scholarly journals Unique fatty acid desaturase capacities uncovered in Hediste diversicolor illustrate the roles of aquatic invertebrates in trophic upgrading

2020 ◽  
Vol 375 (1804) ◽  
pp. 20190654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoki Kabeya ◽  
İbrahim Gür ◽  
Angela Oboh ◽  
Jan Ove Evjemo ◽  
Arne M. Malzahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Aquatic Invertebrates ◽  
Fatty Acid Desaturase ◽  
Benthic Fauna ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Hediste Diversicolor ◽  
Chain Pufa ◽  
Long Chain

Omega-3 ( ω 3 or n -3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), including eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), play physiologically important roles in vertebrates. These compounds have long been believed to have originated almost exclusively from aquatic (mostly marine) single-cell organisms. Yet, a recent study has discovered that many invertebrates possess a type of enzymes called methyl-end desaturases ( ω x ) that enables them to endogenously produce n -3 long-chain PUFA and could make a significant contribution to production of these compounds in the marine environment. Polychaetes are major components of benthic fauna and thus important to maintain a robust food web as a recycler of organic matter and a prey item for higher trophic level species like fish. In the present study, we investigated the ω x enzymes from the common ragworm, Hediste diversicolor , a common inhabitant in sedimentary littoral ecosystems of the North Atlantic. Functional assays of the H. diversicolor ω x demonstrated unique desaturation capacities. An ω 3 desaturase mediated the conversion of n -6 fatty acid substrates into their corresponding n -3 products including DHA. A further enzyme possessed unique regioselectivities combining both ω 6 and ω 3 desaturase activities. These results illustrate that the long-chain PUFA biosynthetic enzymatic machinery of aquatic invertebrates such as polychaetes is highly diverse and clarify that invertebrates can be major contributors to fatty acid trophic upgrading in aquatic food webs. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The next horizons for lipids as ‘trophic biomarkers’: evidence and significance of consumer modification of dietary fatty acids’.

scholarly journals Deficiency of Linolenic Acid in Lefad7 Mutant Tomato Changes the Volatile Profile and Sensory Perception of Disrupted Leaf and Fruit Tissue

2006 ◽  
Vol 131 (2) ◽  
pp. 284-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricio A. Cañoles ◽  
Randolph M. Beaudry ◽  
Chuanyou Li ◽  
Gregg Howe
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Desaturase ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Mutant Line ◽  
Volatile Profile ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Line Production ◽  
Fruit Tissue

Six-carbon aldehydes and alcohols formed by tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) leaf and fruit tissue following disruption are believed to be derived from the degradation of lipids and free fatty acids. Collectively, these C-6 volatiles comprise some of the most important aroma impact compounds. If fatty acids are the primary source of tomato volatiles, then an alteration in the fatty acid composition such as that caused by a mutation in the chloroplastic omega-3-fatty acid desaturase (ω-3 FAD), referred to as LeFAD7, found in the mutant line of `Castlemart' termed Lefad7, would be reflected in the volatile profile of disrupted leaf and fruit tissue. Leaves and fruit of the Lefad7 mutant had ≈10% to 15% of the linolenic acid (18:3) levels and about 1.5- to 3-fold higher linoleic acid (18:2) levels found in the parent line. Production of unsaturated C-6 aldehydes Z-3-hexenal, Z-3-hexenol, and E-2-hexenal and the alcohol Z-3-hexenol derived from 18:3 was markedly reduced in disrupted leaf and fruit tissue of the Lefad7 mutant line. Conversely, the production of the saturated C-6 aldehyde hexanal and its alcohol, hexanol, were markedly higher in the mutant line. The shift in the volatile profile brought about by the loss of chloroplastic FAD activity in the Lefad7 line was detected by sensory panels at high significance levels (P < 0.0005) and detrimentally affected fruit sensory quality. The ratios and amounts of C-6 saturated and unsaturated aldehydes and alcohols produced by tomato were dependent on substrate levels, suggesting that practices that alter the content of linoleic and linolenic acids or change their ratios can influence tomato flavor.

scholarly journals Atlantic salmon require long-chain n-3 fatty acids for optimal growth throughout the seawater period

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grethe Rosenlund ◽  
Bente E. Torstensen ◽  
Ingunn Stubhaug ◽  
Nafiha Usman ◽  
Nini H. Sissener
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
Nutritional Requirement ◽  
Retention Efficiency ◽  
Long Chain

