scholarly journals IV. On the composition of sea-water in the different parts of the ocean

1865 ◽  
Vol 155 ◽  
pp. 203-262 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Metamorphic Rocks ◽  
Chemical Examination ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Different Parts

In the year 1843 a friend of mine, Mr. Ennis of Falmouth, sent me some bottles of seawater from the Mediterranean, which I subjected to a chemical examination, a work which induced me to collect what other chemists had determined about the constitution of the water of the great Ocean. This labour convinced me that our knowledge of, the composition of sea-water was very deficient, and that we knew very little about the differences in composition which occur in different parts of the sea. I entered into this labour more as a geologist than as a chemist, wishing, principally to find facts which could serve as a basis for the explanation of those effects, that have taken place at the formation of those voluminous beds which once were deposited at the bottom of the ocean. I thought that it was absolutely necessary to know with precision the composition of the water of the present ocean, in order to form an opinion about the action of that ocean from which the mountain limestone, the oolite and the chalk with its flint have been deposited, in the same way as it has been of the most material influence upon science to know the chemical actions of the present volcanos, in order to determine the causes which have acted in forming the older plutonic and many of the metamorphic rocks. Thus I determined to undertake a series of investigations upon the composition of the water of the ocean, and of its large inlets and bays, and ever since that time I have assiduously collected and analyzed water from the different parts of the sea. It is evident that it was impossible to collect this material in a short time, and without the assistance of many friends of science, and I most gratefully acknowledge how much I am indebted to many distinguished officers of the Danish and British Navy, as well as to many private men, who were all willing to undertake the trouble carefully to collect samples of sea-water from different parts of the ocean, both from the surface and from different depths. I shall afterwards, when giving the particular analyses, find an opportunity to mention the name of each of those to whom I am indebted for my material.

XII. On the specific gravity, and temperature of sea waters, in different parts of the ocean, and in particular seas; with some account of their saline contents

1819 ◽  
Vol 109 ◽  
pp. 161-208 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Dead Sea ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Natural Consequence ◽  
Chemical Examination ◽  
Arctic Regions ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Different Parts

While analyzing the waters of the Dead Sea and the River Jordan, about twelve years ago, and conversing on the peculiarities of these waters with a late valuable and lamented Member of this Society, Mr. Tennant, it occurred to us that a chemical examination of different seas, in a variety of latitudes and at different depths, might be interesting; and that, however unlikley to be productive of any striking discovery, such an inquiry, conducted with due care and attention, might afford curious results, and throw some light on this obscure subject. We accordingly began to collect specimens of sea water from various parts of the globe, and it was agreed that I should aided by Mr. Tennant's occasional advice, submit them to chemical analysis. In the course of a few years I became possessed, through the kindness of several friends, of a great variety of specimens of sea water; and I was preparing to examine them, when a most deplorable accident deprived science of the sagacious philosopher from whose friendship and enlightened assistance I had anticipated so much advantage. Procrastination and delay were the natural consequence of this misfortune; and I should probably have entirely lost sight of the subject, had not my intention been again directed to it by the late expeditions to the Arctic regions, and the great zeal and kindness of some of the officers engaged in them, in procuring for me specimens of sea water, collected in different latitudes, and under peculiar circumstances, so as to add greatly to the value of those which I previously possessed.

V. On the water of the Mediterranean

1829 ◽  
Vol 119 ◽  
pp. 29-31 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Constant Current ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
Vast Amount ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
The Mediterranean

The object of the present communication is to do justice to the memory of my late friend. Dr. Marcet, by recording the result of one of his latest efforts in the cause of science. In his examination of sea-water, of which he gave an account in the Philo­sophical Transactions for 1819, the specimens with which he had been supplied from different depths in the Mediterranean, had not been sufficient to show what becomes of the vast amount of salt brought into that sea by the constant current which sets eastward through the Straits of Gibraltar. For though the escape of the water of that current may be fully accounted for by its evapora­tion, which must be very rapid and copious on the sunny shallows of Africa, yet the salt which that water held in solution, must remain in the basin of the Mediterranean, or escape by some hitherto unexplained means of exit.

