scholarly journals The study of host–microbiome (co)evolution across levels of selection

2020 ◽  
Vol 375 (1808) ◽  
pp. 20190604 ◽  
Author(s):  
Britt Koskella ◽  
Joy Bergelson
Keyword(s):  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Dynamic Nature ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Critical Question ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Single Host ◽  
Host Evolution ◽  
Existing Data ◽  
Over Time

Microorganismal diversity can be explained in large part by selection imposed from both the abiotic and biotic environments, including—in the case of host-associated microbiomes—interactions with eukaryotes. As such, the diversity of host-associated microbiomes can be usefully studied across a variety of scales: within a single host over time, among host genotypes within a population, between populations and among host species. A plethora of recent studies across these scales and across diverse systems are: (i) exemplifying the importance of the host genetics in shaping microbiome composition; (ii) uncovering the role of the microbiome in shaping key host phenotypes; and (iii) highlighting the dynamic nature of the microbiome. They have also raised a critical question: do these complex associations fit within our existing understanding of evolution and coevolution, or do these often intimate and seemingly cross-generational interactions follow novel evolutionary rules from those previously identified? Herein, we describe the known importance of (co)evolution in host–microbiome systems, placing the existing data within extant frameworks that have been developed over decades of study, and ask whether there are unique properties of host–microbiome systems that require a paradigm shift. By examining when and how selection can act on the host and its microbiome as a unit (termed, the holobiont), we find that the existing conceptual framework, which focuses on individuals, as well as interactions among individuals and groups, is generally well suited for understanding (co)evolutionary change in these intimate assemblages. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The role of the microbiome in host evolution’.

scholarly journals The role of the microbiome in host evolution

2020 ◽  
Vol 375 (1808) ◽  
pp. 20190588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oren Kolodny ◽  
Benjamin J. Callahan ◽  
Angela E. Douglas
Keyword(s):  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Life Sciences ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Sequencing Technologies ◽  
Host Evolution ◽  
The Relationship

In the last decade, we have witnessed a major paradigm shift in the life sciences: the recognition that the microbiome, i.e. the set of microorganisms associated with healthy animals (including humans) and plants, plays a crucial role in the sustained health and fitness of its host. Enabled by rapid advances in sequencing technologies and analytical methods, substantial advances have been achieved in both identifying the microbial taxa and understanding the relationship between microbiome composition and host phenotype. These breakthroughs are leading to novel strategies for improved human and animal health, enhanced crop yield and nutritional quality, and the control of various pests and disease agents. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The role of the microbiome in host evolution'.

scholarly journals Compartmentalization drives the evolution of symbiotic cooperation

2020 ◽  
Vol 375 (1808) ◽  
pp. 20190602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillaume Chomicki ◽  
Gijsbert D. A. Werner ◽  
Stuart A. West ◽  
E. Toby Kiers
Keyword(s):  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Tree Of Life ◽  
Common Mechanism ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Single Host ◽  
Nutrient Provisioning ◽  
Host Evolution ◽  
And Control

Across the tree of life, hosts have evolved mechanisms to control and mediate interactions with symbiotic partners. We suggest that the evolution of physical structures that allow hosts to spatially separate symbionts, termed compartmentalization, is a common mechanism used by hosts. Such compartmentalization allows hosts to: (i) isolate symbionts and control their reproduction; (ii) reward cooperative symbionts and punish or stop interactions with non-cooperative symbionts; and (iii) reduce direct conflict among different symbionts strains in a single host. Compartmentalization has allowed hosts to increase the benefits that they obtain from symbiotic partners across a diversity of interactions, including legumes and rhizobia, plants and fungi, squid and Vibrio , insects and nutrient provisioning bacteria, plants and insects, and the human microbiome. In cases where compartmentalization has not evolved, we ask why not. We argue that when partners interact in a competitive hierarchy, or when hosts engage in partnerships which are less costly, compartmentalization is less likely to evolve. We conclude that compartmentalization is key to understanding the evolution of symbiotic cooperation. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The role of the microbiome in host evolution’.

Future Prospects

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Himanshu ◽  
Peter Lanjouw ◽  
Nicholas Stern
Keyword(s):  
Financial Services ◽  
Foreseeable Future ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Critical Question ◽  
Weak State ◽  
The Public ◽  
Education Outcomes ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
Over Time

This chapter attempts to draw on the analysis of seven decades of data and evidence from Palanpur to indicate some predictions for the future. It suggests that all-India trends of expanding non-farm, informal, employment will continue to exert an influence in Palanpur. The central role of caste and landholding in driving distributional outcomes is predicted to gradually diminish over time. However, a critical question relates to the potential role that the currently high, and rising, inequality might play in locking-in the forces that perpetuate inequality. The chapter argues that there is an intense need for improvement in the public supply of education and health services. Given the still weak state of education outcomes and also still poorly developed availability of financial services, it argues that for the foreseeable future entrepreneurship will continue to draw primarily on households’ own resources and initiative.

