scholarly journals I. On the period of hemispherical excess of sun-spots, and the 26-day period of terrestrial magnetism

1874 ◽  
Vol 22 (148-155) ◽  
pp. 42-44
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Force ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Spot Area ◽  
Magnetic Action ◽  
Magnetic Period ◽  
Sun Spots ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Northern And Southern Hemispheres

It appears from the interesting communication to the Royal Society, June 19th, by Messrs. De La Rue, Stewart, and Loewy, that the difference of the area of spots on the visible northern and southern quarter-spheres of the sun seems, during periods of considerable solar disturbance, to obey a law such that the difference is a maximum in the same quarter-sphere during several successive rotations of the sun, the difference being a maximum alternately in the northern and southern hemispheres—the time from maximum to maximum, for the same hemisphere, being variable between 18 and 32 days, but having a mean value of about 25-2 days. It occurs at once that if the variations of the mean terrestrial magnetic force are connected in any way with the solar spots, or the causes which produce them, we might here find some explanation of the magnetic period of 26 days, the difference of spot-area in one hemisphere from that in the other being related to a difference of the solar magnetic action.

3. On the Decennial Period in the Mean Amplitude of the Diurnal Oscillation and Disturbance of the Magnetic Needle and of the Sun-spot Area

1878 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 155-158
Author(s):  
J. A. Broun
Keyword(s):  
Mean Amplitude ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Diurnal Oscillation ◽  
Spot Area ◽  
Sun Spots ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Magnetic Needle

The author, in presenting results relating to the decennial period derived from observations made at Trevandrum during twenty-two years, has sought a redetermination of the mean duration of that period, as shown by preceding magnetical observations connected with his own. The relation of the frequency and area of sun-spots to the amplitude of the diurnal movements of the magnetic needle gives an increased value to this investigation.

scholarly journals The difference between the magnetic diurnal variations on ordinary and quiet days at Kew Observatory

1915 ◽  
Vol 91 (630) ◽  
pp. 370-381
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Force ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Magnetic Elements ◽  
New Material ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Government ◽  
Government Grant ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Large Disturbance

§1. While investigating the nature of the diurnal inequality of the magnetic elements at Kew Observatory, I have discovered a somewhat remarkable relationship between the inequalities derived respectively from quiet days and from ordinary days ( i. e. all days expert those of large disturbance). The period whose records were employed consisted of the 11 years 1890 to 1900. During that period five days were selected for each month by the Astronomer Royal as typical of quiet conditions. An analysis of the diurnal inequalities at Kew on these days was given in an earlier paper. Use is also made of the diurnal inequalities derived from 209 disturbed days, being the days of principal disturbance from 1890 to 1900. The new material employed consists of diurnal inequalities based on all the days of the 11 years, excluding the 209 highly disturbed days but including the quiet days. The cost of measuring the curves was defrayed by a grand from the Government Grant Committee. The diurnal variation in the horizontal components of magnetic force is often advantageously studied by considering the vector which represents the force to whose action the departure from the mean value for the day may be ascribed.

scholarly journals IV. On the variations of the mean diurnal inequality of the horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic force at Bombay, and their relations to the sun-spot period

1884 ◽  
Vol 37 (232-234) ◽  
pp. 392-393
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Force ◽  
Diurnal Variations ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Solar Heat ◽  
Usual Manner ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Sun Spots ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Usual Rule ◽  
Periodical Variation

