XII. On the specific gravity, and temperature of sea waters, in different parts of the ocean, and in particular seas; with some account of their saline contents

1819 ◽  
Vol 109 ◽  
pp. 161-208 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Dead Sea ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Natural Consequence ◽  
Chemical Examination ◽  
Arctic Regions ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Different Parts

While analyzing the waters of the Dead Sea and the River Jordan, about twelve years ago, and conversing on the peculiarities of these waters with a late valuable and lamented Member of this Society, Mr. Tennant, it occurred to us that a chemical examination of different seas, in a variety of latitudes and at different depths, might be interesting; and that, however unlikley to be productive of any striking discovery, such an inquiry, conducted with due care and attention, might afford curious results, and throw some light on this obscure subject. We accordingly began to collect specimens of sea water from various parts of the globe, and it was agreed that I should aided by Mr. Tennant's occasional advice, submit them to chemical analysis. In the course of a few years I became possessed, through the kindness of several friends, of a great variety of specimens of sea water; and I was preparing to examine them, when a most deplorable accident deprived science of the sagacious philosopher from whose friendship and enlightened assistance I had anticipated so much advantage. Procrastination and delay were the natural consequence of this misfortune; and I should probably have entirely lost sight of the subject, had not my intention been again directed to it by the late expeditions to the Arctic regions, and the great zeal and kindness of some of the officers engaged in them, in procuring for me specimens of sea water, collected in different latitudes, and under peculiar circumstances, so as to add greatly to the value of those which I previously possessed.

scholarly journals IV. On the composition of sea-water in the different parts of the ocean

1865 ◽  
Vol 155 ◽  
pp. 203-262 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Metamorphic Rocks ◽  
Chemical Examination ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Different Parts

In the year 1843 a friend of mine, Mr. Ennis of Falmouth, sent me some bottles of seawater from the Mediterranean, which I subjected to a chemical examination, a work which induced me to collect what other chemists had determined about the constitution of the water of the great Ocean. This labour convinced me that our knowledge of, the composition of sea-water was very deficient, and that we knew very little about the differences in composition which occur in different parts of the sea. I entered into this labour more as a geologist than as a chemist, wishing, principally to find facts which could serve as a basis for the explanation of those effects, that have taken place at the formation of those voluminous beds which once were deposited at the bottom of the ocean. I thought that it was absolutely necessary to know with precision the composition of the water of the present ocean, in order to form an opinion about the action of that ocean from which the mountain limestone, the oolite and the chalk with its flint have been deposited, in the same way as it has been of the most material influence upon science to know the chemical actions of the present volcanos, in order to determine the causes which have acted in forming the older plutonic and many of the metamorphic rocks. Thus I determined to undertake a series of investigations upon the composition of the water of the ocean, and of its large inlets and bays, and ever since that time I have assiduously collected and analyzed water from the different parts of the sea. It is evident that it was impossible to collect this material in a short time, and without the assistance of many friends of science, and I most gratefully acknowledge how much I am indebted to many distinguished officers of the Danish and British Navy, as well as to many private men, who were all willing to undertake the trouble carefully to collect samples of sea-water from different parts of the ocean, both from the surface and from different depths. I shall afterwards, when giving the particular analyses, find an opportunity to mention the name of each of those to whom I am indebted for my material.

scholarly journals Assessment of tourism development in Arctic entities

2020 ◽  
Vol 175 ◽  
pp. 10010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Lukina ◽  
Anna Kurochkina ◽  
Anna Karmanova
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Data ◽  
Tourism Development ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Tourist Industry ◽  
Arctic Regions ◽  
Tourist Flows ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Further Development

The article reflects the main aspects of the development of the tourist industry of the Arctic regions. The characteristics of the tourist environment of each of the eight states forming the Arctic are presented. Dynamics of tourist flows of regions is considered. Trends in the further development of Arctic tourism are reflected. The analysis of statistical data on the subject under study is presented, conclusions on the topic are drawn.

