Effect of residual elements on the machinability of leaded free machining steels

1980 ◽  
Vol 295 (1413) ◽  
pp. 87-88 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Wear Rate ◽  
Tool Wear ◽  
Tool Life ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Cutting Tool ◽  
Cutting Tools ◽  
Tool Material ◽  
High Speed Steel ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Wear Rates

The machinability of a material can be defined in terms of the wear rate of the cutting tool used to machine the material. The lower the tool wear rate or the greater the tool life the better the machinability. The wear processes of cutting tools are complicated, but recent work has shown that cutting tool wear rates during machining can be directly related to tool material wear rates when rubbing in a modified crossed cylinder wear experiment (Mills & Akhtar 1975). The wear of cutting tools can be simulated by simple experiments. Here I present results on the effect of total residual levels in leaded low carbon free machining steels on the tool life of M2 high speed steel. The results will be discussed in terms of a simple wear model.

scholarly journals Tool Wear and Surface Evaluation in Drilling Fly Ash Geopolymer Using HSS, HSS-Co, and HSS-TiN Cutting Tools

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 1628
Author(s):  
Mohd Fathullah Ghazali ◽  
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah ◽  
Shayfull Zamree Abd Rahim ◽  
Joanna Gondro ◽  
Paweł Pietrusiewicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Tool Wear ◽  
Tool Life ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Flank Wear ◽  
Cutting Tools ◽  
High Speed Steel ◽  
Spindle Speed ◽  
Drilling Process ◽  
Potential Use

This paper reports on the potential use of geopolymer in the drilling process, with respect to tool wear and surface roughness. The objectives of this research are to analyze the tool life of three different economy-grade drill bit uncoated; high-speed steel (HSS), HSS coated with TiN (HSS-TiN), and HSS-cobalt (HSS-Co) in the drilling of geopolymer and to investigate the effect of spindle speed towards the tool life and surface roughness. It was found that, based on the range of parameters set in this experiment, the spindle speed is directly proportional to the tool wear and inversely proportional to surface roughness. It was also observed that HSS-Co produced the lowest value of surface roughness compared to HSS-TiN and uncoated HSS and therefore is the most favorable tool to be used for drilling the material. For HSS, HSS coated with TiN, and HSS-Co, only the drilling with the spindle speed of 100 rpm was able to drill 15 holes without surpassing the maximum tool wear of 0.10 mm. HSS-Co exhibits the greatest tool life by showing the lowest value of flank wear and produce a better surface finish to the sample by a low value of surface roughness value (Ra). This finding explains that geopolymer is possible to be drilled, and therefore, ranges of cutting tools and parameters suggested can be a guideline for researchers and manufacturers to drill geopolymer for further applications.

scholarly journals Application of Adaptive Materials and Coatings to Increase Cutting Tool Performance: Efficiency in the Case of Composite Powder High Speed Steel

Coatings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 855
Author(s):  
Sergey N. Grigoriev ◽  
Mars S. Migranov ◽  
Yury A. Melnik ◽  
Anna A. Okunkova ◽  
Sergey V. Fedorov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Tool Life ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Composite Powder ◽  
Cutting Tool ◽  
Tool Material ◽  
High Speed Steel ◽  
Secondary Phase ◽  
The Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Adaptive Materials

The paper proposes a classification of adaptive materials and coatings for tool purposes, showing the ability to adapt to external heat and power influences, thereby improving tool life. Creating a cutting tool made of composite powder high speed steels containing refractory TiC, TiCN, and Al2O3 compounds for milling 41CrS4 steel demonstrated the effectiveness of the adaptive materials. The tool material characteristics under the external loads’ influence and the surface layer adaptation to the heat–power exposure conditions were shown by the temperature field study using a semiartificial microthermocouple method (the level of fields is reduced by 20%–25% for 80% HSS + 20% TiCN), frictional interaction high-temperature tribometry (the coefficient of friction did not exceed 0.45 for 80% HSS + 20% TiCN at +20 and 600 °C), laboratory performance tests, and spectrometry of the surface layer secondary structures. Spectral analysis shows the highest spectrum intensity of TiC2 after 5 min of running in. After 20 min of milling (V = 82 m/min, f = 0.15 mm/tooth), dicarbide decomposes and transits to thermally stable secondary phase films of good lubricity such as TiO (maximum) and TiN (partially). There was an increase in tool life of up to 2 times (>35 min for 80% HSS + 20% TiCN), and a decrease in the roughness of up to 2.9 times (Ra less than 4.5 µm after 25 min of milling).