The investigation with which this paper deals was suggested by a remark made by Dr. Balfour Stewart, in “Nature,” vol. xxiii, p. 238, to the effect that well selected magnetic observations might ulti­mately be found to indicate variations of solar heat more quickly and with greater certainty than any other kinds of indirect observations. The observations selected are those of the variations of the horizontal magnetic force, recorded at the Colaba Observatory, Bombay, between the years 1846 and 1880, comprising about 265,000 hourly observations. The mean diurnal variations for each month, calculated from all the observations, without any exclusion of disturbances, were extracted from the records of the Observatory ; but instead of adopt­ing, in the usual manner, the extreme range of these variations as the subject for further treatment, the mean of all the twenty-four hourly deviations, regardless of signs, was adopted; the objects aimed at in departing from the usual rule being to give due weight to all the observations, and to eliminate, as far as possible, the effects of rapidly fluctuating disturbances, without rejecting any of the observations. The monthly number obtained in the manner above described may be called the mean diurnal inequality for the month. The series of such monthly numbers should, after elimination of the annual varia­tion, exhibit all those variations of the magnitude of the diurnal varia­tion of the earth’s magnetic force which may possibly depend on absolute variations of solar heat. Indications may therefore be thus obtained of all real variations of solar energy whose periods lie between one month and thirty-three years, if such there be. Several magnetic variations are shown to exist, and these are compared with the varia­tions of the sun-spots. The following is a brief summary of the principal results of the investigation:— 1. The mean diurnal inequality of horizontal force at Bombay is subject to a periodical variation, whose duration is almost exactly eleven years.

Seasonal trends in the stable isotopic composition of snow and meltwater runoff in a subarctic catchment at Okstindan, Norway

2004 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.D. Gurney ◽  
D.S.L. Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Isotopic Composition ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Stable Isotopic Composition ◽  
Meltwater Runoff ◽  
Stable Isotopic ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Δ18o And Δd

Seasonal variations in the stable isotopic composition of snow and meltwater were investigated in a sub-arctic, mountainous, but non-glacial, catchment at Okstindan in northern Norway based on analyses of δ18O and δD. Samples were collected during four field periods (August 1998; April 1999; June 1999 and August 1999) at three sites lying on an altitudinal transect (740–970 m a.s.l.). Snowpack data display an increase in the mean values of δ18O (increasing from a mean value of −13.51 to −11.49‰ between April and August), as well as a decrease in variability through the melt period. Comparison with a regional meteoric water line indicates that the slope of the δ18O–δD line for the snowpacks decreases over the same period, dropping from 7.49 to approximately 6.2.This change points to the role of evaporation in snowpack ablation and is confirmed by the vertical profile of deuterium excess. Snowpack seepage data, although limited, also suggest reduced values of δD, as might be associated with local evaporation during meltwater generation. In general, meltwaters were depleted in δ18O relative to the source snowpack at the peak of the melt (June), but later in the year (August) the difference between the two was not statistically significant. The diurnal pattern of isotopic composition indicates that the most depleted meltwaters coincide with the peak in temperature and, hence, meltwater production.

scholarly journals Lateral Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve as a Donor Source for Digital Nerve Grafting: A Concept Revisited

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1041-1048 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Bekir Unal ◽  
Kemal Gokkus ◽  
Evrim Sirin ◽  
Eren Cansü
Keyword(s):  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Cutaneous Nerve ◽  
Digital Nerve ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Nerve Grafts ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mean Time

Objective: The main objective of this study is to evaluate the availability of lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve (LACN) autograft for acute or delayed repair of segmented digital nerve injuries. Patients and Methods: 13 digital nerve defects of 11 patients; treated with interposition of LACN graft that harvested from ipsilateral extremity were included in the study. Mean follow up period was 35, 7 months. The mean time from injury to grafting is 53, 3 days. The results of the mean 2PDT and SWMT values of injured /uninjured finger at the end of follow up period were evaluated with Paired T test. The correlation between the defect length and the difference of 2PDT, SWMT values between the uninjured and injured finger at the end of follow up period; were evaluated with Pearson - correlation analysis. Results: The mean value of our 2PDT and SWMT results are ~5,923, ~3, 52, respectively in which can be interpreted between the normal and diminished light touch. The defect length and difference percentage of SWMT values is positively and significantly correlated statistically. Mean length of interposed nerve grafts was 18.5 mm. The age of the patient and the mean values of 2PDT and SWMT with the difference % of 2PDT and % of SWMT are not statistically correlated. Conclusion: Based on results regarding sensory regaining at recipient side and negligible sensory deficit at harvesting side, we suggest that lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve might be a valuable graft option for digital nerve defects.

