Levels of processing during non-conscious perception: a critical review of visual masking

Understanding the extent and limits of non-conscious processing is an important step on the road to a thorough understanding of the cognitive and cerebral correlates of conscious perception. In this article, we present a critical review of research on subliminal perception during masking and other related experimental conditions. Although initially controversial, the possibility that a broad variety of processes can be activated by a non-reportable stimulus is now well established. Behavioural findings of subliminal priming indicate that a masked word or digit can have an influence on perceptual, lexical and semantic levels, while neuroimaging directly visualizes the brain activation that it evokes in several cortical areas. This activation is often attenuated under subliminal presentation conditions compared to consciously reportable conditions, but there are sufficiently many exceptions, in paradigms such as the attentional blink, to indicate that high activation, per se , is not a sufficient condition for conscious access to occur. We conclude by arguing that for a stimulus to reach consciousness, two factors are jointly needed: (i) the input stimulus must have enough strength (which can be prevented by masking) and (ii) it must receive top-down attention (which can be prevented by drawing attention to another stimulus or task). This view leads to a distinction between two types of non-conscious processes, which we call subliminal and preconscious. According to us, maintaining this distinction is essential in order to make sense of the growing neuroimaging data on the neural correlates of consciousness.

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ADVERSITY ENCOUNTERED ON THE ROAD TO GENDER DIVERSITY – WOMEN AND MEN IN HIGH BUSINESS POSITIONS AND IN SCIENTIFIC DOMAINS

Studia Humanistyczne AGH ◽

10.7494/human.2019.18.4.7 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 7-11

Author(s):

Joanna Pyrkosz-Pacyna

Keyword(s):

Gender Equality ◽

Case Studies ◽

Gender Diversity ◽

Special Issue ◽

Academic Journal ◽

The Road ◽

Gender Balance ◽

Diversity And Inclusion ◽

Broad Variety ◽

On The Road

The idea for this Special Issue actually originated during a conference devoted to gender equality in business settings: “It’s complicated. Gender balance in leadership” organized in 2018 by Diversity Hub, an organization focused on Diversity and Inclusion. Inspired by Professor Katarzyna Leszczyńska (AGH University of Science and Technology) and supported by Dr Tomasz Dąbrowski (Diversity Hub) the idea of an entire issue of an academic journal devoted to research and case studies on gender equality in science and business came to life. We opened the journal to sociologists, psychologists, cultural studies researchers, anthropologists, journalists and practitioners to share with us their work in this area. We received a broad variety of articles that tackled the notion from different perspectives and chose five articles that in our opinion provide the most interesting and professional contribution to the topic of gender representation in STEM and high business positions.

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Enhanced Motorcycle Visibility through Use of Motorcycle Conspicuity Enhancement System

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting ◽

10.1177/154193129503901518 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 39 (15) ◽

pp. 1048-1052 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Alison G. Vredenburgh ◽

H. Harvey Cohen

Keyword(s):

Human Performance ◽

Second Phase ◽

Chi Square ◽

Vehicle Accidents ◽

The Road ◽

Third Phase ◽

Two Factors ◽

On The Road ◽

Motorcycle Accidents ◽

Design And Testing

The most common cause of motorcycle accidents is the violation of the motorcyclist's right-of-way by another vehicle driver. There are two factors in the causation of multi-vehicle accidents involving motorcycles. The first factor concerns design and the second factor involves human performance capabilities. The purpose of this study is to design and test a Motorcycle Conspicuity Enhancement System (MCES) by using a similar methodology as that used by Ramsey and Brinkley (1977) who tested various daytime conspicuity enhancement devices. The following study uses a similar method as that used in the 1977 study. Several phases are required to complete the design and testing of the MCES. First, a device that can be used for testing in the next phases was developed. In the second phase, the device in configured; and finally, in the third phase, it will be tested on the road. A motorcycle and driver will be positioned on a side street perpendicular to the traffic flow. During one hour test periods, the MCES will be mounted and operating for 30 minutes and then dismounted for 30 minutes. Variance and Chi-square analyses will be used.

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The Wear of Passenger Car Tires

Rubber Chemistry and Technology ◽

10.5254/1.3542256 ◽

1958 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 166-184 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

H. A. O. W. Geesink ◽

P. Prat

Keyword(s):

Laboratory Tests ◽

Accelerated Tests ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

The Road ◽

Number Of Factors ◽

Relative Value ◽

Effective Selection ◽

On The Road ◽

Selection Of ◽

Made In

Abstract One can thus say that in the course of tire tests, all of the experimental conditions, whether they affect more particularly the wear by test period or by wheel position, influence the wear results. Notwithstanding the complexity of these influences and of their interactions it has been possible to verify that a relation existed between the tests on special cars and those made on private cars commonly used by everyday users, and to establish a correlation between the normal road tests and accelerated tests on the track. These studies have shown the importance of the severity of the tests for the estimation of the relative value of the mixtures and it has been possible to evaluate the influence of a certain number of factors on this severity which is, in reality, the resultant of the effects of all the experimental conditions on the wear of pneumatic tires. The variations in relative wear of the mixtures as a function of the severity have led to the thought that a correlation might exist between the practical tests on the road or on the track and the experiments made in the laboratory with the aid of abrasion machines. The existence of such a correlation is very important for it will permit an effective selection of the mixtures, destined for the manufacture of treads, in the research investigations. However, one must still look for a suitable adjustment of laboratory tests in order to obtain an estimation which is directly transposable to the complex domain of the pneumatic tire. This simplification, however, will not bring about the disappearance of road tests for it will, after all, be necessary to make a few practical verifications, be it only for studying the road behavior of the experimental mixtures or their resistance to cracking. This study has been made within the framework of the research programs of the Rubber-Stichting and of the French Rubber Institute, the study being in turn a part of the entirety of the investigations pursued under the protection of the International Rubber Research Board.

