scholarly journals Mathematical contributions to the theory of evolution.―On homotyposis in homologous but differentiated organs

1903 ◽  
Vol 71 (467-476) ◽  
pp. 288-313 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Local Environment ◽  
Average Intensity ◽  
Animal Life ◽  
Environment Factors ◽  
Theory Of Evolution ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Vegetable Kingdom

(1.) In the paper on “Homotyposis in the Vegetable Kingdom,” I defined homotypes as "undifferentiated like organs.” In the course of that paper, I endeavoured to indicate that I was not unconscious of the influence of age, local environment, and position upon organism in modifying homotypic correlation. The object of my memoir, however, was to obtain some general appreciation of the average intensity of individuality in living forms, and to see if it approached the average value of fraternal heredity in plant or animal life. For this purpose I selected such material as was readily available, indicating the series where I thought differentiation of a sensible amount was present owing to the age, the situation, or the environment factors.

scholarly journals Cost-efficient factors in local public spending: Detecting relationships between local environments, population size and urban area category

2021 ◽  
pp. 239980832110038
Author(s):  
Hiroki Baba ◽  
Yasushi Asami
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Public Spending ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Environment Factors ◽  
Major Factors

This study examines regional differences in local environment factors to better understand the sustainability of local governments indexed by per capita public spending. Under the condition of heterogeneous population size, we examine how factor characteristics differ depending on the spatial context represented by the urban area category. By employing a Cobb–Douglas cost function with congestion effects on public service provision, the estimated factors enable us to articulate major factors and differences in cost-efficiency between urban area categories. We found that statistical significance and even the signatures of local environment factors differ depending on the urban employment area category. Regarding factors such as the ratios of employees in secondary and tertiary industries, these did not tend to be statistically significant in small-sized urban areas, while small-sized cities in large-sized urban areas were likely to gain confidence intervals. Moreover, we did not observe any statistical significance for the ratio of elderly people due to the balance of spending between national and local governments. These findings could contribute to sustainable management of cities in the advent of population decline.

EVOLUTION AND THE MODERN DEUS EX MACHINA

Think ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (30) ◽  
pp. 111-114
Author(s):  
Margaret Betz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Religious Leaders ◽  
Human Soul ◽  
Religion And Science ◽  
Animal Life ◽  
Theory Of Evolution ◽  
Republican Candidate ◽  
Lower Status

Evolution, the human soul, and the lower status of animals continue to stir debate not only in philosophy, religion and science, but in politics as well. In 2007 during a debate for the Republican candidate for United States President, three out of the ten candidates raised their hand when asked by the moderator, ‘Is there anyone on the stage who doesn't believe in evolution?’ The possibility of a lineage from animal life to distinctly human life offers the opportunity for a host of objections from some politicians, religious leaders and philosophers alike. Those who express an objection to the theory of evolution take issue with the idea that humanity is merely another link in the chain, albeit the last link. They share a desire to see human life as somehow unique, different, better.

scholarly journals Innovations in the establishment physiology technologies milking high-productive cows

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (74) ◽  
pp. 12-14
Author(s):  
A. P. Paliy
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Description ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Average Intensity ◽  
Bias Estimation ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Automatic Mode ◽  
Milk Cows ◽  
Milking Machine ◽  
Effective Use

As a result of continuous development and improvement of technology and technical devices passed a long way from mechanical milking machines, which traced the milk from the udder of a cow squeeze devices to stump mechanical operating in automatic mode, by continuous extraction by action of constant vacuum pressure to cyclical changes (two- and three-stroke milking machines). As a result of long development and differences of opinion offered by designers and authors of milking machines of today there are dozens of different types of milking means other than technological features, and by design. The design of milking machines, apparatus and technology should provide maximum stimulation conditional and unconditional reflexes of milk cows. Only under such physiological processes functioning animal can fully realize their genetic potential. For identifying promising innovative technologies and engineering solutions necessary to develop a method for evaluating their physiology that creates preconditions effective use of high producing dairy herds. Based on the overall performance efficiency of milking machines installed main indicators served as a basis to develop physiological way of milking technology assessment (Ukraine patent № 113769 on 10.02.2017). Physiological assessment of different technologies milking is carried out by comparing coefficients (К0), which includes the average value quantity latent period (t, s), the average intensity lactation (Q, d/s) and the average number of remaining milk (q, r). As a result of the definition К0 four milking machines installed, which is the least physiological milking machine № 3, since it has the smallest value К0 – 0.85. Most physiological was milking machine № 2 – К0 is 1,20. In addition, the milking machine № 1 was more than physiological than apparatus № 4 (1.04 > 0.98). Synthesis coefficients eliminates bias estimation parameters lactation, part К0, the value of which may differ little from each other, and provides a quantitative description physiological.

