scholarly journals Global trends in world fisheries: impacts on marine ecosystems and food security

2005 ◽  
Vol 360 (1453) ◽  
pp. 5-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Pauly ◽  
Reg Watson ◽  
Jackie Alder
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Terrestrial Mammals ◽  
Fisheries Resources ◽  
History Of ◽  
Developed World

This contribution, which reviews some broad trends in human history and in the history of fishing, argues that sustainability, however defined, rarely if ever occurred as a result of an explicit policy, but as result of our inability to access a major part of exploited stocks. With the development of industrial fishing, and the resulting invasion of the refuges previously provided by distance and depth, our interactions with fisheries resources have come to resemble the wars of extermination that newly arrived hunters conducted 40 000–50 000 years ago in Australia, and 11 000–13 000 years ago against large terrestrial mammals arrived in North America. These broad trends are documented here through a map of change in fish sizes, which displays characteristic declines, first in the nearshore waters of industrialized countries of the Northern Hemisphere, then spread offshore and to the Southern Hemisphere. This geographical extension met its natural limit in the late 1980s, when the catches from newly accessed stocks ceased to compensate for the collapse in areas accessed earlier, hence leading to a gradual decline of global landing. These trends affect developing countries more than the developed world, which have been able to meet the shortfall by increasing imports from developing countries. These trends, however, together with the rapid growth of farming of carnivorous fishes, which consumes other fishes suited for human consumption, have led to serious food security issues. This promotes urgency to the implementation of the remedies traditionally proposed to alleviate overfishing (reduction of overcapacity, enforcement of conservative total allowable catches, etc.), and to the implementation of non–conventional approaches, notably the re–establishment of the refuges (also known as marine reserves), which made possible the apparent sustainability of pre–industrial fisheries.

scholarly journals Biofortification of essential nutritional compounds and trace elements in rice and cassava

2006 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Sautter ◽  
S. Poletti ◽  
P. Zhang ◽  
W. Gruissem
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Plant Biotechnology ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
Health Improvement ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
World Population ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Rice Varieties

Plant biotechnology can make important contributions to food security and nutritional improvement. For example, the development of ‘Golden Rice’ by Professor Ingo Potrykus was a milestone in the application of gene technology to deliver both increased nutritional qualities and health improvement to wide sections of the human population. Mineral nutrient and protein deficiency as well as food security remain the most important challenges for developing countries. Current projects are addressing these issues in two major staple crops, cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and rice. The tropical root crop cassava is a major source of food for approximately 600 million of the population worldwide. In sub-Saharan Africa >200 million of the population rely on cassava as their major source of dietary energy. The nutritional quality of the cassava root is not sufficient to meet all dietary needs. Rice is the staple food for half the world population, providing approximately 20% of the per capita energy and 13% of the protein for human consumption worldwide. In many developing countries the dietary contributions of rice are substantially greater (29·3% dietary energy and 29·1% dietary protein). The current six most popular ‘mega’ rice varieties (in terms of popularity and acreage), including Chinese hybrid rice, have an incomplete amino acid profile and contain limited amounts of essential micronutrients. Rice lines with improved Fe contents have been developed using genes that have functions in Fe absorption, translocation and accumulation in the plant, as well as improved Fe bioavailability in the human intestine. Current developments in biotechnology-assisted plant improvement are reviewed and the potential of the technology in addressing human nutrition and health are discussed.

scholarly journals Perspectives Moving Forward

2021 ◽  
pp. 919-992
Author(s):  
Uma Lele ◽  
Manmohan Agarwal ◽  
Brian C. Baldwin ◽  
Sambuddha Goswami
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Productivity Growth ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Institutional Capital ◽  
Food Security And Nutrition

Growing differentiation among developing countries, declining capital flows and remittances, uncertain external aid, weakening global architecture, and rising China are reviewed. In 2021, developed countries, led by the United States, had begun a recovery. Considerable progress was achieved in developing countries prior to the COVID-19 pandemic in reducing poverty; infant and child mortality, stunting, wasting, anemia; increasing food security and nutrition; and improving gender empowerment. Impacts of the pandemic on the poverty–food security–nutrition–health nexus and implications for action are described. Agricultural total factor productivity growth across regions and countries shows huge differences in aggregate productivity growth performance. Countries with low growth also lagged in structural transformation. Premature deindustrialization in developing countries peaks at earlier levels of per capita GDP than for industrialized countries. All farm sizes can achieve productivity growth and success, but smallholders require the functioning of factor and product markets, with strong public policy. Productivity growth measures have not included changes in the quality or quantity of natural resources, but that is changing. Overall, the issue of low financial flows to developing countries needs to be addressed, and available resources need to be used strategically to leverage greater public and private investments to food and agriculture. Substantial investments are needed in human and institutional capital and physical infrastructure for new technologies. The G20’s contribution to the global architecture for food and agriculture has not met its potential relative to a promising early start. For 54 industrial and emerging countries monitored by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, changes in their agricultural policies offer scope for improvement in the overall policy environment and investment climate at the global level, including release of valuable resources for building better.

