scholarly journals Infectious disease dynamics: what characterizes a successful invader?

2001 ◽  
Vol 356 (1410) ◽  
pp. 901-910 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. May ◽  
Sunetra Gupta ◽  
Angela R. McLean
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Hiv And Aids ◽  
Basic Reproductive Number ◽  
Reproductive Number ◽  
Species Barrier ◽  
Successful Invader

Against the background of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and other potentially emerging (or re–emerging) infectious diseases, this review will focus on the properties which enable an infectious agent to establish and maintain itself within a specified host population. We shall emphasize that for a pathogen to cross a species barrier is one thing, but for it successfully to maintain itself in the new population is must have a ‘basic reproductive number’, R 0 , which satisfies R 0 > 1. We shall further discuss how behavioural factors interweave with the basic biology of the production of transmission stages by the pathogen, all subject to possible secular changes, to determine the magnitude of R 0 . Although primarily focusing on HIV and AIDS, we shall review wider aspects of these questions.

Lazarus and Group Psychotherapy: AIDS in the Era of Protease Inhibitors

2003 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 314-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
George V. Gushue ◽  
Sarah J. Brazaitis
Keyword(s):  
Protease Inhibitors ◽  
Group Process ◽  
Therapy Group ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Hiv And Aids ◽  
Medical Treatments ◽  
New Class ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency

A new class of medications, protease inhibitors, has dramatically improved the health of many people with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). This development has had a major impact on the lives of those affected by HIV/AIDS. This article considers how a group is affected by the larger systems of which it is a part. The article examines changes in the content, process, and salient leadership tasks of an ongoing therapy group for people with HIV and AIDS before and following the initial introduction of new medical treatments. It also considers how the group process continues to be affected by the more recent failure of these medications for many patients. Implications for research, practice, and training are discussed.

scholarly journals HIV and AIDS knowledge and sexual behaviours amongst secondary school learners in Harare, Zimbabwe

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Mlingo ◽  
Valerie J. Ehlers ◽  
Janetta Roos
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Hiv And Aids ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Prevention Education ◽  
Community Activities ◽  
Sexual Activities ◽  
Aids Knowledge ◽  
Grade 8

Efforts to stem the tide of the Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) pandemic in Africa emphasise the necessity that learners should be able to make informed decisions. Although learners in Zimbabwe’s schools are taught about HIV and AIDS, the extent of their knowledge needed to be determined. The major objective was to assess the knowledge of secondary school learners in Harare, Zimbabwe, about HIV and AIDS. Structured interviews were conducted with 75 Grade 8 (Form 1) secondary school learners from four schools in Harare.Most learners had obtained their HIV and AIDS knowledge from schools, but some did so from their parents, community activities, the radio or television. No learner had commenced with sexual activities and all had heard about HIV, but not all knew what HIV was, and even fewer could define AIDS. Less than one-third of the learners could mention the three most important HIV preventive measures. Most learners were willing to undergo voluntary counselling and testing (VCT), but few had done so. As no learner had commenced sexual activities, opportunities existed to empower Grade 8 (Form 1) learners with adequate HIV and AIDS knowledge. Generally the learners’ HIV and AIDS knowledge levels were high but some misconceptions existed. Schools should engage with radio and television programmes to address misconceptions about HIV and AIDS. Learners should be enabled to access VCT services. More effective HIV prevention education in Zimbabwe’s schools, could enable more youth to remain HIV negative.OpsommingPogings om die Menslike Immuniteitsgebrekvirus (MIV) en Verworwe immuniteits-gebreksindroom (VIGS) pandemiese golf in Afrika te stuit, beklemtoon die noodsaaklikheid dat leerders ingeligte besluite moet kan neem. Alhoewel leerders in Zimbabwe se skole onderrig word oor MIV en VIGS, behoort die omvang van die kennis vasgestel te word. Die hoofdoelwit was om sekondêre skool leerders van Harare, Zimbabwe, se MIV en VIGS kennis te bepaal. Gestruktureerde onderhoude is gevoer met 75 Graad 8 (Vorm 1) sekondêre skool leerders van vier skole in Harare.Die meeste leerders het hulle MIV and VIGS kennis by skole opgedoen terwyl ‘n paar dit van hulle ouers, gemeenskapsaktiwiteite, die radio en televisie gekry het. Geen leerders het met seksuele aktiwiteite begin nie, almal het van MIV gehoor, maar nie almal het geweet wat MIV is nie, en nog minder kon VIGS definieer. Minder as een-derde kon die drie belangrikste MIV voorkomende maatreëls noem. Die meeste leerders was gewillig om vrywillige berading en toetsing (VBT) te ondergaan, maar min het dit reeds gedoen.Aangesien geen leerder seksueel aktief was nie, bestaan geleenthede om Graad 8 (Vorm 1)leerders te bemagtig om ingeligte besluite te neem. Oor die algemeen was die leerders se MIV en VIGS kennisvlakke hoog, maar wanopvattings het bestaan Skole behoort saam te werk met radio en televisie programme ten einde wanopvattings aan te spreek. Leerders moet in staat gestel word om VBT dienste te benut. Doeltreffender MIV en VIGS voorligting in Zimbabwe se skole, kan meer jong mense in staat stel of HIV negatief te bly.