The Common fossils of the British Rocks

The Geologist ◽  
1858 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 238-241
Author(s):  
S. J. Mackie
Keyword(s):  
Sedimentary Rocks ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Rock Masses ◽  
Scottish Highlands ◽  
The Past ◽  
Arctic Regions ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
Birth Time

A Man would see but little of the reality of the world if he shut himself up in his house, and only gazed out from the same window; he would learn little more if he contented himself with alternately gazing upon the scenes passing around him, from the windows of every storey. So a geologist, in limiting himself to the study of the rock-masses of a circumscribed area, would never, by the utmost perseverance, in going continually over the same ground, attain to a perfect understanding of the subject of his study. He must go abroad, either in his own person or equivalently, by making himself acquainted with the travels and labours of others. Our knowledge of the ancient conditions and relations of the oldest rock-masses would not be complete if we limited our investigations to those isolated patches in our own country, which, however important, are still only a part of that great whole, more important traces of which are to be met in regions far away. Thus those very old—indeed, primitive sedimentary rocks, represented in the British Isles in a fragmentary manner, as by the younger or bedded gneiss of the Scottish Highlands, assume in Canada and the Arctic regions proportions of great extent, and consequently, of far greater value. Far back in the obscurity of the past, as must be placed the birth-time of these primitive land-masses, we seem, in our first investigations, plunged in interminable ignorance, like the explorers of some vast subterranean cave in impenetrable darkness.

scholarly journals VII. Chemical Analysis of a Black Sand, from the River Dee in Aberdeenshire; and of a Copper Ore, from Arthrey in Stirlingshire

1812 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 253-268
Author(s):  
Thomas Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Copper Ore ◽  
Considerable Difficulty ◽  
Black Sand ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Different Parts

The specimen which formed the subject of the first of the following analyses, was brought from the banks of the river Dee, about seven years ago, by my friend Mr James Mill, who at that time resided in Aberdeenshire. By him I was informed, that considerable quantities of it are found in different parts of the bed of that river,—that it is called by the inhabitants ironsand,—and that they use it for sanding newly written paper. I tried some experiments in the year 1800, in order to ascertain its nature; but was too little skilled at that time, both in mineralogy and practical chemistry, to manage an analysis of any considerable difficulty.

scholarly journals Analysis of responses in the dynamics of sea ice area in separate regions of the Arctic to change of insolation

2020 ◽  
pp. 17-33
Author(s):  
Valerii Mikhailovich Fedorov ◽  
Pavel Borisovich Grebennikov ◽  
Denis Maksimovich Frolov
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Interannual Variability ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Barents Sea ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Arctic Regions ◽  
Monthly Changes ◽  
The Subject

The subject of this research is the correlation analysis of changes in the area of sea ice in separate regions of the Arctic, and levels of internal regional correlations between multiyear monthly changes in the area of sea ice of different seas and the entire Arctic Ocean. The author also examines peculiarities in the annual amplitude course of interannual variability of monthly indices of the area of sea ice for separate districts of the Arctic, interregional links in the annual course of this amplitude of interannual variability, and determination of correlation between the annual indices of the area of sea ice with annual insolation contrast for various Arctic regions. The research method is the correlation data analysis on the area of distribution of sea ice in different districts of the Arctic and insolation contrast. The author builds an algorithm of the value forecast in the changes of sea ice area. Based on the analysis of internal correlations between multiyear and annual changes in the sea ice area in the Arctic regions, and connection with the insolation and insolation contrast, an algorithm is proposed for the value forecast of changes in the sea ice area in separate districts of the Arctic and Northern Hemisphere overall. For long-term forecast of annual values of the changes in sea ice area, the promising districts are Baffin Bay, Kara Sea, Barents Sea, Greenland Sea and Northern Hemisphere as a whole.

On the specific gravity and temperatures of sea-waters, in different parts of the ocean, and in particular seas; with some account of their saline contents

1833 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 111-112
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Southern Ocean ◽  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Total Separation ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Different Parts

After some preliminary remarks upon the labours of others in this department of inquiry, Dr. Marcet proceeds to the immediate objects of his own investigation, which were to ascertain the specific gravity of many specimens of sea-water from different parts, and afterwards to examine their saline contents. The results relating to the first of these objects are prefaced by an account of the mode of taking the specific gravities, and of the instrument by which the water was raised, and of which two plates are annexed. The author then proceeds to the inferences deducible from his experiments, which, for the sake of conciseness, are given in the form of tables; whence it appears that the ocean in the Southern hemisphere is rather more salt than in the Northern, in the proportion of 1029.19 to 1027.57. The mean specific gravity of specimens from various parts of the equator, is 1027.77, and therefore a little exceeds that prevalent in the Northern hemisphere, while it is decidedly less than that of the Southern Ocean. There is no material difference between different east and west longitudes at the equator, nor in the same hemisphere. In general, the salt seems most abundant in the deepest water, and in that furthest from land; the vicinity of ice also diminishes the saltness: if therefore this quality should increase in approaching the pole, it may be considered as militating against the probability of the ocean being extensively frozen in those regions. In general, small inland seas, communicating with the ocean, are less salt than the ocean itself. The waters of the Mediterranean, however, are more saline, and in attempting to account for this circumstance, the author’s attention is directed to the relative densities of water from different depths of the ocean; and though in some cases it appeared lightest at the surface, such a result was generally referable to the vicinity of thawing ice, for, in ordinary circumstances, the density at great depths in no instance exceeded the mean density of the waters of the ocean. In regard, however, to different seas or arms of the ocean, the case is often different, in consequence of local circumstances. At the entrance of the Dardanelles, for instance, the difference between the upper and lower strata is as 1020 to 1028. Dr. Marcet next details some researches upon the congelation of sea-water which takes place at 28°, and when slowly effected, is always attended by the total separation of the salt, which forms a strong brine that is washed away by the neighbouring water. The different specimens of water obtained from the ice in the late Northern Expedition, varied very little in specific gravity; the water was sweet, and in many instances its specific gravity did not exceed that of distilled water.