AbstractThe nutritional requirement for n-3 long-chain PUFA in fast-growing Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) during grow out in the sea is not well documented. Diets were formulated with levels of EPA (20 : 5n-3) and DHA (22 : 6n-3) ranging from 1·3 to 7·4 % of fatty acids (4–24 g/kg feed). Two long-term trials were conducted through the seawater phase, the first at 6 and 12°C, and the second at 12°C. In the first trial, growth at both temperatures was significantly lower in fish fed 1·4 % EPA+DHA of total fatty acids compared with the 5·2 % EPA+DHA group. In the second trial, growth was significantly lower in fish fed 1·3 and 2·7 % compared with 4·4 and 7·4 % EPA + DHA. Fatty acid composition in the fish reflected diet composition, but only after a 7-fold increase in body weight did the fatty acid profile of the fish stabilise according to dietary fatty acids (shown for EPA and DHA). The retention efficiency of DHA increased with decreasing dietary levels, and was 120–190 and 120–200 % in trials 1 and 2, respectively. The retention efficiency of EPA was lower (60–200 %), and values >100 % were only achieved at the lowest dietary levels in both trials. Temperature did not affect fatty acid retention efficiency. These results suggest that Atlantic salmon have a specific requirement for EPA + DHA >2·7 % of fatty acids for optimal long-term growth in seawater, and that short-term growth trials with less weight increase would not show these effects.

scholarly journals 139 Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics: Nutrient-gene interactions in humans and animals

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 134-135
Author(s):  
Artemis P Simopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Genetic Variants ◽  
Genetic Variant ◽  
Fatty Acid Desaturase ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Omega 6

Abstract Human beings evolved on a diet that was balanced in the omega-6 and omega-3 essential fatty acids to which their genes were programmed to respond. Studies on gene-nutrient interactions using methods from molecular biology and genetics have clearly shown that there are genetic differences in the population, as well as differences in the frequency of genetic variations that interact with diet and influence the growth and development of humans and animals, as well as overall health and chronic disease. Nutrigenetics refers to studies on the role of genetic variants and their response to diet. For example, persons with genetic variants in the metabolism of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids have different levels of arachidonic acid (AA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) based on the type of genetic variant in the Fatty Acid Desaturase 1 (FADS1) and Fatty Acid Desaturase 2 (FADS2). At the same level of linoleic acid (LA) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) a person with a genetic variant that increases the activity of the FADS1 will have a higher AA in the red cell membrane phospholipids and a higher risk for obesity and cardiovascular disease. Nutrigenomics refers to how nutrients (diets) influence the expression of genes. For example, diets rich in omega-3 fatty acids, EPA and DHA decrease the expression of inflammatory genes and as a result decrease the risk of obesity and cardiovascular disease. Thus, through studies on Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics nutritional science stands at its “golden threshold” where personalized nutrition is the future, to improve an individual’s health.

scholarly journals Seawater Culture Increases Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (N-3 LC-PUFA) Levels in Japanese Sea Bass (Lateolabrax japonicus), Probably by Upregulating Elovl5

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1681
Author(s):  
Xiaojing Dong ◽  
Jianqiao Wang ◽  
Peng Ji ◽  
Longsheng Sun ◽  
Shuyan Miao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Sea Bass ◽  
Transcript Abundance ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Freshwater Pond ◽  
Cultured Fish ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Japanese Sea Bass

The fatty acid compositions of the fish muscle and liver are substantially affected by rearing environment. However, the mechanisms underlying this effect have not been thoroughly described. In this study, we investigated the effects of different culture patterns, i.e., marine cage culture and freshwater pond culture, on long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) biosynthesis in an aquaculturally important fish, the Japanese sea bass (Lateolabrax japonicus). Fish were obtained from two commercial farms in the Guangdong province, one of which raises Japanese sea bass in freshwater, while the other cultures sea bass in marine cages. Fish were fed the same commercial diet. We found that omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA) levels in the livers and muscles of the marine cage cultured fish were significantly higher than those in the livers and muscles of the freshwater pond cultured fish. Quantitative real-time PCRs indicated that fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) transcript abundance was significantly lower in the livers of the marine cage reared fish as compared to the freshwater pond reared fish, but that fatty acid elongase 5 (Elovl5) transcript abundance was significantly higher. Consistent with this, two of the 28 CpG loci in the FADS2 promoter region were heavily methylated in the marine cage cultured fish, but were only slightly methylated in freshwater pond cultured fish (n = 5 per group). Although the Elovl5 promoter was less methylated in the marine cage reared fish as compared to the freshwater pond reared fish, this difference was not significant. Thus, our results might indicate that Elovl5, not FADS2, plays an important role in the enhancing LC-PUFA synthesis in marine cage cultures.

