Introductory remarks

1981 ◽  
Vol 292 (1057) ◽  
pp. 3-5
Keyword(s):  
Social System ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Joint Meeting ◽  
The Social ◽  
Transmission Of Information ◽  
Special Knowledge ◽  
The Brain

We hope that in this joint meeting the special knowledge of each contributor will help towards solution of the questions: what is man? where, when and why did he begin? The organization of the meeting jointly by the British Academy and the Royal Society draws attention both to the nature of man and to the difficulties that he meets in describing himself. The characteristics by which human life is maintained are governed in man perhaps more than in any other creature by a double dependence - on capacities acquired by inheritance and on those learned later in life. Moreover, investigations of these two aspects requires different backgrounds and techniques, which we could perhaps characterize as scientific for the study of inherited features and humanistic for the study of learning and culture. To put it differently, study of somatic inheritance requires a knowledge of science while extrasomatic inheritance is concerned with human languages, history and civilizations. The evolution of man has been very rapid over the last 2 Ma and, at least in the later part of this time, extrasomatic transmission of information has been a major feature of the changes. Since the invention of language, individuals have been able rapidly to acquire detailed information from many others instead of only from two parents. Man evolves fast because of this multiparental inheritance of information about how to survive. Yet the two methods of transmission are not wholly separate. The capacity to pass information by speech or writing must depend upon very specific characteristics that are inherited through DNA. Certain features of the brain and mouth are needed for speech, and still more complex properties to allow understanding of even the simplest logical propositions. Again, the social system that is necessary for learning and transmission of culture depends upon properties of the brain and endocrine system that reduce aggression, impose restraint and allow cooperation. Five hundred apes would not sit quietly and listen to another ape like the audience at this meeting.

The Shape of the Secular City

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harvey Cox
Keyword(s):  
Social System ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
The Social ◽  
Theological Perspective ◽  
The City ◽  
Biblical Faith ◽  
Modes Of Existence

This chapter describes the shape of the secular city, illustrating two characteristic components of the social shape of the modern metropolis: anonymity and mobility. Not only are anonymity and mobility central. They are also the two features of the urban social system most frequently singled out for attack by both religious and nonreligious critics. The chapter demonstrates how both anonymity and mobility contribute to the sustenance of human life in the city rather than detracting from it, why they are indispensable modes of existence in the urban setting. It also shows why, from a theological perspective, anonymity and mobility may even produce a certain congruity with biblical faith that is never noticed by the religious rebukers of urbanization.

scholarly journals Reorientasi Maqasid Terhadap Pemikiran Islam Reformis (Studi Pemikiran Maqasid Ibn ‘Ashur)

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-94
Author(s):  
Mohamad Anang Firdaus
Keyword(s):  
Social System ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Conservative Group ◽  
Islamic Studies ◽  
Islamic Movement ◽  
Library Research ◽  
Research Theme ◽  
The Social ◽  
Islamic Thought ◽  
Main Factor

Ibn ‘Ashur is considered as one of the founders of modern Maqasid science which plays a role as a link between the thinking of salaf ulama and contemporary-reformist Islamic thought. This article tries to find the intersection between the maqasid theory and the reformist Islamic movement in the development of the thinking of maqasid Ibn ‘Ashur. This article is written as library research in which the author uses a thematic study of Maqasid as an approach to Islamic studies in three books written by Ibn ‘Ashur, for Searching the correlation of the concept to answer the problems in this study, among others; al-Tahrir wa al-Tanwir; Alaysaå al-Subh bi Qarib and Usul al-Nizam al-Ijtima'iy fi al-Islam. And supported by secondary references taken from books and journals related to the research theme. This article finds that Ibn ‘Ashur’s efforts in reorienting Maqasid theory to reformist Islamic thought are seen in the concept of Maqasid al-Qur’an al-’Ammah (objectives general al-Qur'an), which contains the mission of al-Qur'an in efforts to maintain the social system and order of human life. Ibn ‘Ashur's idea regarding the reorientation of the Maqasid theory has succeeded in changing the paradigm of the conservative group so that educational reforms at Zaytunah University can be realized. The main factor that shaped the idea of reorienting maqasid towards reformist thinking was the influence of the Muslim reformist movement and the movement against French colonialism.

scholarly journals SITUS-SITUS MEGALITIK DI KABUPATEN BONE: KAJIAN SEBARAN DAN KRONOLOGI

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 119
Author(s):  
Bernadeta AKW
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Social System ◽  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Islamic Period ◽  
Agricultural Resources ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social

