scholarly journals Mathematical contributions to the theory of evolution. IX.—On the principle of homotyposis and its relation to heredity, to the variability of the individual, and to that of the race. Part I.—homotyposis in the vegetable kingdom

1901 ◽  
Vol 68 (442-450) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Asexual Reproduction ◽  
Theory Of Evolution ◽  
Parental Pair ◽  
Vegetable Kingdom ◽  
The Individual

(1.) If we take two offspring from the same parental pair, we find a certain diversity and a certain degree of resemblance. In the theory of heredity we speak of the degree of resemblance as the fraternal correlation, while the intensity of the diversity is measured by the standard deviation of the array of offspring due to given parents. Both correlation and standard deviation are determined for any given character or organ by perfectly definite well-known statistical methods. Passing from the case of bi-parental to asexual reproduction, we may still determine the correlation and variability of the offspring.

Home ownership in Saudi Arabia: Spatial Dimensions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asharaf Abdul Salam
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Home Ownership ◽  
Ownership Type ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Spatial Dimensions ◽  
One Way Anova

<p>This paper undertakes a detailed analysis of 2010 Census Population and Household Tables (Final), to assess governorate wise variations in home ownership, type of living accommodations and housing infrastructure - material used for construction, electricity, water and sewage facilities.</p> <p>The data published by the Ministry of Economics and Planning in its “Population and Housing, 2010 Census” analyzed in detail using SPSS20, applying statistical methods such as, cross tabulations and chi-square; mean and standard deviation; and One-Way ANOVA. Governorates classified into small, medium and large, according to the number of Saudi persons, have been analyzed across 13 regions quantifying homeownership status. Further governorates are classified according to the percentage of owning homes in order to analyze the type of living accommodations, built up material of housing, source of electricity, water and sewage facilities. </p> <br>

Home ownership in Saudi Arabia: Spatial Dimensions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asharaf Abdul Salam
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Home Ownership ◽  
Ownership Type ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Spatial Dimensions ◽  
One Way Anova

<p>This paper undertakes a detailed analysis of 2010 Census Population and Household Tables (Final), to assess governorate wise variations in home ownership, type of living accommodations and housing infrastructure - material used for construction, electricity, water and sewage facilities.</p> <p>The data published by the Ministry of Economics and Planning in its “Population and Housing, 2010 Census” analyzed in detail using SPSS20, applying statistical methods such as, cross tabulations and chi-square; mean and standard deviation; and One-Way ANOVA. Governorates classified into small, medium and large, according to the number of Saudi persons, have been analyzed across 13 regions quantifying homeownership status. Further governorates are classified according to the percentage of owning homes in order to analyze the type of living accommodations, built up material of housing, source of electricity, water and sewage facilities. </p> <br>

Missing Data in Research on Youth and Family Programs

2021 ◽  
pp. 003329412110268
Author(s):  
Jaime Ballard ◽  
Adeya Richmond ◽  
Suzanne van den Hoogenhof ◽  
Lynne Borden ◽  
Daniel Francis Perkins
Keyword(s):  
Missing Data ◽  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Program Participation ◽  
Multilevel Data ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The Individual

Background Multilevel data can be missing at the individual level or at a nested level, such as family, classroom, or program site. Increased knowledge of higher-level missing data is necessary to develop evaluation design and statistical methods to address it. Methods Participants included 9,514 individuals participating in 47 youth and family programs nationwide who completed multiple self-report measures before and after program participation. Data were marked as missing or not missing at the item, scale, and wave levels for both individuals and program sites. Results Site-level missing data represented a substantial portion of missing data, ranging from 0–46% of missing data at pre-test and 35–71% of missing data at post-test. Youth were the most likely to be missing data, although site-level data did not differ by the age of participants served. In this dataset youth had the most surveys to complete, so their missing data could be due to survey fatigue. Conclusions Much of the missing data for individuals can be explained by the site not administering those questions or scales. These results suggest a need for statistical methods that account for site-level missing data, and for research design methods to reduce the prevalence of site-level missing data or reduce its impact. Researchers can generate buy-in with sites during the community collaboration stage, assessing problematic items for revision or removal and need for ongoing site support, particularly at post-test. We recommend that researchers conducting multilevel data report the amount and mechanism of missing data at each level.