scholarly journals Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids influence flight muscle oxidative capacity but not endurance flight performance in a migratory songbird

2019 ◽  
Vol 316 (4) ◽  
pp. R362-R375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morag F. Dick ◽  
Christopher G. Guglielmo
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Flight Muscle ◽  
Muscle Metabolism ◽  
Oxidative Enzymes ◽  
Flight Performance ◽  
Chain Pufa ◽  
Long Chain

The migratory flights of birds are primarily fueled by fat; however, certain fatty acids may also enhance flight performance and the capacity to oxidize fat. The natural doping hypothesis posits that n–3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) increase membrane fluidity and aerobic and fatty acid oxidative enzymes in the flight muscles, which enables prolonged endurance flight. Support for this hypothesis is mixed, and there is no empirical evidence for increased flight performance. We fed yellow-rumped warblers ( Setophaga coronata coronata) diets enriched in either n–3 or n–6 long-chain PUFA or low in long-chain PUFA and evaluated flight muscle metabolism and endurance performance in a wind tunnel flights lasting up to 6 h. Fatty acid profiles of muscle phospholipids confirmed enrichment of the targeted dietary fatty acids, whereas less substantial differences were observed in adipose triacylglycerol. Contrary to the predictions, feeding n–3 PUFA decreased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-β mRNA abundance and muscle oxidative enzyme activities. However, changes in muscle metabolism were not reflected in whole animal performance. No differences were observed in flight performance among diet treatments in terms of endurance capacity, energy costs, or fuel composition. These measures of flight performance were more strongly influenced by body mass and flight duration. Overall, we found no support for the natural doping hypothesis in a songbird. Furthermore, we caution against extending changes in flight muscle metabolic enzymes or fatty acid composition to changes to migratory performance without empirical evidence.

Enrichment with long chain omega-3 fatty acids and sensory evaluation of chicken meat

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 230-230
Author(s):  
S A Mirghelenj ◽  
A Golian ◽  
V Taghizadeh
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Breast Meat ◽  
Broiler Meat ◽  
Dietary Fish ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Long Chain

N-3 fatty acids are essential for normal growth and development, and may play an important role in prevention of coronary artery disease, hypertension, diabetes, arthritis, other inflammatory and autoimmune disorders and cancer in humans (Simopoulos, 1999). Fatty acid profiles of broiler meat may be modified by adding fish oils to the diet (Lopez-Ferrer et al., 2001). When meat is enriched with PUFA, particularly n-3 long-chain fatty acids (C≥20), all sources of added vegetable oils seem to be less effective than marine oils (Bou. R et al., 2004). The purpose of this experiment was to study the effect of dietary fish oil on fatty acid composition of thigh and breast meat in broiler chickens.

Association between FADS1 rs174547 and levels of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids: a meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Yan Wang ◽  
Yiwei Tang ◽  
Ye Ji ◽  
Wenhui Xu ◽  
Naeem Ullah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Fatty Acid Desaturase ◽  
Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Genotype Group ◽  
Asian Populations ◽  
Long Chain

Abstract In this study, we analysed the effects of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs174547 (T/C) in the fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1) gene on long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid levels. Four databases were searched to retrieve related literature with keywords such as fatty acid, SNP, FADS1, and rs174547. A meta-analysis of the data was performed using Stata12.0 software, including summary statistics, test for heterogeneity, evaluation of publication bias, subgroup analysis, and sensitivity analysis. The associations between rs174547 in FADS1 and seven types of fatty acids, and delta-5 (D5D) and delta-6 fatty acid desaturase (D6D) activity were assessed based on the pooled results from 11 manuscripts. A total of 3713 individuals (1529 TT and 2184 TC+CC) were included. The results demonstrated that minor C allele carriers of rs174547 had higher linoleic acid (LA; P < 0.001) and α-linolenic acid (P = 0.020) levels, lower gamma linoleic acid (GLA; P = 0.001) and arachidonic acid (P = 0.024) levels, and lower D5D (P = 0.005) and D6D (P = 0.004) activities than the TT genotype group. Stratification analysis showed that minor C allele carriers of rs174547 had higher LA and lower GLA levels and lower D6D activities in plasma (LA, P < 0.001; GLA, P < 0.001; D6D activity, P < 0.001) samples and in Asian populations (LA, P < 0.001; GLA, P = 0.001; D6D activity, P = 0.001) than the TT genotype group. In conclusion, minor C allele carriers of the SNP rs174547 were associated with decreased activity of D5D and D6D.

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