function were compared in male and female patients. The outcome measures included self-reported pain measures, functional assessment and dynamometry measures. Results  The study population included 106 patients (90 females and 16 males) with a mean age of males 48.44 (7.48) and females 52.67 (9.43). All patients with symptomatic hand osteoarthritis meeting ACR Criteria. When accessing difference between sexes, men were found to be significantly heavier (p = 0.003) and have greater grip and pinch strength.As part of function and pain assessments there was a significant correlation between difficulty with fine motor skills such as difficulty doing buttons, difficulty when doing jewellery, or peeling vegetables associated with pain when turning objects e.g. doorknobs, taps and faucets for men in comparison to women. Difficulty in these fine motor skills also correlated with stiffness on wakening and pain on lifting heavy objects regardless of sex. A Mann-Whitney U test was run on 106 participants to determine if there were differences in pain or functional scores between males and females. This reviled Median score for males () and females () was statistically significantly different,There were sex differences noted in the correlation associated with pain with rotational movements e.g. turning objects and functional difficulty with fine motor movements including difficulty when doing up buttons ( Males r(14) = -0.109, p = 0.698, Females r(88) =0.489, p = <0.01 value.= ), difficulty when doing jewellery ( Males r(14) =-0.265, p = 0.339.= Females r(88) = 0.570, p = <0.01) , difficulty peeling vegetables ( Males r(14) = -0.207, p = 0.458 Females r(88) = 0.519, <0.01 ) Conclusion  The results demonstrate the presence of sex differences in patients suffering from hand osteoarthritis self-reported functional ability and pain scales. These differences indicate the need for further studies to explore the mechanisms of hand OA and to understanding the specific impact of gender on the development and progression of disease. With further understanding we can obtain the proper strategy to provide better individualised treatment. It also highlights that rehabilitation programs should consider these differences and each patients’ performance limitations in order to address the specific needs of each individual patient. In doing so, improved pain and functional status will improve morbidity in hand OA Disclosure  B. Dinneen: None. D. Heath: None. M. Ghaffar: None. M. O'Sullivan: None. C. Silke: None. B. Whelan: None.

Aggression, and the Acquisition and Function of Social Dominance in Female Anolis Carolinensis

Behaviour ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 133 (15-16) ◽  
pp. 1265-1279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cliff H. Summers ◽  
Thomas J. Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Site Selection ◽  
Social Dominance ◽  
Anolis Carolinensis ◽  
Resource Acquisition ◽  
Male Courtship ◽  
Body Color ◽  
Courtship Display ◽  
And Function

AbstractFemale green anoles, Anolis carolinensis, were paired in terraria to investigate behavioral components of social interaction. Resources (perching sites, prey, and males as potential mates) were limited to assess their importance to cohabiting females. During interaction, paired females exhibited aggressive social behavior which contributed to the development of dominant-subordinate relationships. Dominant status and its relationship to differential resource acquisition was defined primarily by frequency of displacement of another female. Along with displacement, dominant females also had increased frequency of assertion displays, challenge displays, attacks and biting (Figs 1 & 2). Subordinate females were displaced more often and assumed submissive postures. No differences were found between dominant and subordinate females for perch site selection, body color or in prey capturing latency or success (Figs 3 & 4). Perch site elevation was not different between dominant and subordinate females, but was significantly lower than males. The color of paired females was not different unless males were present, in which case dominant females were darker. Paired females also respond differently to courtship display (Fig. 5). Dominant females responded with displays significantly more often than subordinate females to male courtship, indicating receptivity. The role of dominant-subordinate relationships among female A. carolinensis may include courtship and reproductive success as an important component, with consequences for the outcome of aggressive and reproductive social interactions with males.

scholarly journals The limits of sexual conflict in the narrow sense: new insights from waterfowl biology

2012 ◽  
Vol 367 (1600) ◽  
pp. 2324-2338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia L. R. Brennan ◽  
Richard O. Prum
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Conflict ◽  
Female Preference ◽  
Indirect Selection ◽  
Direct Selection ◽  
Sensory Bias ◽  
Indirect Benefits ◽  
Female Preferences ◽  
Male Display ◽  
Male Displays ◽  
Coercive Mating

Sexual conflict occurs when the evolutionary interests of the sexes differ and it broadly applies to decisions over mating, fertilization and parental investment. Recently, a narrower view of sexual conflict has emerged in which direct selection on females to avoid male-imposed costs during mating is considered the distinguishing feature of conflict, while indirect selection is considered negligible. In this view, intersexual selection via sensory bias is seen as the most relevant mechanism by which male traits that harm females evolve, with antagonistic coevolution between female preferences and male manipulation following. Under this narrower framework, female preference and resistance have been synonymized because both result in a mating bias, and similarly male display and coercion are not distinguished. Our recent work on genital evolution in waterfowl has highlighted problems with this approach. In waterfowl, preference and resistance are distinct components of female phenotype, and display and coercion are independent male strategies. Female preference for male displays result in mate choice, while forced copulations by unpreferred males result in resistance to prevent these males from achieving matings and fertilizations. Genital elaborations in female waterfowl appear to function in reinforcing female preference to maintain the indirect benefits of choice rather than to reduce the direct costs of coercive mating. We propose a return to a broader view of conflict where indirect selection and intrasexual selection are considered important in the evolution of conflict.

scholarly journals Early generation selection strategy for yield and yield components in white oat

2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 357-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovani Benin ◽  
Fernando Irajá Félix de Carvalho ◽  
Antônio Costa de Oliveira ◽  
Claudir Lorencetti ◽  
Igor Pires Valério ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Indirect Selection ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Direct Selection ◽  
Selection Strategy ◽  
Breeding Method ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Selection For