scholarly journals XXXIV. Observations on the transit of Ve­nus, June the 6th, 1761, made in Spital-Square; the longitude of which is 4' 11" west of the Royal Observatory at Green­wich, and the latitude 51° 31' 15" north

1761 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 182-183
Keyword(s):  
The Sun ◽  
Royal Observatory ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Made In

Having measured the diameter of Venus, on the sun, three times, with the object-glass micrometer, the mean was found to be 58 seconds; and but 6/10 of a second, the difference of the extremes.

scholarly journals True and Pseudo Cholinesterase levels in short and long-term of pesticides exposures

2020 ◽  
pp. 9-12
Author(s):  
Mohammed Abdul Rahman ◽  
Raghunatha Rao D ◽  
Vasantha L
Keyword(s):  
Whole Blood ◽  
Acute Poisoning ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Serum Cholinesterase ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Chronic Poisoning ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Control

The present study is aimed to study and analyze the true and pseudo Cholinesterase levels in the subjects exposed to pesticides during short term by intentional or accidental intake and long term exposure due to their occupation were studied at Department of Biochemistry, SVS medical college and hospital mahbubnagar district. Whole blood cholinesterase levels and Pseudo cholinesterase levels were estimated. 150 people were taken as controls who had no medical illness and a total number of 300 cases of pesticide poisoning were selected, aged between 20 to 55 years, which consist of 150 acute poisoning and 150 chronic poisoning subjects in Mahbubnagar district, were taken as case study, the detailed case history and the type of organophosphorus pesticide taken were recorded. Mean and standard deviation (S.D) of all variables were calculated and compared with those of controls. Statistical significance was assessed and P-value <0.05 were considered significant.           During acute poisoning the mean value of Whole blood cholinesterase/True cholinesterase (U / L) in acute poisoning cases on first day was 1.267± 0.612 on 3th day was 1.651±0.647, on 7th day was 2.221±0.684 and at the end of 6 months was 3.970±0.404.The difference between the study group and control group (4.0 ± 0.39) was found to be statistically significant in1st, 3rd, 7th day but not significant at the end of 6 months. The mean value of serum cholinesterase/pseudo cholinesterase (U/L) in acute poisoning cases on first day was 2213.05 ± 1749.81, on 3th day was 2862.3 ± 2025.6, on 7th day was 4008.4 ± 2355.9 and at the end of 6 months was 7708.34 ± 880.72.The difference between the study group and control group (7991.97 ± 1276.5) was found to be statistically significant in1st, 3rd, 7th day but not significant at the end of 6 months. During chronic poisoning (exposure) the mean value of Whole blood cholinesterase (U/L) in controls is 4.0 ± 0.39 as compared to 3.019 ± 0.848 in cases of chronic poisoning. The difference between the study group and control group was found to be statistically significant. The mean value of serum cholinesterase/pseudo cholinesterase (U/L) in controls was 7991.97 ± 1276.5 as compared to 6214 ± 1189 in cases of chronic poisoning. The difference between the study group and control group was found to be statistically significant.

On an inequality of long period in the motions of the Earth and Venus

1837 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 77-78
Keyword(s):  
Principal Term ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Method Of Calculation ◽  
The Third ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Mean Motion ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