scholarly journals Fresh perspectives on customer experience

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (6/7) ◽  
pp. 430-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet R. McColl-Kennedy ◽  
Anders Gustafsson ◽  
Elina Jaakkola ◽  
Phil Klaus ◽  
Zoe Jane Radnor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Research Agenda ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Customer Experience ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Dynamic Nature ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Advance Theory ◽  
Over Time

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide directions for future research on: broadening the role of customers in customer experience; taking a practice-based approach to customer experience; and recognizing the holistic, dynamic nature of customer experience across all touch points and over time. Design/methodology/approach – The approach is conceptual identifying current gaps in research on customer experience. Findings – The findings include a set of research questions and research agenda for future research on customer experience. Originality/value – This research suggests fresh perspectives for understanding the customer experience which can inspire future research and advance theory and managerial practice.

scholarly journals Optimal integration between host physiology and functions of the gut microbiome

2020 ◽  
Vol 375 (1808) ◽  
pp. 20190594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha S. Fontaine ◽  
Kevin D. Kohl
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Physiological Function ◽  
Biological Organization ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Host Physiology ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions ◽  
Host Evolution ◽  
Physiological Systems

Host-associated microbial communities have profound impacts on animal physiological function, especially nutrition and metabolism. The hypothesis of ‘symmorphosis’, which posits that the physiological systems of animals are regulated precisely to meet, but not exceed, their imposed functional demands, has been used to understand the integration of physiological systems across levels of biological organization. Although this idea has been criticized, it is recognized as having important heuristic value, even as a null hypothesis, and may, therefore, be a useful tool in understanding how hosts evolve in response to the function of their microbiota. Here, through a hologenomic lens, we discuss how the idea of symmorphosis may be applied to host-microbe interactions. Specifically, we consider scenarios in which host physiology may have evolved to collaborate with the microbiota to perform important functions, and, on the other hand, situations in which services have been completely outsourced to the microbiota, resulting in relaxed selection on host pathways. Following this theoretical discussion, we finally suggest strategies by which these currently speculative ideas may be explicitly tested to further our understanding of host evolution in response to their associated microbial communities. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The role of the microbiome in host evolution’.

scholarly journals In the beginning: egg–microbe interactions and consequences for animal hosts

2020 ◽  
Vol 375 (1808) ◽  
pp. 20190593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Spencer V. Nyholm
Keyword(s):  
Theme Issue ◽  
Successful Development ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Animal Hosts ◽  
Microbial Products ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Host Evolution ◽  
The Ideal

Microorganisms are associated with the eggs of many animals. For some hosts, the egg serves as the ideal environment for the vertical transmission of beneficial symbionts between generations, while some bacteria use the egg to parasitize their hosts. In a number of animal groups, egg microbiomes often perform other essential functions. The eggs of aquatic and some terrestrial animals are especially susceptible to fouling and disease since they are exposed to high densities of microorganisms. To overcome this challenge, some hosts form beneficial associations with microorganisms, directly incorporating microbes and/or microbial products on or in their eggs to inhibit pathogens and biofouling. Other functional roles for egg-associated microbiomes are hypothesized to involve oxygen and nutrient acquisition. Although some egg-associated microbiomes are correlated with increased host fitness and are essential for successful development, the mechanisms that lead to such outcomes are often not well understood. This review article will discuss different functions of egg microbiomes and how these associations have influenced the biology and evolution of animal hosts. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The role of the microbiome in host evolution’.

Testing a dynamic model of the impact of psychological capital on work engagement and job performance