scholarly journals Emerging infectious pathogens of wildlife

2001 ◽  
Vol 356 (1411) ◽  
pp. 1001-1012 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Dobson ◽  
J. Foufopoulos
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
The United States ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Basic Reproductive Number ◽  
Reproductive Number ◽  
Emerging Pathogens ◽  
Emergent Pathogen ◽  
Insight Into

The first part of this paper surveys emerging pathogens of wildlife recorded on the ProMED Web site for a 2–year period between 1998 and 2000. The majority of pathogens recorded as causing disease outbreaks in wildlife were viral in origin. Anthropogenic activities caused the outbreaks in a significant majority of cases. The second part of the paper develops some matrix models for quantifying the basic reproductive number, R 0 , for a variety of potential types of emergent pathogen that cause outbreaks in wildlife. These analyses emphasize the sensitivity of R 0 to heterogeneities created by either the spatial structure of the host population, or the ability of the pathogens to utilize multiple host species. At each stage we illustrate how the approach provides insight into the initial dynamics of emergent pathogens such as canine parvovirus, Lyme disease, and West Nile virus in the United States.

scholarly journals HIV/AIDS in Children: Current Update

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-37
Author(s):  
Mirza Md Ziaul Islam ◽  
M Mizanur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Immune Deficiency ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Unprotected Sex ◽  
Hiv And Aids ◽  
Human Immune Deficiency Virus ◽  
Repeated Infections ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency

Human immune deficiency virus (HIV) infection leading to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has been a major cause of illness and death among children, teens and young adults worldwide. In recent years, HIV infection rates have been increasing rapidly among teens and young adults. The three main ways HIV is passed to a very young child are: intrauterine, at the time of birth and during breast feeding. Among the teens, the virus is most commonly spread through unprotected sex, sharing needles or in very rare cases by direct contact with an open wound of an infected person or through blood transfusion. A baby born with HIV infection most likely will appear healthy. But within 2 to 3 months after birth, an infected baby might begin to appear sick, with poor weight gain, repeated infections, and enlargement of lymph nodes, liver or spleen and neurological problems. Every pregnant woman should be tested for HIV to have a better chance of preventing transmission to her unborn child. Older kids, teens and adults are tested for HIV infection and if found positive should undergo protocolized treatment. There is no vaccine to prevent HIV and AIDS although researchers are working to develop one. Thus, prevention of HIV remains of worldwide importance.Bangladesh J Child Health 2015; VOL 39 (1) :30-37

AIDS and Tennessee: An Overview of Guidelines Protecting Workers in Tennessee with HIV and AIDS

1996 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 23-25
Author(s):  
Ann E. Hackerman
Keyword(s):  
Immune Deficiency ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Job Applicants ◽  
Hiv And Aids ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency

There has been a professed fear about having a coworker with AIDS. The workers feel threatened, the customers and clients boycott, and the employers are faced with numerous decisions, both morally and legally. The Harkin-Humphrey Amendment, which amended the Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987, has made it illegal to discriminate against employees or job applicants with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). With this in mind, the Tennessee government offices are making strident efforts to educate and protect its citizens and workers from discrimination and harassment in regards to HIV and AIDS.