The Influence of Copy Strategy on the Tool Life of Ball End Mills and Achieved Surface Roughness

2016 ◽  
Vol 686 ◽  
pp. 240-245
Author(s):  
Tomáš Vopát ◽  
Jozef Peterka ◽  
Vladimír Šimna ◽  
Ivan Buranský
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Tool Life ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Cutting Tools ◽  
Cutting Speed ◽  
Tool Material ◽  
High Speed Steel ◽  
Depth Of Cut ◽  
Radial Depth ◽  
End Mills

The article deals with the tool life of ball nose end mills and surface roughness of steel C45 depending on up-copying and down-copying. The cemented carbide and high speed steel was used as tool material. Furthermore, the new and sharpened cutting tools were also compared. In the experiment, the cutting speed, feed rate, axial and radial depth of cut were not changed. The results show different achieved surface roughness of machined material C45 and tool life of ball nose end mills depending on the copy milling strategy for various tool materials.

Influence of CAM Strategies on the Wear of Cutting Tools

2016 ◽  
Vol 834 ◽  
pp. 90-95
Author(s):  
Rudolf Zaujec ◽  
Peter Pokorný
Keyword(s):  
Tool Wear ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Cutting Tool ◽  
Cutting Tools ◽  
High Speed Steel ◽  
Milling Process ◽  
Cnc Milling ◽  
Cutting Tool Wear ◽  
Digital Microscope ◽  
Measuring Machine

This paper presents research on the influence of CAM strategies for wear and durability of milling tools. We used two machining principles in this process. In the first instance was constant point of contact with the tool and machining surface. The second method was changing point of the cutting edge in the milling process. Material of tool was hard alloy and high speed steel for machining steel 40CrMnMo7 and C45. The shape of cutting tool was a “Ball Nose” end mill. A DMU 85 monoBLOCK 5-axis CNC milling machine was used. The cutting tool wear was measured in Zoller Genius 3, universal measuring machine and digital microscope, Dino lite 2. The results show differences of cutting tool wear depending on the milling strategy and material of tool.

scholarly journals Tribological properties of ion-modified composite coatings

2021 ◽  
Vol 2059 (1) ◽  
pp. 012015
Author(s):  
M Sh Migranov ◽  
A M Migranov ◽  
S R Shekhtman
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Tool Life ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Composite Coatings ◽  
Cutting Tools ◽  
High Speed Steel ◽  
Hard Coating ◽  
Ion Nitriding ◽  
Additional Layer ◽  
Nitrided Surface

Abstract The paper presents the results of a study of one of the ways to increase the wear resistance of “duplex” coatings applied to cutting tools, which are due to preliminary diffusion saturation of the tool surface with nitrogen (known as ion nitriding) followed by physical deposition of a hard coating (Ti, Cr) N. The proposed coating also contains an additional layer with an impurity of ions, deposited on a preliminary nitrided surface of high speed steel before the deposition of a hard coating. Tests were carried out to evaluate the effect of these modified layers on the tool life of the HSS tool. The greatest wear resistance after "triplex" - treatment was achieved during ion implantation of titanium into a pre-nitrided surface. The coefficient of friction of the modified layer was studied at different contact temperatures. Ionic mixing contributes to the appearance of a thin surface layer with an amorphous-like structure, which prolongs the stage of normal wear, which significantly increases the tool life as a result of the self-organization process.

Influence of Edge Preparation on Cutting Tool Wear

2012 ◽  
Vol 201-202 ◽  
pp. 1178-1181
Author(s):  
Guo Bing Chai ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Ai Bing Yu
Keyword(s):  
Tool Wear ◽  
Tool Life ◽  
Cutting Tool ◽  
Impact Resistance ◽  
Cutting Tools ◽  
Medium Carbon Steel ◽  
Cutting Edge ◽  
Cutting Tool Wear ◽  
Edge Radius ◽  
Edge Preparation

Edge preparation is not only the process of grinding proper geometry of cutting edge or removing micro-cracks on cutting edge region, but also a way of improving cutting tool life. In this study, cutting models with different cutting edge radius were set up with FEM software. Medium carbon steel cutting tests were carried out using cutting tools with different edge radius. Cutting tool wear was simulated and measured for comparison. The simulation results show that edge radius has influences on tool wear. Tool cutting behavior is concerned with edge radius. A proper edge radius will improve the tool life. The experimental results show that proper edge preparation could improve tool impact resistance capability and reduce tool wear. The cutting tool life can be prolonged with suitable edge preparation. Edge preparation can improve cutting performance of cutting tool.

