Appendix 4. The Hoxne mammalian remains

1956 ◽  
Vol 239 (665) ◽  
pp. 354-356 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Analysis ◽  
Cervus Elaphus ◽  
Equus Caballus ◽  
Bone Surface ◽  
Limb Bone ◽  
Limb Bones

The mammalian remains from Hoxne are few in number and variety. Of the fossils which have been collected only a part have been preserved. Most of these are in the collections at Ipswich Museum and are from Moir’s (1926, 1935) excavations, and these are listed below. The stratigraphical horizon is given where known. Trogontherium sp. Femur and eight molars from stratum E. Provisionally determined by Dr T. M. Stout as T. lydekkeri Schlosser. Cervus elaphus L. Limb bones, antler fragments and a vertebra. These remains represent at least six animals. A radius and a metacarpal were found together in stratum F lying on the Lowestoft Till; these were the only finds during the recent investigations. Their position in the stratigraphy was verified by pollen analysis (no. 10, table 5) of sediment from the bone surface. Bos or Bison sp. Tooth and a limb bone. Equus caballus L. Teeth and limb bones. These belong to at least eight beasts. Several of the teeth are known to have come from stratum A 2. Elephas sp. Ilium.

scholarly journals Functional Morphology and Morphological Diversification of Hind Limb Cross-Sectional Traits in Mustelid Mammals

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
P Parsi-Pour ◽  
B M Kilbourne
Keyword(s):  
Hind Limb ◽  
Structural Strength ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Phylogenetic Relatedness ◽  
Limb Bone ◽  
Limb Bones ◽  
Section Modulus ◽  
Second Moments

Synopsis Locomotor habits in mammals are strongly tied to limb bones’ lengths, diameters, and proportions. By comparison, fewer studies have examined how limb bone cross-sectional traits relate to locomotor habit. Here, we tested whether climbing, digging, and swimming locomotor habits reflect biomechanically meaningful differences in three cross-sectional traits rendered dimensionless— cross-sectional area (CSA), second moments of area (SMA), and section modulus (MOD)—using femora, tibiae, and fibulae of 28 species of mustelid. CSA and SMA represent resistance to axial compression and bending, respectively, whereas MOD represents structural strength. Given the need to counteract buoyancy in aquatic environments and soil’s high density, we predicted that natatorial and fossorial mustelids have higher values of cross-sectional traits. For all three traits, we found that natatorial mustelids have the highest values, followed by fossorial mustelids, with both of these groups significantly differing from scansorial mustelids. However, phylogenetic relatedness strongly influences diversity in cross-sectional morphology, as locomotor habit strongly correlates with phylogeny. Testing whether hind limb bone cross-sectional traits have evolved adaptively, we fit Ornstein–Uhlenbeck (OU) and Brownian motion (BM) models of trait diversification to cross-sectional traits. The cross-sectional traits of the femur, tibia, and fibula appear to have, respectively, diversified under a multi-rate BM model, a single rate BM model, and a multi-optima OU model. In light of recent studies on mustelid body size and elongation, our findings suggest that the mustelid body plan—and perhaps that of other mammals—is likely the sum of a suite of traits evolving under different models of trait diversification.

scholarly journals Limb bone loading in swimming turtles: changes in loading facilitate transitions from tubular to flipper-shaped limbs during aquatic invasions

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 20150110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa K Hilliard Young ◽  
Richard W. Blob
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Skeletal Morphology ◽  
Limb Bone ◽  
Limb Bones ◽  
Terrestrial Vertebrate ◽  
Aquatic Invasions ◽  
Torsional Loads ◽  
The Impact

Members of several terrestrial vertebrate lineages have returned to nearly exclusive use of aquatic habitats. These transitions were often accompanied by changes in skeletal morphology, such as flattening of limb bone shafts. Such morphological changes might be correlated with the exposure of limb bones to altered loading. Though the environmental forces acting on the skeleton differ substantially between water and land, no empirical data exist to quantify the impact of such differences on the skeleton, either in terms of load magnitude or regime. To test how locomotor loads change between water and land, we compared in vivo strains from femora of turtles ( Trachemys scripta ) during swimming and terrestrial walking. As expected, strain magnitudes were much lower (by 67.9%) during swimming than during walking. However, the loading regime of the femur also changed between environments: torsional strains are high during walking, but torsion is largely eliminated during swimming. Changes in loading regime between environments may have enabled evolutionary shifts to hydrodynamically advantageous flattened limb bones in highly aquatic species. Although circular cross sections are optimal for resisting torsional loads, the removal of torsion would reduce the advantage of tubular shapes, facilitating the evolution of flattened limbs.