On the specific gravity and temperatures of sea-waters, in different parts of the ocean, and in particular seas; with some account of their saline contents

1833 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 111-112
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Southern Ocean ◽  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Total Separation ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Different Parts

After some preliminary remarks upon the labours of others in this department of inquiry, Dr. Marcet proceeds to the immediate objects of his own investigation, which were to ascertain the specific gravity of many specimens of sea-water from different parts, and afterwards to examine their saline contents. The results relating to the first of these objects are prefaced by an account of the mode of taking the specific gravities, and of the instrument by which the water was raised, and of which two plates are annexed. The author then proceeds to the inferences deducible from his experiments, which, for the sake of conciseness, are given in the form of tables; whence it appears that the ocean in the Southern hemisphere is rather more salt than in the Northern, in the proportion of 1029.19 to 1027.57. The mean specific gravity of specimens from various parts of the equator, is 1027.77, and therefore a little exceeds that prevalent in the Northern hemisphere, while it is decidedly less than that of the Southern Ocean. There is no material difference between different east and west longitudes at the equator, nor in the same hemisphere. In general, the salt seems most abundant in the deepest water, and in that furthest from land; the vicinity of ice also diminishes the saltness: if therefore this quality should increase in approaching the pole, it may be considered as militating against the probability of the ocean being extensively frozen in those regions. In general, small inland seas, communicating with the ocean, are less salt than the ocean itself. The waters of the Mediterranean, however, are more saline, and in attempting to account for this circumstance, the author’s attention is directed to the relative densities of water from different depths of the ocean; and though in some cases it appeared lightest at the surface, such a result was generally referable to the vicinity of thawing ice, for, in ordinary circumstances, the density at great depths in no instance exceeded the mean density of the waters of the ocean. In regard, however, to different seas or arms of the ocean, the case is often different, in consequence of local circumstances. At the entrance of the Dardanelles, for instance, the difference between the upper and lower strata is as 1020 to 1028. Dr. Marcet next details some researches upon the congelation of sea-water which takes place at 28°, and when slowly effected, is always attended by the total separation of the salt, which forms a strong brine that is washed away by the neighbouring water. The different specimens of water obtained from the ice in the late Northern Expedition, varied very little in specific gravity; the water was sweet, and in many instances its specific gravity did not exceed that of distilled water.

DEVELOPMENT OF INTEGRATED MONITORING NETWORK FOR MEASURING SALINITY OF SEA WATER

2018 ◽  
pp. 18-26
Author(s):  
Sima Ajdar qizi Askerova
Keyword(s):  
Surface Waters ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Water Environment ◽  
Monitoring Network ◽  
Monitoring Networks ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Integrated Monitoring ◽  
Ecological Control ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Optimal Construction

Monitoring of sea water condition is one of major requirements for carrying out the reliable ecological control of water environment. Monitoring networks contain such elements as sea buoys, beacons, etc. and are designated for measuringvarious hydrophysical parameters, including salinity of sea water. Development of specialized network and a separate buoy system for measuring thesea water salinity at different depths makes it possible to determine major regularities of processes of pollution and self-recovery of the sea waters. The article describes the scientific and methodological basics for development of this specialized network and questions of its optimal construction. It is well-known that at a depth of 30-45 m of the Caspian Sea salinity decreases and then at a depth of 45-60 m salinity is fully recovered. The mentioned changes of salinity at the relatively upper layer of sea waters is of special interest for studying the effect of ocean-going processes on the climate forming in the Caspian area. In terms of informativeness of measurements of surface waters salinity, the most informative is a layer ata 30-60 m depth, where inversion and recovery of salinity take place. It is shown that in most informative subrange of measurements, i. e. at a depth of 30-60 m optimization of regime of measurements complex should be carried out in order to increase the effectiveness of held researches. It is shown that at a depth of 35-50 m choice of the optimum regime of measurements makes it possible to obtain the maximum amount of information.