Abiding by the Law? Using Benford’s Law to Examine the Accuracy of Nonprofit Financial Reports

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 548-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heng Qu ◽  
Richard Steinberg ◽  
Ronelle Burger
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Organizational Level ◽  
Benford’S Law ◽  
Financial Reports ◽  
Forensic Accounting ◽  
Data Form ◽  
Benford's Law ◽  
Natural Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Academic Study

Benford’s Law asserts that the leading digit 1 appears more frequently than 9 in natural data. It has been widely used in forensic accounting and auditing to detect potential fraud, but its application to nonprofit data is limited. As the first academic study that applies Benford’s Law to U.S. nonprofit data (Form 990), we assess its usefulness in prioritizing suspicious filings for further investigation. We find close conformity with Benford’s Law for the whole sample, but at the individual organizational level, 34% of the organizations do not conform. Deviations from Benford’s law are smaller for organizations that are more professional, that report positive fundraising and administration expenses, and that face stronger funder oversight. We suggest improved statistical methods and experiment with a new measure of the extent of deviation from Benford’s Law that has promise as a more discriminating screening metric.

Sources of morphological variation and organization within and among populations of Balsamorhiza sagittata

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Robson ◽  
R. K. Scagel ◽  
J. Maze
Keyword(s):  
Open Systems ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Population Diversity ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Theory Of Evolution ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Balsamorhiza Sagittata ◽  
Two Populations

Comparisons of differences between morphological means of individual plant parts indicate that the greatest source of variation in two populations of Balsamorhiza sagittata is the individual plants within populations; within-population diversity is greater than among-population diversity. Variable covariance and correlations differ between individual plants and there are subgroups of interrelated variables that can be tied to developmental phenomena. The relationship between developmental phenomena and these groups of variables suggests a relationship between organizational, as reflected in variable interrelationships, and ontogenetic variation. These results are not adequately explained by neoDarwinian theory but are explained more comprehensively by a theory of evolution that views biological change over time as an intrinsically driven self-organization, accompanied by an increase in complexity (a manifestation of the "Second Law of Thermodynamics" as it applies to open systems).

scholarly journals Design and development of a multichannel potentiometer for monitoring an electrode array and its application in flow analysis

2002 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 105-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarbas J. R. Rohwedder ◽  
Celio Pasquini ◽  
Ivo M. Raimundo, Jr. ◽  
M. Conceiçao ◽  
B. S. M. Montenegro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Flow Analysis ◽  
Reference Electrode ◽  
Electrode Array ◽  
Ion Selective Electrodes ◽  
Electrode Arrays ◽  
Figures Of Merit ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Intense Signal

A versatile potentiometer that works with electrode arrays in flow injection and/or monosegmented flow systems is described. The potentiometer is controlled by a microcomputer that allows individual, sequential multiplexed or random accesses to eight electrodes while employing only one reference electrode. The instrument was demonstrated by monitoring an array of seven flow-through ion-selective electrodes for Ag+and for three electrodes for Cl-, Ca2+and K+. The figures of merit of the individual and multiplexed (summed) readings of the electrode array were compared. The absolute standard deviation of the measurements made by summing the potential of two or more electrodes was maintained constant, thus improving the precision of the measurements. This result shows that an attempt to combine the signals of the electrodes to produce a more intense signal in the Hadamard strategy is feasible and accompanied by a proportional improvement in the precision of individual measurements. The preliminary tests suggest that the system can allow for 270 determinations per hour, with a linear range from1.0×10−2to1.0×10−4mol l-1for the three di¡erent analytes. Detection limits were estimated as3.1×10−5,3.0×10−6and1.0×10−5mol l-1for Cl-, Ca2+and K+, respectively.

EVALUATION OF THE SKELETAL AGE METHOD OF ESTIMATING CHILDREN'S DEVELOPMENT

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1954 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-173
Author(s):  
DONALD MAINLAND
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Systematic Difference ◽  
Skeletal Age ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Quick Method ◽  
Age Assessment ◽  
Variable Error ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Individual