Intrasite Spatial Analysis of Bone: Subtracting the Effect of Secondary Carnivore Consumers

1994 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 748-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
Curtis W. Marean ◽  
Leanne Bertino
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Original Position ◽  
Limb Bone ◽  
Limb Bones ◽  
Animal Bones ◽  
Spotted Hyenas ◽  
Bone Fragments

Animal bones discarded by people are commonly subject to disturbance by carnivores. These carnivores are present throughout the world and include wolves, coyotes, hyenas, and many others. This disturbance not only modifies and destroys bone, but also moves many of the bone fragments away from their original position of discard. Intrasite spatial analyses of bone that seek patterns meaningful to human behavior thus need to subtract the effect of carnivore disturbance. Experimental studies with spotted hyenas show that the position of a bone fragment on a limb bone, combined with bone surface modification, can be used to identify a class of bone fragments that are minimally affected by carnivores and are thus the best indicators of spatial patterning resulting from human behavior. Limb-bone ends are moved significant distances, as are shaft fragments as a general class. However, middle-shaft portions of limb bones that preserve percussion marks from hammerstone breakage retain nearly the precise spatial position as originally discarded by hominids. Thus, any spatial analysis of bone, when carnivores are implicated as contributors or consumers at an archaeological site, should focus on middle-shaft portions of limb bones with percussion marks.

scholarly journals Mechanics of limb bone loading during terrestrial locomotion in the green iguana (Iguana iguana) and American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (6) ◽  
pp. 1099-1122 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.W. Blob ◽  
A.A. Biewener
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Force ◽  
Alligator Mississippiensis ◽  
Upright Posture ◽  
Safety Factors ◽  
Iguana Iguana ◽  
Limb Bone ◽  
Limb Bones ◽  
Bone Stress ◽  
Bone Loading

In vivo measurements of strain in the femur and tibia of Iguana iguana (Linnaeus) and Alligator mississippiensis (Daudin) have indicated three ways in which limb bone loading in these species differs from patterns observed in most birds and mammals: (i) the limb bones of I. iguana and A. mississippiensis experience substantial torsion, (ii) the limb bones of I. iguana and A. mississippiensis have higher safety factors than those of birds or mammals, and (iii) load magnitudes in the limb bones of A. mississippiensis do not decrease uniformly with the use of a more upright posture. To verify these patterns, and to evaluate the ground and muscle forces that produce them, we collected three-dimensional kinematic and ground reaction force data from subadult I. iguana and A. mississippiensis using a force platform and high-speed video. The results of these force/kinematic studies generally confirm the loading regimes inferred from in vivo strain measurements. The ground reaction force applies a torsional moment to the femur and tibia in both species; for the femur, this moment augments the moment applied by the caudofemoralis muscle, suggesting large torsional stresses. In most cases, safety factors in bending calculated from force/video data are lower than those determined from strain data, but are as high or higher than the safety factors of bird and mammal limb bones in bending. Finally, correlations between limb posture and calculated stress magnitudes in the femur of I. iguana confirm patterns observed during direct bone strain recordings from A. mississippiensis: in more upright steps, tensile stresses on the anterior cortex decrease, but peak compressive stresses on the dorsal cortex increase. Equilibrium analyses indicate that bone stress increases as posture becomes more upright in saurians because the ankle and knee extensor muscles exert greater forces during upright locomotion. If this pattern of increased bone stress with the use of a more upright posture is typical of taxa using non-parasagittal kinematics, then similar increases in load magnitudes were probably experienced by lineages that underwent evolutionary shifts to a non-sprawling posture. High limb bone safety factors and small body size in these lineages could have helped to accommodate such increases in limb bone stress.

scholarly journals New light shed on the early evolution of limb-bone growth plate and bone marrow

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordi Estefa ◽  
Paul Tafforeau ◽  
Alice M Clement ◽  
Jozef Klembara ◽  
Grzegorz Niedźwiedzki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Bone Growth ◽  
Bone Development ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Early Evolution ◽  
Long Bone ◽  
Long Bones ◽  
Limb Bone ◽  
Limb Bones

The production of blood cells (haematopoiesis) occurs in the limb bones of most tetrapods but is absent in the fin bones of ray-finned fish. When did long bones start producing blood cells? Recent hypotheses suggested that haematopoiesis migrated into long bones prior to the water-to-land transition and protected newly-produced blood cells from harsher environmental conditions. However, little fossil evidence to support these hypotheses has been provided so far. Observations of the humeral microarchitecture of stem-tetrapods, batrachians, and amniotes were performed using classical sectioning and three-dimensional synchrotron virtual histology. They show that Permian tetrapods seem to be among the first to exhibit a centralised marrow organisation, which allows haematopoiesis as in extant amniotes. Not only does our study demonstrate that long-bone haematopoiesis was probably not an exaptation to the water-to-land transition but it sheds light on the early evolution of limb-bone development and the sequence of bone-marrow functional acquisitions.