Analysis of Tool Wear—Part I: Theoretical Models of Flank Wear

1969 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 790-796 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Bhattacharyya ◽  
I. Ham
Keyword(s):  
Tool Wear ◽  
Cutting Tool ◽  
Flank Wear ◽  
Cutting Tools ◽  
Tool Material ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Flank Surface ◽  
Form Stability ◽  
Sufficient Strength

Cutting tools of sufficient strength against failure by brittle fracture or loss of “form stability” through rise of interface temperatures, still continue to fail by a process of “wear,” which is loss of cutting tool material through gradual interaction between the work and the tool material. Such wear can take place either at the principal flank surface or at the top face of the cutting tool for roughing and semiroughing cuts. Wear may also occur at the auxiliary flank surface resulting in grooving wear during fine machining or machining of high strength materials. The causes for such wear processes include (i) mechanical interaction (abrasion or adhesion and transfer type), (ii) thermochemical interaction (diffusion or chemical reaction). As a part of this investigation on tool wear, two theoretical models have been proposed for explaining mechanical wear at the flank surface. These models explain the nature and characteristics of wear growth and the sensitiveness and dependence of interaction phenomena between the tool-work pair.

A Cobalt Diffusion Based Model for Predicting Crater Wear of Carbide Tools in Machining Titanium Alloys

2005 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiang Hua ◽  
Rajiv Shivpuri
Keyword(s):  
Wear Rate ◽  
Titanium Alloys ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Cutting Tools ◽  
Interface Temperature ◽  
Wear Model ◽  
Crater Wear ◽  
Wear Rates ◽  
Process Comparison ◽  
Thermally Driven

In machining titanium alloys with cemented carbide cutting tools, crater wear is the predominant wear mechanism influencing tool life and productivity. An analytical wear model that relates crater wear rate to thermally driven cobalt diffusion from cutting tool into the titanium chip is proposed in this paper. This cobalt diffusion is a function of cobalt mole fraction, diffusion coeficient, interface temperature and chip velocity. The wear analysis includes theoretical modeling of the transport-diffusion process, and obtaining tool–chip interface conditions by a nonisothermal visco-plastic finite element method (FEM) model of the cutting process. Comparison of predicted crater wear rate with experimental results from published literature and from high speed turning with WC/Co inserts shows good agreement for different cutting speeds and feed rate. It is seen that wear rates are independent of cutting time.

Methods of Forecasting Wear Resistance of Cutting Tools Based on the Properties of their Materials

2014 ◽  
Vol 682 ◽  
pp. 491-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladislav Bibik ◽  
Elena Petrova
Keyword(s):  
Tool Life ◽  
Metal Cutting ◽  
Cutting Tool ◽  
Cutting Tools ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Tool Material ◽  
Composition Structure ◽  
Metal Cutting Tool ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Thermo Physical Properties

The author considers methods of forecasting metal-cutting tool life based on characteristics of cutting tool material. These characteristics depend on differences in numerical values of physical and chemical properties of tool material due to changes in its composition, structure, and production process variables. The described methods allow obtaining the information necessary for forecasting the tool life beyond the process of cutting, for example at the stage of cutting tool manufacturing. The author suggests using the method of registration of thermo-physical properties of the tool material as a promising forecasting technique.

TM-6 LOW CARBON

Alloy Digest ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Cold Work ◽  
Cutting Tools ◽  
High Speed Steel ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Low Carbon

Abstract TM-6 LOW CARBON is a modification of Type M-2 tungsten-molybdenum high-speed steel recommended for cold work or hot work applications. It is not intended for use as cutting tools. This datasheet provides information on composition and hardness. It also includes information on forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: TS-175. Producer or source: H. K. Porter Company Inc..

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