An observer's variable error in skeletal age assessment of hand RGs (i.e., the irregular ion between independent readings of the same film) was studied on 1,124 readings of 326 films from 233 children aged 16 months to 17 years. seventy-nine of the RGs were full-size reproductions in Macyr's Nutrition and Chemical Growth in Childhood; the remainder were actual films of children in Halifax, Canada (healthy Orphanage residents and children examined in a nutrition survey). There was no significant difference in variable error associated with the atlas (Todd, Greulich-Pyle), age of child, sex, differences between skeletal and chronologic age, differences between children, or differences between RGs of the same child, except for a tendency in the Macy Series for the poorest reproductions to have a larger variable error than the best reproductions. ions. In most readings the individual indicators were assessed separately and the results averaged, but a quicker method (over-all appraisal) did not produce a significantly different variable error. The quick method may be useful in large surveys, although it appears too coarse for the study of individual children. The observer's variable error was expressed by standard deviations of approximately three months (Macy Series—both atlases; Nutritirn Series—Greulich-Pyle atlas) and four months (Orphanage Series—both atlases). With a standard deviation of three months an assessor must affix an error of ± 8.3 months to his estimate of a child's progress in skeletal age, in order to obtain confidence limits with 95% probability. If his standard deviation is four months he must allow ± 11.1 months. For evaluation of the assessment method, many observers' estimates of variable error are needed, and an appeal for data is issued. After more than 1200 readings had been made the observer's practice lapsed for about a year. Reassessment of a random sample of RGs then showed, besides variable error, a mean systematic difference of approximately three months from the previous readings of the same films with the same atlas. To avoid this risk, any two films that are to be assessed for skeletal progress should be read within a few weeks of each other, and special precautions are therefore necessary to secure independence of the two readings.

Sociobiology

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Rosenberg
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Human Behaviour ◽  
Behavioural Science ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Darwinian Theory ◽  
Theory Of Evolution ◽  
Mendelian Genetics ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Mental Testing

Following Darwin, biologists and social scientists have periodically been drawn to the theory of natural selection as the source of explanatory insights about human behaviour and social institutions. The combination of Mendelian genetics and Darwinian theory, which did so much to substantiate the theory of evolution in the life sciences, however, has made recurrent adoption of a biological approach to the social sciences controversial. Excesses and errors in social Darwinism, eugenics and mental testing have repeatedly exposed evolutionary approaches in the human sciences to criticism. Sociobiology is the version of Darwinism in social and behavioural science that became prominent in the last quarter of the twentieth century. Philosophical problems of sociobiology include challenges to the explanatory relevance of Darwinian theory for human behaviour and social institutions, controversies about whether natural selection operates at levels of organization above or below the individual, questions about the meaning of the nature–nurture distinction, and disputes about Darwinism’s implications for moral philosophy.

scholarly journals Section 3: Preliminary Analysis of the Results

Radiocarbon ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-174
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Preliminary Analysis ◽  
Exploratory Analysis ◽  
Initial Evaluation ◽  
Summary Statistics ◽  
The Mean

In this section, we present the exploratory analysis of the results submitted by the extended deadline of December 2000. We first deal with Samples C.J, before considering the near-background samples A and B (Kauri wood). The aims of the exploratory analysis are to discover the range of results reported for each sample and the initial evaluation of the effects of any factors that might be a source of variation in the results. For each sample, in turn, we consider the main summary statistics.the number of results reported (N), their mean or average, median, the standard deviation (StDev), the standard error of the mean (Sem), the quartiles (25th [Q1] and 75th [Q3] percentiles), and the minimum (Min) and maximum (Max)—before graphically studying the overall distribution of results in the form of a boxplot, with a view to identifying any extreme or outlying observations. The summary statistics and distribution of results for each laboratory type are also shown. Further details on the statistical methods used are contained in Appendix 3.

scholarly journals Comparison of Strategies to Manage Stress Considering to Selected Socio-demographic Characteristics of Employees

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-136
Author(s):  
Tatiana Lorincová
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Stress Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
T Test ◽  
Brief Cope ◽  
Common Strategy ◽  
Religiosity And Spirituality ◽  
The Individual

The presented paper deals with the analysis of selected stress management strategies considering to gender and position in organization in which individual employees work. The aim of the paper is to compare the ways of managing and processing the stressful situations, as well as their variability with regard to the group of respondents, their inclusion in the organization (manager or executive employee) and the size of organization (small and medium organization). The research was conducted by using two methodologies, namely Brief COPE from Carver (1997) and SVF 78 by Janke and Erdmann (2003). The research sample consisted of 130 respondents aged 19 to 63 (mean age 40.38 with a standard deviation of 6.73), namely 53.8% of males and 47.2% of women. The research sample consisted of executive employees (49.2%) and managers (50.8%) working in a small and medium-sized organization. The research results were analyzed by t-test for two independent samples, namely the individual stress management strategies were compared. We found statistically significant differences in the level of control of the situation, self-blaming, POZ 1 and NEG among executive employees and managers. At the level of perseverance, self-blaming, religiosity and spirituality, and NEG we found statistically significant gender differences. Comparison of employees working in a small and medium-sized organization has demonstrated the existence of statistically significant differences in levels of underestimation, negation, ventilation and self-blaming. The most common strategy of stress management was the strategy of self-blaming, given the analyzed socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents.

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