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Experimental Methods for Road Tankers: A Critical Review

Volume 12: Mechanics of Solids, Structures, and Fluids ◽

10.1115/imece2020-23069 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Frank Otremba ◽

José A. Romero Navarrete ◽

Alejandro A. Lozano Guzmán

Keyword(s):

Critical Review ◽

Road Safety ◽

Experimental Methods ◽

Potential Effect ◽

Full Scale ◽

Field Conditions ◽

The Road ◽

Experimental Approaches ◽

On The Road ◽

High Center

Abstract The transportation of liquids involves several situations derived from the curved shape of the cargo containers, including a comparatively high center of gravity, which negatively shifts when the container is partially loaded, and the vehicle is subjected to steering or braking accelerations. Aiming at reducing these effects several experimental approaches have been applied, involving different tank shapes and the use of baffles, tested under laboratory or field conditions, at full scale or at a down-scale. However, the scope of such approaches has been limited, mainly because the potential effect of other components of the vehicle on the road tanker behavior, has been neglected. In this paper, a critical review is presented of the experimental approaches considered so far, identifying specific experimental needs to improve the performance of the vehicles, from both the road safety and the environmental perspective.

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How does economic crisis impel emerging parties on the road to elections? The case of the Spanish Podemos and Ciudadanos

Party Politics ◽

10.1177/1354068817710223 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 257-267 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Agusti Bosch ◽

Iván M Durán

Keyword(s):

Economic Crisis ◽

Economic Situation ◽

Negative Evaluation ◽

Multinomial Model ◽

Political Factors ◽

New Parties ◽

The Road ◽

Economic Basis ◽

Two Factors ◽

On The Road

This article examines the influence of economic crisis on voting preferences for the emerging Spanish parties (Podemos and Ciudadanos). We develop a multinomial model that tests their voting antecedents, and we find three results that may be relevant for the literature on the emergence of parties. First, a negative evaluation of the country’s economic situation has a major impact on votes for the two parties. Second, the perception of corruption also plays a crucial role in understanding support for the two emerging parties. And third, both the evaluation of the country’s economic situation and the perception of corruption interact to account for the emergence of both Podemos and Ciudadanos. We conclude that the emergence of new parties has an economic basis, but political factors – such as corruption – are not suppressed by this. Conversely, the two factors interact in order to finally give rise to the new parties.

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Experimental Attempt on Walking Behavior and Stress Assessment in a Completely Darkened Tunnel

Infrastructures ◽

10.3390/infrastructures6050075 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (5) ◽

pp. 75

Author(s):

Miho Seike ◽

Nobuyoshi Kawabata ◽

Masato Hasegawa ◽

Chiharu Tsuji ◽

Haruhiro Higashida ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Questionnaire Survey ◽

Walking Speed ◽

Survey Questionnaire ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Stress Assessment ◽

Walking Behavior ◽

The Road ◽

Two Factors ◽

Blood Pressures ◽

On The Road

In case of massive fire incidents in tunnels, ceiling lights are covered by dense smoke, and pedestrians must evacuate in the dark tunnel with almost zero visibility. Nonetheless, the walking behavior in a completely darkened tunnel has not been clarified. In this study, we experimentally attempted to investigate the evacuation loci and assess the stress of evacuees by measuring oxytocin and cortisol concentrations in saliva, heart rates, blood pressures, and responses in a survey questionnaire for a full-scale tunnel. Results indicated few differences in both one- and two-dimensional walking speed. In terms of stress, the group of subjects who felt stress demonstrated a walking speed that is 0.17 m/s slower than the group that did not feel it. In the questionnaire survey, most of the subjects answered that the wall was the most helpful item, followed by the unevenness (bumps) on the white lines on the road. One of the subjects became lost, stating that she could not find the unevenness (bumps) on the white lines. These two factors can be rational guides in a dense smoke environment or a completely dark tunnel scenario.

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South Tyrol's changing political system: from dissociative on the road to associative conflict resolution

Nationalities Papers ◽

10.1080/00905992.2013.856393 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 42 (3) ◽

pp. 376-398 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Günther Pallaver

Keyword(s):

Conflict Resolution ◽

Civil Society ◽

Political System ◽

Consociational Democracy ◽

The Road ◽

Successful Model ◽

Language Groups ◽

Two Factors ◽

Institutional System ◽

On The Road

South Tyrol (Italy), with its three officially recognized language groups (Germans, Italians and Ladins), is a successful model of how a minority problem can be solved. It is based upon the principle of dissociative conflict resolution, which means separating the language groups as much as possible between themselves, as well as the principle of consociational democracy, which focuses primarily on the cooperation between the language groups’ elites. In the last few years it has been observed that while the institutional frame has not changed, society has, thereby starting to undermine the existing political and institutional system from below. This concerns mainly the ethnic division, which is being questioned more and more by civil society, as well as aspects of cooperation between the elites. As a consequence of this process, South Tyrol's autonomy is moving toward further integration, with the latter again translating into strengthening the two factors of territoriality and identity.

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