Ecosystemic Multifunctionality of Developing Country Agriculture

2003 ◽  
Vol 38 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 10-20
Author(s):  
A. Damodaran
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Developing Country ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Agricultural Markets ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Agrarian Economies

In the wake of the failure of the Cancun Summit, the paper argues for a new approach to negotiations in the agricultural sector by developing countries. The paper emphasises that piecemeal efforts to address agricultural issues facing developing countries need to be given up in favour of concepts that are more structural and give a greater profile to the special and distinctive characteristic of the agrarian economies in the developing world. The paper advances the notion of ecosystemic multifunctionality to argue for special and differential position for the agriculture sector in developing countries like India. It is argued that this concept would be beneficial to developing countries in their quest for world agricultural markets that are sensitive to livelihood and food security issues. The post-Cancun phase of negotiations could go a long way, in case a negotiation stance based on the concept of ecosystemic multifunctionality takes root.

scholarly journals Small-scale milkfish (Chanos chanos) farming in Kenya: An overview of the trends and dynamics of production

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 11-24
Author(s):  
David O. Mirera
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Farming Community ◽  
History Of ◽  
Funded Project

A number of donor-funded projects by NGOs, government departments and faith-based organizations have piloted milkfish farming along the coast of Kenya at different scales with the aim of addressing poverty and food security at the community level. This paper provides an overview of the history of milkfish farming, organisation of operations, funding, farmers trends, and production dynamics, using both secondary and primary data. Primary data were obtained from quantitative and qualitative assessments covering 26 community milkfish farming groups, while secondary data were obtained from the grey literature and donor-funded project reports. Additional primary data were obtained through 9 key informant interviews covering three coastal Counties, and focus group discussions (8-10 members) at all the community milkfish farms. The study established that milkfish farming could be traced back to the early 1980’s as a by-product of the prawn farming intervention by FAO, and later in other private farms that practised prawn farming. Community/village based small-scale milkfish farming was initiated about two decades ago using organised community groups (OCGs) as the entry point. The number of OCGs undertaking milkfish farming fluctuated with availability of donor funds and increased significantly between 2007 and 2015 with an increase in earthen pond farming area from 0.9ha to 6.8ha over this period. However, the scale of production remained low. Annual milkfish production increased from less than 50kg in 2005 to a maximum of 3.2 tons in 2015. Milkfish farming has not attained production levels that can address poverty and food security issues; a fact that was associated with the lack of reliable milkfish seed for stocking culture facilities. Harvests from existing farms are sold at the farm gate and in nearby market centres with a few communities venturing into opening fish shop outlets to sell their produce. 

scholarly journals Design, Fabrication and Performance Evaluation of a Charcoal-Fired Tomato Dehydrator for Developing Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (9) ◽  
pp. 195-201
Author(s):  
Modupe Atinuke Oluleye
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Initial Moisture Content ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Centrifugal Fan ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Total Fungi

For the purpose of enhancing the food security and economies of developing countries, thereby meeting the sustainable development goals (SDGs 2030) especially SDG No. 2, which is concerned with hunger alleviation, achieving food security, improving nutrition and promoting sustainable agriculture before the year 2030, an energy-efficient charcoal-fired tomatoes dehydrator having an efficiency of 88.6% and a drying rate of 0.51 kg/hour has been designed, fabricated and tested. It basically comprises of a combustion unit (CU) for heat energy generation through the combustion of charcoal, a heat exchanger unit (HEU) comprising of fins for efficient transfer of the generated heat through a 240 V 0.15 HP DC centrifugal fan and a drying unit (DU). The results of its performance evaluation showed that, with a safe drying air temperature of 50 oC at 6 m/s fan speed, the dehydrator is capable of drying 5 kg of tomatoes per batch from an initial moisture content of 94% to 22% with a final weight of 1.4 kg over a drying period of about 7 hours. The microbiological analysis conducted on the post-drying tomato sample revealed a total bacterial counts (TBC) of 1.61 x 102 cfu/g and a total fungi counts (TFC) of 0.27 x 102 cfu/g which are both far below the allowable limits (103 cfu/g) for human consumption. The dehydrator has proved effective for extending the shelf life of tomatoes by mitigating the rate of spoilage due to microbial activities through drying, thereby enhancing the food security and economy of developing countries.

Intraocular tuberculosis, a challenge in diagnosis and treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 4
Author(s):  
Martina Larroude ◽  
Gustavo Ariel Budmann
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Ocular Tuberculosis ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
Choroidal Granuloma ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Ocular Tb

Ocular tuberculosis (TB) is an extrapulmonary tuberculous condition and has variable manifestations. The incidence of TB is still high in developing countries, and a steady increase in new cases has been observed in industrial countries as a result of the growing number of immunodeficient patients and migration from developing countries. Choroidal granuloma is a rare and atypical location of TB. We present a case of a presumptive choroidal granuloma. This case exposes that diagnosis can be remarkably challenging when there is no history of pulmonary TB. The recognition of clinical signs of ocular TB is extremely important since it provides a clinical pathway toward tailored investigations and decision making for initiating anti-TB therapy and to ensure a close follow-up to detect the development of any complication.

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