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guido Alessandri ◽  
Chiara Consiglio ◽  
Fred Luthans ◽  
Laura Borgogni
Keyword(s):  
Job Performance ◽  
Work Engagement ◽  
Psychological Capital ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Dynamic Nature ◽  
Content Type ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Purpose Psychological Capital (PsyCap), consisting of hope, efficacy, resilience, and optimism, is a positive state associated with attitudes, behaviors and performance. The purpose of this paper is to investigate a dynamic mediational model posing work engagement as the mediator of the longitudinal relation between PsyCap and job performance. Design/methodology/approach Data came from all white collar employees who responded to this study’s variables (n=420) from a comprehensive data set drawn from a large communications service company over two consecutive years. Job performance was rated at the end of each year by the direct supervisor as part of the organizational appraisal system. Findings Structural equation modeling analysis found that both absolute levels and increases in PsyCap predicted subsequent work engagement increases which in turn predicted job performance increases. Moreover, the mediating role of the changes in work engagement between previous PsyCap and performance change was confirmed over time. Research limitations/implications There is much to gain in conceptualizing the relations among PsyCap, work engagement and job performance as dynamic, rather than static. The results support the conservation of resources theory, in which employees are motivated to acquire, protect and foster their valued (psychological) resources to attain successful performance outcomes, in order to create a gain cycle of resources (Salanova et al., 2010). Moreover, it provide further empirical validation for the idea that processes, like work engagement, are sustained by personal resources, and that these latter exerts mostly an indirect effect on organizational behavior outcomes (Xanthopoulou et al., 2009b). Practical implications These results are important from a practical point of view, because they point to the importance of training interventions aimed at developing and sustaining PsyCap as an important determinant of workers’ motivation and behavior within the organization. Considerable literature offers practical insights and guidelines for developing PsyCap (Luthans et al., 2006, 2015; Luthans and Youssef-Morgan, 2017). Originality/value Despite the demonstrated state-like, dynamic nature of PsyCap, its relationship with performance has mainly been statically analyzed and the role of possible mediating mechanisms largely ignored. This study begins to fill this research gap by investigating the dynamic nature of PsyCap in relation to work engagement and job performance and whether over time engagement mediates the relationship between PsyCap and job performance.

scholarly journals The evolution of paternal care: a role for microbes?

2020 ◽  
Vol 375 (1808) ◽  
pp. 20190599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yael Gurevich ◽  
Ohad Lewin-Epstein ◽  
Lilach Hadany
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Paternal Care ◽  
Genetic Models ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Host Evolution ◽  
Uncertain Paternity ◽  
Limited Accuracy

Paternal care, particularly in cases of uncertain paternity, carries significant costs. Extensive research, both theoretical and experimental, has explored the conditions in which paternal care behaviour would be favoured. Common explanations include an adjustment of care with uncertainty in paternity and limited accuracy in parentage assessment. Here, we propose a new explanation that microbes may play a role in the evolution of paternal care among their hosts. Using computational models, we demonstrate that microbes associated with increased paternal care could be favoured by natural selection. We find that microbe-induced paternal care could evolve under wider conditions than suggested by genetic models. Moreover, we show that microbe-induced paternal care is more likely to evolve when considering paternal care interactions that increase microbial transmission, such as feeding and grooming. Our results imply that factors affecting the composition of host microbiome may also alter paternal behaviour. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The role of the microbiome in host evolution’.

Going from Regulation to Supervision: Support for Paradigm Shift from an Efficiency Study of the Merchant Banking Industry In Singapore

2002 ◽  
Vol 05 (01) ◽  
pp. 31-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guan Hua Lim
Keyword(s):  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Banking Industry ◽  
Financial Institution ◽  
Reliable Indicator ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Financial Strength ◽  
Cost Efficiencies ◽  
Over Time

Increasingly we are witnessing a paradigm shift from checklist style regulations of financial institutions to one that emphasizes supervision and the role of the marketplace. Advocates of this new paradigm argue that the size and financial strength of a financial institution does not necessarily equate to excellence and efficiency. This paper offers as evidence from an efficiency study of the merchant banking industry in Singapore that such a paradigm shift is appropriate. The findings of the study indicate that the efficiencies of the merchant banks do not appear to change much over time, profit and cost efficiencies are un-correlated, and that size is not a reliable indicator of efficiency.

scholarly journals Strategi Pengembangan Pembelajaran Pondok Pesantren Al Falah Somolangu Kebumen

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-197
Author(s):  
Aly Ngusman
Keyword(s):  
Religious Education ◽  
Boarding School ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Boarding Schools ◽  
Religious Institution ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Times ◽  
Existing Data ◽  
Over Time

Discussion about the role of boarding schools in the formationand development of education, in particular the Islamiceducation, in Indonesia hardly needs to be debated and doubt.Long before Indonesia became independent, the institutions leadby the scholars (kyai) is present in the Earth. History shows thatthe boarding school is not only able to keep resistance fromexposure to the times, but also can take care of its developmentwhich continues to increase over time. According to existing data,the institution was first established, especially in Java, in the 15thcentury by Maulana Malik Ibrahim (one of the oldest walisongo)and then developed by the other walisongo. At the end of the 19thcentury, the number of boarding school in Java developed reaches300 boarding school, and based on the Notes Database boardingschools of ministry of religion RI, the number of boarding schoolsthe year 2018, this amounts to about 21,321. The resistance andsustainable development of the boarding schools that certainlycould not be released from the academic tradition developedwhich has a pretty strong distinction. One of them is the patternof his education is transformative. It makes boarding school isnot simply a religious institution that merely engaged in theworld of religious education for the students, but at the sametime have the concern and active role of the community in jointlyempower themselves. These values also did not escape from Al-Falah boarding school Somolangu, Kebumen. It will also makeboarding school can be instrumental in giving a concretecontribution for global life.

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