scholarly journals БИЛАТЕРАЛЬНАЯ АСИММЕТРИЯ ДЛИННЫХ КОСТЕЙ СКЕЛЕТА У ТОБОЛО-ИРТЫШСКИХ ТАТАР

2021 ◽  
pp. 292-310
Author(s):  
Алена Владимировна Дедик
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Upper Limb ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Skeletal System ◽  
Bilateral Asymmetry ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Limb Bone ◽  
Limb Bones ◽  
The Asymmetry

В статье представлены результаты изучения билатеральной асимметрии длинных костей скелета у четырёх групп тоболо-иртышских татар: аялынских, тобольских, тюменских и коурдакско-саргатских татар. Для каждой группы мужчин и женщин была рассчитаны коэффициенты асимметрии (использовалась формула R–L), процентное соотношение которых показывает, что наиболее симметричная скелетная система у аялынских татар, а самая асимметричная у коурдакско-саргатских татар. При анализе коэффициентов асимметрии отдельных костей, было выявлено, что во всех исследуемых группах у мужчин и женщин самой асимметричной костью является плечевая кость. Анализ коэффициентов асимметрии по отдельным признакам показал, что во всех группах наибольшей асимметрией отличаются продольные диаметры костей верхних конечностей. Левосторонняя асимметрия в группах тоболо-иртышских татар в основном характерна для признаков костей нижних конечностей как у мужчин, так и у женщин. Закономерности в половом распределении коэффициентов асимметрии в группах тоболо-иртышских татар выявлены не были. Для наглядности изменчивости коэффициентов асимметрии для мужских и женских групп тоболо-иртышских татар были построены комбинационные полигоны, форма которых показала, что наиболее схожи между собой мужчины тобольских и коурдакско-саргатских татар, а аялынские и тюменские татары заметно отличаются как от этих групп, так и между собой. Формы комбинационных полигонов женских серий тоболо-иртышских татар не обнаруживают видимого сходства между собой. Таким образом, выявленные различия в асимметрии скелетной системы этно-территориальных групп тоболо-иртышских татар, возможно, связаны с хозяйственным укладом жизни татар, который, ввиду различной территории расселения тех или иных этно-территориальных групп, заметно отличался. The article presents the results of studying the limb bone bilateral asymmetry in four groups of the Tobol-Irtysh Tatars: Ayalyn, Tobolsk, Tyumen and Kourdak-Sargat Tatars. The asymmetry coefficients were calculated for the male and female samples of each group (using the R – L formula). The Ayalyn Tatars resulted to have the most symmetric skeletal system, while the Kourdak-Sargat Tatars – the least symmetrical one. The analysis of the asymmetry coefficients of individual bones revealed that the humerus is the most asymmetric bone in both sexes among all the studied groups. The lengths of the upper limb bones resulted to be the most asymmetrical measurement in all groups. Left-sided asymmetry was mainly seen in the lower limb bones among the Tobol-Irtysh Tatars. No sex differences in the asymmetry coefficients were revealed. Combination polygons were produced to illustrate the variability of the asymmetry coefficients for the male and female samples. Male samples of the Tobolsk and Kourdak-Sargat Tatars were found to be most similar to each other, and the Ayalyn and Tyumen Tatars are noticeably different both from these groups and from each other. The combination polygons of the female samples of the Tobol-Irtysh Tatars do not reveal any visible similarity between them. Thus, the revealed differences in the asymmetry of the skeletal system of the Tobol-Irtysh Tatars ethno-territorial groups are possibly associated with different economy systems of the groups.

Endocytosis of Sugars in Embryonic Skeletal Tissues in Organ Culture

1969 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-103
Author(s):  
HONOR B. FELL ◽  
J. T. DINGLE
Keyword(s):  
Articular Cartilage ◽  
Organ Culture ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Bone Matrix ◽  
Fibrillar Structure ◽  
Limb Bone ◽  
Limb Bones ◽  
Cartilage Cells ◽  
Defined Culture ◽  
Dose Dependent

The addition of sucrose to a chemically defined culture medium caused intense cytoplasmic vacuolation of the perichondrial, oesteogenic arid articular cartilage cells of limb-bone rudiments from 8½-day embryonic chicks grown in organ culture. The rest of the cartilage appeared unaffected by the sugar. The osteocytes were intensely vacuolated; the bone matrix was much less dense than that of the controls and had an abnormal fibrillar structure. When the explants were transferred to medium without sucrose, after 6 days vacuolation had almost disappeared. The effect of the sucrose was dose-dependent; at a concentration of 0.32M the sugar was highly toxic; at 0.16M the explants survived and vacuolation of the chondrocytes extended further into the cartilage than at 0.08M. A similar vacuolation of the cells in response to sucrose was seen in the isolated shafts of the limb-bones and in the mandibular rami from 11- to 13-day embryos; in the sucrose-treated explants osteogenesis was arrested and in places the bone showed osteolytic changes. In the absence of glucose, 8½-day limb-bone rudiments failed to grow and rapidly degenerated in medium containing 0.08 M sucrose, indicating that sucrose was very little if at all metabolized. Explants of 8½-day rudiments grown for 8 days in the presence of 0.8M glucose showed no vacuolation; dextran had some effect, and both mannitol and sorbitol caused vacuolation.