A Biopsychosocial Approach to Treatment

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Ann Cohen ◽  
Harold W. Goforth
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Systems Of Care ◽  
Early Recognition ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Hiv And Aids ◽  
Medical Systems ◽  
Aids Epidemic ◽  
Human Contact

The care of persons with HIV and AIDS presents clinicians, caregivers, families, and loved ones with special biopsychosocial challenges posed by the infectious nature of HIV, the specific modes of HIV transmission, the particular way HIV affects the brain, the age of onset, and the complex stigma of HIV. These challenges differentiate AIDS from other severe and complex illnesses, causes, have significant clinical and public health implications, and necessitate early recognition and treatment. The multifactorial nature of these challenges is summarized in Table 11.1, and some unique aspects of AIDS are briefly summarized in Table 11.2. AIDS psychiatrists, psychosomatic medicine psychiatrists, physicians trained in both medicine and psychiatry, and other mental health clinicians can play a vital role the care of persons with HIV and AIDS, in the prevention of HIV transmission, and in training of other clinicians to alleviate distress, reduce ongoing high-risk behavior and nonadherence, provide support for patients and families, and improve patients’ quality of life. In this chapter, we will review the biopsychosocial aspects of AIDS and suggest strategies to address the unique challenges of this devastating and complex illness. Although the AIDS epidemic was first described in the medical literature in 1981, it was not until 1983 that the first articles were published about the psychosocial or psychiatric aspects of AIDS. The first article was not written by a psychiatrist. This article, written by Holtz and colleagues (1983), was essentially a plea for attention to the psychosocial aspects of AIDS. They stated that “noticeably absent in the flurry of publications about the current epidemic of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is reference to the psychosocial impact of this devastating new syndrome.” The authors deplored ostracism of persons with AIDS by both their families and their medical systems of care. These authors were the first to describe the profound withdrawal from human contact as the “sheet sign” observed when a person with AIDS drew a bed sheet over his or her face and head, essentially withdrawing and hiding from visitors.

scholarly journals How do pathogen evolution and host heterogeneity interact in disease emergence?

2006 ◽  
Vol 273 (1605) ◽  
pp. 3075-3083 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Yates ◽  
Rustom Antia ◽  
Roland R Regoes
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Real World ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Basic Reproductive Number ◽  
Reproductive Number ◽  
Disease Emergence ◽  
Adaptive Changes ◽  
Vaccination Strategies ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Host Heterogeneity

Heterogeneity in the parameters governing the spread of infectious diseases is a common feature of real-world epidemics. It has been suggested that for pathogens with basic reproductive number R 0 >1, increasing heterogeneity makes extinction of disease more likely during the early rounds of transmission. The basic reproductive number R 0 of the introduced pathogen may, however, be less than 1 after the introduction, and evolutionary changes are then required for R 0 to increase to above 1 and the pathogen to emerge. In this paper, we consider how host heterogeneity influences the emergence of both non-evolving pathogens and those that must undergo adaptive changes to spread in the host population. In contrast to previous results, we find that heterogeneity does not always make extinction more likely and that if adaptation is required for emergence, the effect of host heterogeneity is relatively small. We discuss the application of these ideas to vaccination strategies.

scholarly journals Stigma and discrimination within the Ethiopian health care settings: Views of inpatients living with human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immune deficiency syndrome

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Befekadu S. Wodajo ◽  
Gloria Thupayagale-Tshweneagae ◽  
Oluwaseyi A. Akpor
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Hiv And Aids ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Health Care Settings ◽  
Stigma And Discrimination ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency

Background: Stigma and discrimination attached to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) have been recognised as a major obstacle to HIV prevention, treatment, care and support throughout the world. Stigma and discrimination are more devastating when they occur in health care settings where it is least expected.Aim: To explore the factors attributable to stigma and discrimination of people living with HIV in two Ethiopian rural hospitals on what they thought of health care professionals (HCPs) attending to them.Methods: A qualitative exploratory approach was used. Data collection was by means of audio-taped interview and Tesch’s content analysis approach was used. The sample size for this study was determined by saturation of data and consisted of 16 participants who were people living with HIV admitted as inpatients to the two selected hospitals in Amhara region of Ethiopia.Results: Participants’ views were grouped into: fear of contact, delay of services, substandard services, denial of care, impoliteness of health care providers, breach of confidentiality and poor patient follow-up for persons infected with HIV.Conclusion: The health care settings have been recognised as one of the contexts where HIV and AIDS-related stigmatisation and discrimination can occur. Hospital policies and institutional support should be tailored to embrace people living with HIV as the provision of institutional support is imperative in creating a good working environment and improving the commitment of HCPs so as to enable them to provide holistic care for people living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA) without discrimination.

scholarly journals Epidemiology and the emergence of human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immune deficiency syndrome

2001 ◽  
Vol 356 (1410) ◽  
pp. 795-798 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin M. De Cock
Keyword(s):  
Immune Deficiency ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Hiv And Aids ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Ecological Association ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency ◽  
Hiv 1

Although acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) was first described in the USA in 1981, there is evidence that individual cases occurred considerably earlier in Central Africa, and serological and virological data show human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was present in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) as far back as 1959. It is likely that HIV–1 infection in humans was established from cross–species transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus of chimpanzees, but the circumstances surrounding this zoonotic transfer are uncertain. This presentation will review how causality is established in epidemiology, and review the evidence (a putative ecological association) surrounding the hypothesis that early HIV–1 infections were associated with trials of oral polio vaccine (OPV) in the DRC. From an epidemiological standpoint, the OPV hypothesis is not supported by data and the ecological association proposed between OPV use and early HIV/AIDS cases is unconvincing. It is likely that Africa will continue to dominate global HIV and AIDS epidemiology in the near to medium–term future, and that the epidemic will evolve over many decades unless a preventive vaccine becomes widely available.

scholarly journals IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN PENCEGAHAN dAN PENANGGULANGAN HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY/AQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME (HIV/AIdS) dI KOTA SURAKARTA

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Siti Wahyuningsih ◽  
Widodo.T Novianto ◽  
Hari Purwadi
Keyword(s):  
Immune Deficiency ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Hiv And Aids ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Inadequate Response ◽  
Technical Instructions ◽  
The Law ◽  
Hiv Aids

Abstract<br />This Articel to analyze the implementation of policy on the prevention and combat of Human Immunodefisiency Virus and Aquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) in Surakarta City. This type of research in writing this is a non-doctrinal/empirical, with basing on the concept of the law of the 5th. The form used is the research diagnostic analysis. The data type of the data source, and the primair include primary and secondary legal materials. Data analysis using qualitative analysis. Based on the results of research and discussion with respect to issues that are examined, it can be summed up as follows : (1) Factors that become the cause of inadequate response to the HIV and AIDS amongst others caused the problem of HIV and AIDS has not been considered a priority issue by the health sector as well as the development of related sectors; (2) the political support that has not been adequately against the program; (3) yet uncoordinated Commission Response AIDS (KPA) and the SKPD of Surakarta City either the direction of development, planning and implementation of policies and programs regarding the Decree despite various efforts for tackling even the financing has been issued; and (4) the still inadequate dissemination of information and access to health services and the availability of VCT services, ARV existence for sufferers and those at high risk with HIV/AIDS. The steps that must be performed in order to cope with HIV/AIDS in Surakarta, among others : (1) Aspects of the substance of the law with further strengthen runway operations mainly technical instructions and guidelines that govern the start of planning, implementation, evaluation, monitoring, sanctions; (2) Aspects of structure/function and by improving the institutional tasks of KPA either in quality, as well as institutional manegement KPA. (3) Aspects of culture either by increasing the involvement of the population of Key Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs) care about HIV/AIDS and high risk groups in planning the program and run the program as well as an evaluation of the program as a Field Officer (FO), Counselor, Case Manager. The establishment of culture/culture done by influencing the attitudes and behavior of continuously/routine so that you can understand, addressing the process of countermeasure and empathy, so as to minimize the discrimination against People Living with HIV/AIDS (ODHA). <br />Keywords: Implementation – Policy – HIV/AIDS – Surakarta

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