The Relative Superiority of Crossbred Using Friesian Holstein Hybrid Cement Bull to Local Ongole Hybrid Cattle

2020 ◽  
pp. 372-379
Author(s):  
La Ode Nafiu ◽  
Takdir Saili ◽  
Muhammad Amrullah Pagala
Keyword(s):  
Linear Model ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
General Linear Model ◽  
Relative Advantage ◽  
General Linear ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Average Value

The purpose of this study was to analyze the relative superiority of crossbred to local Ongole hybrid (PO) cattle. This research was carried out for 18 months in the Konawe Selatan, and Kolaka Timur Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province. The number of cows used was 48 cows, and the cement used was Friesian Holstein Hybrid (PFH) Cement and Ongole hybrid (PO) Cows from BBIB Lembang. Data were analyzed by the general linear model (General Liner Model) with the source of diversity was genotype and sex of calf. Based on the results of the study concluded that the crossbred calf has a relatively high relative advantage over local Ongole hybrid cattle with an average value of 7.76-11.28%. The crossing of Friesian Holstein Hybrid (PFH) cows with Ongole hybrid (PO) parents resulted in offspring with PFPO genotype with an average relative superiority value (for all parameters) of 11.28%, higher than the PFS genotype of 7.65% and PFL of 9.60%. The Result of this crossing increases meat production, and it is recommended to crossbreed PFH cows with PO mothers; however, they still consider their suitability to the local environment and the purity of local PO cows.

scholarly journals Development of information hazard awareness in primary school learners through due structuring of pedagogical activities

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-255
Author(s):  
Irina I. Kapalygina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Educational Process ◽  
T Test ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Average Intensity ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Student’S T ◽  
Independent Decision ◽  
And Control ◽  
Student’S T Test

Problem and purpose. The interaction of schoolchildren through virtual communication, with simultaneous transformation of social experience into individual, conditioned the need to explore the phenomenon associated with the exchange and dissemination of information. The purpose of the research is to reveal the typology of information hazard, to study the level of awareness of schoolchildren’s information hazard, to structure the pedagogical activities in a way to minimise the learners’ behavioural risk relative to own safety. Methods. The research covered the schoolchildren of the 1st to 4th years of study – experimental (221 pupils) and control (202 pupils) streams. The experimental activity comprised research of the schoolchildren’s level of awareness of information hazard, with subsequent distribution of the learners into groups of high, average, below-average and low awareness levels, following the obtained data. The algorithm of the educational experiment provided for pedagogical measurement at its first stage, without targeted intervention of pedagogues in the educational process, and subsequently at the second stage, after the introduction of the modular course "Fundamentals of information security for children", in the educational process. The comparison of the data obtained at the first and second stages was made using the Student’s t-test – the method of statistical data processing, as well as the method of descriptive statistics designed to determine the average intensity of the attribute. Results. The experiment showed positive changes in the learners’ awareness of information hazard after the systematic work with them – teaching the information handling methods and techniques. Significant differences were revealed in the experimental and control streams according to the Student’s t-test, with the following t ≥ tcrit parameters: “communicative hazard” (t = 8.595), “personal hazard” (t = 8.375), “psychological hazard” (t = 7.064), “behavioural hazard” (t = 2.442), “spiritual and moral hazard” (t = 8.028), “resistance hazard” (t = 3.975). The increment in the average value of the schoolchildren’s awareness of informational hazard in the experimental streams was: communicative (0.72), personal (0.48), behavioural (0.37), psychological (0.48), spiritual and moral (0,45), psychophysical (0.39), resistance-specific (0.41). Conclusion. The authorial content in identifying the typology of informational hazard relative to children has a practical significance in educational activities. The schoolchildren’s awareness of the need to choose secure information, their independent decision-making on limited time spent at the computer or with the phone will help to eliminate the negative information impact, to create safe information environment for children. The evidentiality of the experiment can serve as an argument for solving the problem of information dependence of the young generation and the influence of various information resources in the social media.