The Differential Growth-Response of Embryonic Chick Limb-Bone Rudiments to Triiodothyronine in vitro. III. Hormone Concentration.

Development ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 383-398
Author(s):  
Kirstie Lawson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Differential Growth ◽  
Limb Bone ◽  
Limb Bones ◽  
High Specific Growth Rate ◽  
Specific Growth Rates

Rudiments of each of the limb bones from the same chick embryo differ in their growth response to thyroid hormones in vitro (Fell & Mellanby, 1955, 1956). These variations in response to triiodothyronine (T3) are not determined by differences in maturity or size of the rudiments (Lawson, 1961a), but are associated with differences in their normal specific growth rates in vivo; T3 retards the growth of rudiments which normally have a high specific growth rate and stimulates the growth of those which grow slowly in vivo. However, when the growth rate of the limb-bone rudiments is altered in vitro by varying the composition of the medium or the temperature, the characteristic responses of different rudiments to T3 are not greatly altered (Lawson, 1961b). For example, the effect of T3 on the radius, a slowly growing rudiment, is to stimulate growth, whereas the same amount of T3 retards the growth rate of the third metatarsus which is normally a fast growing bone.

Phylogenetic variation in hind-limb bone scaling of flightless theropods

Paleobiology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas R. Chan
Keyword(s):  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Linear Scaling ◽  
Large Species ◽  
Limb Bone ◽  
Limb Bones ◽  
Scaling Relationships ◽  
Taxonomic Groups ◽  
Leg Bones ◽  
Polynomial Regressions

AbstractThe robusticity of the weight-bearing limbs of large terrestrial animals is expected to increase at a more rapid rate than in their smaller relatives. This scaling has been hypothesized to allow large species to maintain stresses in the limb bones that are similar to those seen in smaller ones. Curvilinear scaling has previously been found in mammals and nonavian theropods but has not been demonstrated in birds. In this study, polynomial regressions of leg-bone length and circumference in terrestrial flightless birds were carried out to test for a relationship similar to that seen in nonavian theropods. Flightless birds exhibit curvilinear scaling, with the femora of large taxa becoming thicker relative to length at a greater rate than in smaller taxa. Evidence was found for nonlinear scaling in the leg bones of nonavian theropods. However, unlike in avians, there is also phylogenetic variation between taxonomic groups, with tyrannosaur leg bones in particular scaling differently than other groups. Phylogenetically corrected quadratic regressions and separate analyses of taxonomic groupings found little phylogenetic variation in flightless birds. It is suggested here that the nonlinear scaling seen in avian femora is due to the need to maintain the position of the knee under a more anterior center of mass, thereby restricting femoral length. The femur of nonavian theropods is not so constrained, with greater variability of the linear scaling relationships between clades. Phylogenetic variation in limb-bone scaling may broaden the errors for mass-predictive scaling equations based on limb-bone measurements of nonavian theropods.

scholarly journals STATURE ESTIMATION FROM PARTIAL MEASUREMENTS AND MAXIMUM LENGTH OF UPPER LIMB BONES IN KOREANS

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
pp. 100-107
Author(s):  
Je-Hun Lee ◽  
Young-Gil Jeong ◽  
Nam Seob Lee ◽  
Seung Yun Han ◽  
Seung-Ho Han
Keyword(s):  
Upper Limb ◽  
Humeral Head ◽  
Maximum Length ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Transverse Diameter ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Stature Estimation ◽  
Limb Bone ◽  
Limb Bones ◽  
Human Bones

The aim of this study was to develop regression equations for stature estimation using the upper limb bone in Korean individuals. A total of 105 samples (55 men and 50 women) obtained from cadavers were used for developing equations. Bones with obvious pathologies or healed fractures were excluded. The coefficient of determination (r2) of the variables was slightly higher in men than in women. Ulna length (MLU) in both sexes was found to have the highest r2 value. Moreover, the regression equation using a stepwise analysis in a sample of combined sex using partial segments was based on MLR (Maximum length of the radius), MLH (Maximum length of the humerus) and TDHH (Transverse diameter of the humeral head) (r2 = 0.949). This method can be used to estimate stature when unidentified human bones are found at excavation sites.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document