The author had pointed out, in a paper published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1828, on the corrections of the elements of Delambre’s Solar Tables, that the comparison of the corrections of the epochs of the sun and the sun’s perigee, given by the late observations, with the corrections given by the observations of the last century, appears to indicate the existence of some inequality not included in the arguments of those tables. As it was necessary, therefore, to seek for some inequality of long period, he commenced an examination of the mean motions of the planets, with the view of discovering one whose ratio to the mean motion of the earth could be expressed very nearly by a proportion of which the terms are small. The appearances of Venus are found to recur in very nearly the same order every eight years; some multiple, therefore, of the periodic time of Venus is nearly equal to eight years. It is easily seen that this multiple must be thirteen; and consequently eight times the mean motion of Venus is nearly equal to thirteen times the mean motion of the earth. The difference is about one 240th of the mean annual motion of the earth; and it implies the existence of an inequality of which the period is about 240 years. No term has yet been calculated whose period is so long with respect to the periodic time of the planets disturbed. The value of the principal term, calculated from the theory, was given by the author in a postscript to the paper above referred to. In the present memoir he gives an account of the method of calculation, and includes also other terms which are necessarily connected with the principal inequality. The first part treats of the perturbation of the earth’s longitude and radius victor; the second of the perturbation of the earth in latitude; and the third of the perturbations of Venus depending upon the same arguments.

scholarly journals Effects of Solar Invasion on Earth Observation Sensors at a Moon-Based Platform

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 2775
Author(s):  
Hanlin Ye ◽  
Wei Zheng ◽  
Huadong Guo ◽  
Guang Liu ◽  
Jinsong Ping
Keyword(s):  
Mean Value ◽  
Earth Observation ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Entrance Pupil ◽  
Evaluation Approach ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Potential Damage ◽  
Geometrical Relationship ◽  
Key Parameter

The solar invasion to an Earth observation sensor will cause potential damage to the sensor and reduce the accuracy of the measurements. This paper investigates the effects of solar invasion on the Moon-based Earth observation sensors. Different from the space-borne platform, a Moon-based sensor can be equipped anywhere on the near-side of the Moon, and this makes it possible to reduce solar invasion effects by selecting suitable regions to equip sensors. In this paper, methods for calculating the duration of the Sun entering of the sensor’s field of view (FOV) and the solar invasion radiation at the entrance pupil of the sensor are proposed. By deducing the expressions of the proposed geometrical relationship between the Sun, Earth, and Moon-based platform, it has been found that the key parameter to the effects of solar invasion is the angle between the Sun direction and the line-of-sight vector. Based on this parameter, both the duration and radiation can be calculated. In addition, an evaluation approach based on the mean value and standard deviation has been established to compare the variation of solar invasion radiation at different positions on the lunar surface. The results show that the duration is almost the same wherever the sensor is placed in the permanent Earth-observation region. Further, by comparing the variation of solar invasion radiation at different positions on the near-side of the Moon, we suggest that equipping sensors on the mid–high latitude regions within the permanent Earth-observation region will result in less solar invasion affects.

scholarly journals III. On the uneliminated instrumental error in the observations of magnetic dip

1869 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 427-429
Keyword(s):  
Mean Value ◽  
Usual Method ◽  
Centre Of Gravity ◽  
Single Reading ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
Number Of Passes ◽  
Source Of Error ◽  
Complete Observation

A single reading of one end of a dipping-needle placed in a dip-circle provided with microscopes for observing is liable to a variety of instrumental errors, which are eliminated by taking the mean of the sixteen readings of the two ends in the eight different positions included in a complete observation. Nevertheless it is found that with the best modern instruments a mean value results from these sixteen observations different for each different needle, and that the difference between the results obtained with two different needles is not the same at all times. The irregularities in the values of the dip observed at Bombay with two needles of excellent character made by Barrow of London, led the author to investigate the effect of a hypothetical irregularity in the shape of the axle of the needle, such that a section of the axle by a plane perpendicular to its axis would be elliptical instead of circular in form. Another source of error, which was brought to the notice of the Royal Society many years ago in a paper published in the Proceedings, is the displacement of the centre of gravity of the needle from the centre of the axle, combined with inequality in the magnetization of the needle when the poles are direct and reversed. Experience has led the author to the conclusion that the usual method of magnetization, by a definite number of passes of the same pair of bar-magnets, communicates magnetism to the needle very unequally when the one end of the needle is made north and when the other end is made north. Consequently it is advisable to investigate the effects of ellipticity of the axle and of displacement of the centre of gravity at the same time, which the author proceeds to do.

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