Megalithic culture research at Labuaja Site, Kahu sub-district and other sites in Bone Regency aims to determine the distribution and chronology. This research doing by survey and excavation techniques. Archaeological data found from megalithic sites in Bone Regency are presented in descriptive analysis. In addition, C14 analysis was also carried out with charcoal in Beta Analytic Inc. Miami, Florida, USA to find out its absolute date. The results showed that megalithic sites in Bone had a fairly even distribution and occupy the slope to hilltops with a height of 28 - 218 meters above sea level. The results of radiocarbon dating indicate that the age of the site and megalithic culture in Labuaja, Bone ranges from 400 - 190 BP (around the 15th-17th century AD). Based on that date, the megalithic culture in Labuaja began in the golden age of the kingdom of Bone. Megalithic culture in Bone has associations with natural resources such as rivers and rice fields which are very supportive in the activities of human life that depend on agricultural resources. With the exploitation of agricultural resources, thus produce the social system and ideology adopted by the people who reach the Islamic period.  Penelitian kebudayaan megalitik pada situs Labuaja, Kecamatan Kahu dan situs-situs yang lainnya di Kabupaten Bone bertujuan untuk mengetahui sebaran dan menentukan kronologinya. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan teknik survei dan ekskavasi. Data arkeologis yang ditemukan dari situs situs megalitik di Kabupaten Bone disajikan dalam bentuk deskriptif analisis. Selain itu, dilakukan pula analisis C14 dengan bahan arang di Beta Analytic Inc Miami Florida, USA untuk mengetahui pertanggalan absolutnya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa situs-situs megalitik di Bone memiliki sebaran yang cukup merata dan menempati wilayah lereng hingga puncak bukit dengan ketinggian antara 28 – 218 meter di atas permukaan laut. Hasil pertanggalan radiokarbon menunjukkan bahwa umur situs dan kebudayaan megalitik di Labuaja, Bone berkisar antara 400 – 190 BP (sekitar abad ke-15–17 Masehi). Berdasarkan pertanggalan tersebut, kebudayaan megalitik di Labuaja berawal pada zaman keemasan kerajaan Bone. Kebudayaan megalitik di Bone memiliki asosiasi dengan sumber-sumber alam seperti sungai dan persawahan yang sangat menunjang dalam aktivitas kehidupan manusia yang bergantung pada sumber sumber pertanian. Dengan kegiatan eksploitasi sumber pertanian, sehingga melahirkan sistem sosial dan ideologi yang dianut oleh masyarakat yang menjangkau periode Islam.

scholarly journals DAKWAH KENABIAN DAN KONSTRUKSI MASYARAKAT KHAYALAN

TASAMUH ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Ishak Hariyanto ◽  
Agus Dedi Putrawan
Keyword(s):  
Social System ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Social Institution ◽  
Collective Agreement ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Prophetic Preaching ◽  
The Social ◽  
Mutual Action ◽  
The Ideal

The Prophet's missionary journey as an arena for building a humanitarian system that is mutually acceptable and recognizes the values ​​of human equality in the social system is still a deviation, even though life must embrace one another, accept unconditionally and respect human values. Acceptance of fellow humans seems to have become a deviation and even becomes collective amnesia in social life. This collective amnesia is present in human life without realizing that we live in it so that acceptance in the name of the man as a form of hablumminannas is like the construction of a mere imaginary society. The construction of imaginary societies has occurred in Medina as a social institution on the journey of prophetic preaching. Such things occur as a process of living systems; a process of establishing his identity as a social system in building the ideal society that has ever existed on this earth. The Madinah community is a society based on a collective agreement stated in a charter, commonly known as the charter of Medina. Relations between groups are built based on the breath of acceptance among others, because of the awareness of the similarity of the nature and dignity of human beings. Why Medina is referred to as a normal social system identity, not because of the intersubjectivity; acceptability of humans and humans built from all components of the social system is always in communication and mutual action.

scholarly journals Transformation of Cultural Values in The Novel Di Bawah Langit yang Sama by Helga Rif (Literary Anthropology Approach)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-208
Author(s):  
Asep Ricky Subagya ◽  
Sri Suhita
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Social System ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Cultural Value ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Data Preservation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Form Transformation