scholarly journals Mathematical contributions to the theory of evolution. IX.—On the principle of homotyposis and its relation to heredity, to the variability of the individual, and to that of the race. Part I.—homotyposis in the vegetable kingdom

1901 ◽  
Vol 68 (442-450) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Asexual Reproduction ◽  
Theory Of Evolution ◽  
Parental Pair ◽  
Vegetable Kingdom ◽  
The Individual

(1.) If we take two offspring from the same parental pair, we find a certain diversity and a certain degree of resemblance. In the theory of heredity we speak of the degree of resemblance as the fraternal correlation, while the intensity of the diversity is measured by the standard deviation of the array of offspring due to given parents. Both correlation and standard deviation are determined for any given character or organ by perfectly definite well-known statistical methods. Passing from the case of bi-parental to asexual reproduction, we may still determine the correlation and variability of the offspring.

scholarly journals Analysis of Speech Sounds In the Praat Program

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasiia Volodymyrivna Pareniuk
Keyword(s):  
Software Package ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Speech Analysis ◽  
Complete Analysis ◽  
Average Intensity ◽  
Speech Sounds ◽  
Flexible Tool ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Maximum Minimum

The article identifies the possibility of using the Praat program for comprehensive and complete analysis of speech sounds. It also indicates the range of functions of the software package and the perspective of using the program for comparing sounds. Praat is a program for speech analysis and synthesis written by Paul Boersma and David Veninko at the Department of Phonetics, University of Amsterdam. Praat is a very flexible tool for speech analysis. It offers a wide range of standard and non-standard procedures. The functions of the program that were used in the work: spectrograms, pitch analysis, formant analysis, intensity analysis, jitter, shimmer, voice breaks. There are at least three ways to get sound in the program: sound recording,  read sound from the disc, create sound from formulas. In this article, hhe first method was used and the vowel sounds "a" and "e", as well as consonants "n" and "p" were considered. With the help of automated algorithms, a number of important data were quickly obtained, such as the average value of the formant on the selected interval, the maximum, minimum and average value of pitch, maximum, minimum and average intensity, the overall signal report(jitter, shimmer, voice breaks). Also, this programm can create high quality images that can be exported and inserted into scientific articles or personal research. Due to this fact, the images of not only spectrograms and waveforms, but also the images of formants and intensity was presented in the work. Based on the obtained results, the selected sounds were compared. As a result, a conclusion was made about the feasibility and effectiveness of using the software package Praat in the analysis of speech sounds. It was also noted the ease of use of this software package, as well as the importance of using the program in research in various fields of human activity.

The Common Fossils of the British Rocks

The Geologist ◽  
1859 ◽  
Vol 2 (10) ◽  
pp. 381-388
Author(s):  
S. J. Mackie
Keyword(s):  
Life Forms ◽  
Animal Life ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Organic Life ◽  
Vegetable Kingdom ◽  
The Common

For the Vegetable Kingdom it is impossible to give any list composed with the same degree of elaboration as has been attained in the classification of animals. Modern plants are, it is true, as well known and as correctly grouped as modern animal life-forms; but our knowledge of fossil botany is not at all equal to our knowledge of fossil animals. The most minute divisions as well as the most important of botanical classifications are dependent upon the more fully developed and most perishable parts of vegetable organisms—the flowers and the fruits or seeds. Of these the former, the most essential of all, have rarely indeed, if ever, been preserved. One or two doubtful instances have been stated; but these have been by others disputed as being only incipient buds or leaflets, or as accidental appearances, and the investigator of the extinct forms of the vegetable creations of past geological ages has, at the best, to infer from the remains of leaves, branches, or stems, usually more or less decayed, the probable class to which the originals—often, indeed generally, of very different structures and organic characters from his existing types—belong. Not uncommonly, indeed, his only guides are vague and indefinite resemblances of form. Still, however, if it be essential for the attainment of a knowledge of the exact concatenation of past events in the succession of organic life on our planet, it is equally as important to note whether plants have been progressive in their development, as to determine this point in relation to the animal-kingdom.

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