Several studies have searched for higher efficiency on plant selection in generations bearing high frequency of heterozygotes. This work aims to compare the response of direct selection for grain yield, indirect selection through average grain weight and combined selection for higher yield potential and average grain weight of oat plants (Avena sativa L.), using the honeycomb breeding method. These strategies were applied in the growing seasons of 2001 and 2002 in F3 and F4 populations, respectively, in the crosses UPF 18 CTC 5, OR 2 <FONT FACE=Symbol>´</FONT> UPF 7 and OR 2 <FONT FACE=Symbol>´</FONT> UPF 18. The ten best genetic combinations obtained for each cross and selection strategy were evaluated in greenhouse yield trials. Selection of plants with higher yield and average grain weight might be performed on early generations with high levels of heterozygosis. The direct selection for grain yield and indirect selection for average grain weight enabled to increase the average of characters under selection. However, genotypes obtained through direct selection presented lower average grain weight and those obtained through the indirect selection presented lower yield potential. Selection strategies must be run simultaneously to combine in only one genotype high yield potential and large grain weight, enabling maximum genetic gain for both characters.

Selection on ram 18-month weight to improve lamb growth rate

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-164
Author(s):  
D. Croston ◽  
J. L. Read ◽  
D. W. Jones ◽  
D. E. Steane ◽  
C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Indirect Selection ◽  
Direct Selection ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Lamb Growth

ABSTRACTThirteen pairs of Suffolk rams were selected on high and low 18-month adjusted live weight from six farms over 2 years, to establish the relationship between 18-month weight and early lamb growth. Progeny were first produced in recorded crossbred flocks (618 lambs) and then in an experimental flock of crossbred ewes (1083 lambs). Different results were obtained from the recorded and experimental flocks. The regressions of lamb 12- to 13-week weight on ram 18-month weight (within farm deviation) were 0·053 ± 0·022 kg and –0·004 ± 0·020 kg, respectively. These regressions for indirect selection correspond to ‘effective’ heritabilities for direct selection for lamb growth of 0·18 ± 0·07 and 0·02 ± 0·06 respectively. Improvement of early Iamb growth is discussed and it is concluded that selection for 18-month weight is unlikely to be a useful method.

scholarly journals Selection strategies in agronomic characters in progenies F3:4 of transgenic soy RR

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Regina Tiago Carneiro ◽  
Osvaldo Toshiyuki Hamawaki ◽  
Ana Paula Oliveira Nogueira ◽  
Arthur Felipe Eustáquio e Silva ◽  
Raphael Lemes Hamawaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Indirect Selection ◽  
Direct Selection ◽  
Selection Strategies ◽  
Aggregate Information ◽  
Genetic Potential ◽  
Superior Genotypes ◽  
Selection Indexes ◽  
Total Gain ◽  
Selection Of

ABSTRACT The selection indexes aggregate information to multiple characters and, with this, they are able to carry out the selection of a set of variables simultaneously. The objective was to verify the genetic potential of agronomic traits and to select soybean F3:4 progenies based on different selection strategies. 123 progenies and the parents were sown in randomized blocks with two replications. The gains of direct selection by the indexes, the sum of “ranks” and the genotype-ideotype were lower for all characters when compared to the gains of direct and indirect selection. The rank sum index stood out for achieving the highest total gain with 37.11%. The index of the genotype-ideotype obtained a lower gain (-0.48%) for the character number of days for flowering compared to the sum index of “ranks” (-0.54%) and reached a negative gain for the attribute insertion height of the first pod with -1.82%. The genetic potential of the F3:4 population is high and allows different selection strategies to be applied to reach superior genotypes. The progenies UFU 72, UFU 116, UFU 86, UFU 45, UFU 117, UFU 56, UFU 5, UFU 106, UFU 6, UFU 4, UFU 73, UFU 101, UFU 96, UFU 90, UFU 123, UFU 116, UFU 88, UFU 65, UFU 70, UFU 3, UFU 69 and UFU 37 were selected by both selection indexes. The UFU 72, UFU 90, UFU 88 and UFU 69 progenies are agronomically superior both in direct and indirect selection, as in Mulamba and Mock (1978) sum of “ranks” selections and genotype-ideotype.

scholarly journals Form and Function Predict Acoustic Transmission Properties of the Songs of Male and Female Canyon Wrens

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauryn Benedict ◽  
Braelei Hardt ◽  
Lorraine Dargis
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transmission ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male Song ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Transmission Properties ◽  
Use Context ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Song Transmission ◽  
Typical Habitat ◽  
And Function

To function effectively, animal signals must transmit through the environment to receivers, and signal transmission properties depend on signal form. Here we investigated how the transmission of multiple parts of a well-studied signal, bird song, varies between males and females of one species. We hypothesized that male and female songs would have different transmission properties, reflecting known differences in song form and function. We further hypothesized that two parts of male song used differentially in broadcast singing and aggressive contests would transmit differently. Analyses included male and female songs from 20 pairs of canyon wrens (Catherpes mexicanus) played and re-recorded in species-typical habitat. We found that male song cascades used in broadcast singing propagated farther than female songs, with higher signal-to-noise ratios at distance. In contrast, we demonstrated relatively restricted propagation of the two vocalization types typically used in short-distance aggressive signaling, female songs and male “cheet” notes. Of the three tested signals, male “cheet” notes had the shortest modeled propagation distances. Male and female signals blurred similarly, with variable patterns of excess attenuation. Both male song parts showed more consistent transmission across the duration of the signal than did female songs. Song transmission, thus, varied by sex and reflected signal form and use context. Results support the idea that males and females of the same species can show distinctly different signal evolution trajectories. Sexual and social selection pressures can shape sex-specific signal transmission, even when males and females are communicating in shared physical environments.

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