This study aims to obtain information about transformation of the cultural value in the novel titled Di Bawah Langit yang Sama by Helga Rif. This research use qualitative descriptive method based on anthropology of literature approach. This research was conducted from January to July 2019. In this study, there is a focus that is studied, which is the form transformation of cultural values, while the study's sub-focus includes (1) preservation cultural values ​​and (2) revolution in cultural values. As for identifying and raising anthropological features in the novel using Koentjaraningrat theory which includes (1) human life equipment, (2) occupation, (3) social system, (4) language system, (5) arts, (6) knowledge system, and (7) religious system. In the novel entitled Di Bawah Langit yang Sama had been found the elements of transformation of cultural values ​​as much 103 data. Preservation of cultural values are 75 data, meanwhile the changes in the cultural values are 28 data. The most dominant data on maintaining cultural values ​​is an element of human life equipment and social systems. Meanwhile, the most dominant data on changes in cultural value is an element of the social system. The results of this study have implications for 2013 Learning Curriculum 2013 Revision 2018 in grade XII, KD 3.8 interpret the author's view of life in novels that are read and KD 4.8, which presents the results of interpretation of the views of the author either verbal or scripted.

The Ferrier Lecture, 1962 Visual adaptation

1965 ◽  
Vol 162 (986) ◽  
pp. 20-46 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Discrimination ◽  
Visual Pigment ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Chemical Change ◽  
Visual Adaptation ◽  
Rods And Cones ◽  
Photographic Camera ◽  
Transmission Of Information ◽  
Vertebrate Eye ◽  
The Brain

You will need no words of mine to convince you how precious are your eyes, for besides your experience of the incomparable richness that vision brings to human life, you will reflect that animal life, though clothed in bodies of fantastic diversity can seldom afford to be without sight of a sort, and generally possesses some good visual discrimination. The function of the eye and its nerves is roughly this: to collect light from various places in order to obtain information about rather distant surroundings, to discriminate the patterns of form and movement, and to initiate appropriate reactions. The vertebrate eye, like a photographic camera, collects light with a lens so that a replica of the outside world is formed as an image upon the retina. Here the pattern of light energy is transformed into a pattern of chemical change by the photosensitive pigments of the retinal film. But in the eye (unlike the camera) it is not sufficient for the picture to be ‘taken’ ; it may not lie dormant until it is convenient to develop and appreciate it, for the transmission of information to the brain is often a matter of the greatest urgency. Thus the visual pigment lies not spread in a structureless film but enclosed in a mosaic of active cells, the rods and cones, which constitute the ‘grain’ of the retinal image. Each of these cells can respond to light and give rise to a message that passes towards the brain. By the time the message is taken up by the fibres of the optic nerve we know that it is in the familiar pattern of impulses similar to those in all other long nerves. But we do not know the nature of the complex message transmitted from the rods to the optic nerves.

The Social System of the Welfare Hotel

1980 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-162
Author(s):  
VERNON L. ALLEN
Keyword(s):  
Social System ◽  
The Social

Value-driven issues throughout the development of sociological theory

2020 ◽  
pp. 147-160
Author(s):  
Gulbarshyn Chepurko ◽  
Valerii Pylypenko
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social System ◽  
Sociological Theory ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Social Sphere ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Different Levels

The paper examines and compares how the major sociological theories treat axiological issues. Value-driven topics are analysed in view of their relevance to society in times of crisis, when both societal life and the very structure of society undergo dramatic change. Nowadays, social scientists around the world are also witnessing such a change due to the emergence of alternative schools of sociological thought (non-classical, interpretive, postmodern, etc.) and, subsequently, the necessity to revise the paradigms that have been existed in sociology so far. Since the above-mentioned approaches are often used to address value-related issues, building a solid theoretical framework for these studies takes on considerable significance. Furthermore, the paradigm revision has been prompted by technological advances changing all areas of people’s lives, especially social interactions. The global human community, integral in nature, is being formed, and production of human values now matters more than production of things; hence the “expansion” of value-focused perspectives in contemporary sociology. The authors give special attention to collectivities which are higher-order units of the social system. These units are described as well-organised action systems where each individual performs his/her specific role. Just as the role of an individual is distinct from that of the collectivity (because the individual and the collectivity are different as units), so too a distinction is drawn between the value and the norm — because they represent different levels of social relationships. Values are the main connecting element between the society’s cultural system and the social sphere while norms, for the most part, belong to the social system. Values serve primarily to maintain the pattern according to which the society is functioning at a given time; norms are essential to social integration. Apart from being the means of regulating social processes and relationships, norms embody the “principles” that can be applied beyond a particular social system. The authors underline that it is important for Ukrainian sociology to keep abreast of the latest developments in the field of axiology and make good use of those ideas because this is a prerequisite for its successful integration into the global sociological community.

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