scholarly journals P- waves reflected from the "20" discontinuity" beneath the Mediterranean region

2010 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A BOTTARI ◽  
B. FEDERICO
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
P Wave ◽  
Travel Times ◽  
P Waves ◽  
First Order ◽  
P Wave Velocity ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Regional Character ◽  
Order Discontinuity

The observed travel-times of the P-waves for twenty shallow, intermediate, and deep earthquakes, with epicenters in the Mediterranean area, are used in order to analyze some characteristics of the upper mantle. A first- order discontinuity, identifiable as the "20° discontinuity", is found at a depth of 505 ± 16 km in the area underneath the Mediterranean basin. The velocity contrast is equal to 12% (above T'= 8.9 km/sec; below V= 9.97 km/sec). Assuming that this discontinuity gives rise to reflected P-waves (PdP), the travel times of these waves are calculated for various hypocentral depths. The observation of impulses identified as PdP on the seismograms of Messina supports this hypothesis. This result and its implications are discussed in the contest of the conclusions of various authors who locate a P-wave velocity-discontinuity at different depths between 400 and 580 km. Finally, particular emphasis is given to the regional character of the analyzed structures in question.

scholarly journals XX. Discovery of the metamorphosis in the second type of the cirripedes, viz. the lepades, completing the natural history of these singular animals, and confirming their affinity with the crustacea

1835 ◽  
Vol 125 ◽  
pp. 355-358 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
The Other ◽  
External Appearance ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Nature ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Waves

The Fourth Memoir, published in my Zoological Researches and Illustrations, No. III. page 69, &c., having first made known the real nature of the Cirripedes , the key of which remained concealed in their metamorphosis, it might have been expected that some naturalist favourably situated to investigate the oceanic tribe of these animals, would have been the first to make the same discovery in regard to these, and thereby complete their natural history. It was scarcely to be expected that the honour of this discovery also should be reserved for the author, fixed to one spot, where none of them naturally exist, and are but casually thrown upon our shores by the waves of the Atlantic, attached to pieces of wreck, or brought into port fixed to the bottoms of ships returning from distant voyages. Fortunately, however, two ships of this description came into this harbour (Cork), one from the Mediterranean, the other from North America, which, not being sheathed with copper, had their bot­toms literally covered with Barnacles of the three genera of Lepas , Cineras , and Otion ; and having persons employed expressly for the purpose, numbers of these were brought alive in sea water, amongst which were many with the ova in various stages of their progress, and some ready to hatch, which they eventually did in prodigious numbers, so as to enable him to add the proof of their being, like the Balani, natatory Crusta­cea in their first stage , but of a totally different facies and structure; a circumstance which determines the propriety of the separation of the Cirripedes into two tribes, and evinces the sagacity of Mr. MacLeay in being the first to indicate that these two tribes, the Balani and Lepades , were not so closely related as generally supposed. The larvæ of the Balani , described in Memoir IV. under the external appearance of the bivalve Monoculi ( Astracoda ), have a pair of pedunculated eyes, more numerous and more completely developed members, approximating to those of Cyclops , and of the perfect Triton ; while, in the present type, or Lepades , the larva resembles some­what that of the Cyclops , which Müller, mistaking for a perfect animal, named Amymone , and which can be shown to he common to a great many of the Entomostraca ; or the resemblance is still more striking to that of the Argulus Armiger of Latreille, which, in fact, is but an Amymone furnished with a tricuspidate shield at the back.

2. On the Proportion of Fluoride of Calcium present in the Baltic. With some preliminary Remarks on the presence of Fluorine in different ocean waters.

1851 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 302-304
Author(s):  
Forchammer ◽  
George Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Irish Sea ◽  
Preliminary Treatment ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Irish Sea ◽  
The Baltic

Dr Wilson reminded the Society that he had announced to them in 1846 the occurrence of fluorine in the water of the Frith of Forth, and mentioned, that, in the preceding summer, he had found it in deposits obtained during the evaporation of sea-water from the Frith of Clyde, and the German Ocean. Professor Forchammer had made similar observations on the Baltic, and had furnished Dr Wilson with the account of them which follows. Before reading this, he wished to add, that he had recently examined incrustations from the boiler of a steam-vessel sailing between Liverpool and Dublin, and similar deposits from the Canada Transatlantic steamer, and H.M. war-steamer Sidon, which had been three years on the Mediterranean station. The different crusts were, without preliminary treatment, except reduction to powder, heated with oil of vitriol, and were found to yield an acid vapour which etched glass. Specimens of glass, in illustration, were shewn to the Society. From these observations, Dr Wilson inferred the presence of fluorine in the Friths of Forth and Clyde, in the German Ocean, the Irish Sea, the Atlantic, and the Mediterranean. He then proceeded to read Professor Forchammer's communication, which follows. It is dated, Copenhagen, 20th December 1849.

scholarly journals Characteristics of Mediterranean Sea Water in Vicinity of Tangier Region, North of Morocco

Proceedings ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (20) ◽  
pp. 1291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imane Bourouhou ◽  
Farida Salmoun ◽  
Yusuf Gedik
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Present Situation ◽  
Coastal Areas ◽  
Marine Resources ◽  
Bacteriological Study ◽  
The Social ◽  
Seawater Quality ◽  
The Mediterranean

Coastal areas play a crucial role in maintaining the ecological balance of ecosystems and developing the social and economic wellbeing of the countries bordering it. However, the pressure on both terrestrial and marine resources, the use of oceans as a wastes deposit, the growth of population and the increasing of urbanization and human activities in coastal areas are all causes for marine and coastal degradation. The present situation constitutes a significant danger in many places. As an example, the pollution of the coastal waters in the Mediterranean has increased in recent years. Industrialization, tourism and ports activities along the coastline of the Mediterranean are the main sources of many pollutants that have effects on human’s health and environment. So that, it is very important to examine seawater quality in order to protect the marine and coastal areas from degradation. Hence, comes the need to consider a physicochemical and bacteriological study to evaluate the quality of Tangier coastal seawater using the Water Quality Index (WQI). A campaign of 25 sampling points was conducted and the results of the WQI calculation have highlighted the Tangier water was between medium and bad.

On the Cause and Nature of the Chemical Changes occurring in Oceanic Deposits

1897 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 25-34
Author(s):  
W. N. Hartley
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Magnesium Carbonate ◽  
Chemical Examination ◽  
Chemical Changes ◽  
Sulphuretted Hydrogen

In Nature of January 24, 1895, appears an abstract of a paper read before the Royal Society of Edinburgh on March 7, 1892, by Dr John Murray and Mr Robert Irvine, and published in the Transactions of the Society, vol. xxxvii. part 2, No. 23, entitled “Chemical Changes between Sea-water and Oceanic Deposits.”This is an account of a chemical examination of the sea-water salts in the water adhering to or retained in mud, with special reference to the formation of the deposit known as “Blue Mud.”Dittmar's analysis of sea-water is quoted and compared with an analysis of mud-water. The chief points of difference between the two is the occurrence in mud-water salts of 0·206 per cent. of ammonium sulphate, 0·729 per cent. of magnesium carbonate, and 0·18 per cent. of manganous carbonate; also that the total salts are low in proportion to the chlorine they contain.The occurrence of ammonium sulphate in this mud, and also of manganous carbonate, are facts of much interest; but there are some equations given to explain the chemical changes which the mud undergoes which are not strictly in accordance with facts. There are three points which I would desire to draw attention to: first, the reduction of the sulphates; second, the oxidation of sulphuretted hydrogen; and third, the formation of manganous carbonate.The equations are written without reference to the part played by water in the chemical changes involved, but it may have been thought that the accuracy sacrificed was compensated by the simpler form of the equations.

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