scholarly journals XXV. On the effects produced in the rates of chronometers by the proximity of masses of iron

1821 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 361-389 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Arctic ◽  
Arctic Regions ◽  
The Subject

It having been ascertained during the voyage made by Captain Buchan to the Arctic regions, in the year 1818, that the rates of the chronometers were considerably different on board and on shore, and this change having been attributed to the iron of the vessel, I felt very desirous, first, of ascertaining whether the proximity of a mass of iron had actually any effect in changing the rate; and, secondly, supposing this to be the case, to determine, if possible, the laws and principles by which that action was governed. I accordingly, through the kindness of some of my friends, procured the loan of six excellent chronometers, besides one or two others, which upon trial were found to have too wide and irregular rates for my purpose. Having procured these, and made the requisite preparations, I began my series of observations on them on the 11th of March of the present year, and continued them daily till the 25th of May; when, having obtained a considerable number of results, they were discontinued. It will however be proper, before I proceed to the detail of particulars, to explain the views I had formed on the subject, and the principles upon which I conducted the experiments.

scholarly journals XXI. Tables of temperatures of the sea at different depths beneath the surface, reduced and collated from the various observations made between the years 1749 and 1868, discussed. With map and sections

1875 ◽  
Vol 165 ◽  
pp. 587-674 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Arctic ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Search Form ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Great Consideration ◽  
Special Value ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Scientific Periodicals ◽  
Improved Methods

This communication, the result of an inquiry having originally reference to the bearing of the subject on certain geological questions, was commenced more than twenty years ago, but abandoned for a time, partly owing to the pressure of other engagements, and partly waiting more accurate information of the range of life at depths. The great impulse given to these questions by the more recent expeditions of the 'Lightning’ and 'Porcupine,’ culminating in that of the ‘Challenger,’ has not only again directed attention to the subject of deep-sea temperatures, but has led to such improved methods of observation, that it may now seem late to bring forward the less accurate experiments of former observers. It might therefore seem almost a work of supererogation, now that the subject in connexion with these later voyages has been so ably and zealously taken up by my friend Dr. Carpenter, to introduce these more variable older elements into the discussion. Still the older observations, though restricted to comparatively limited depths, have a wide range; and in the case of the Arctic voyages they were obtained under conditions of so much difficulty and danger, that it may be long before similar experiments are repeated; while many of the original opinions evidently deserve great consideration. It was, moreover, always my intention to complete the task I had begun when time and opportunity offered; and as Dr. Carpenter’s work commences with the observations made by him on board the ‘Lightning’ in 1868, it may not be out of place to have a record of all that was done in temperature-soundings up to that time, even as supplementary to the more exact work of later voyages. I may also notice that, notwithstanding the superiority of the more recent observations and the inaccuracy of many of the older ones, there are a certain number of the latter which were made with great care, and which may vie with recent experiments in exactness; while with respect to the others, the errors are such as may in most cases be computed and allowed for; or merely taking the old observations as they are, the comparative temperatures recorded at corresponding depths with the same or similar instruments have their own special value. The older observations are also so scattered through various narratives of voyages and in scientific periodicals, that no one can, without much difficulty of search, form an idea of their number and interest, or of the progress which the subject had made at the hands of the eminent men who had from time to time engaged in the inquiry on the Continent. I purpose, therefore, to show the state of the question at the time of the ‘Lightning’ expedition. For all that has been done since, I would refer to the exhaustive papers of Dr. Carpenter).

AT THE DAWN OF THE GEOCRYOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE ARCTIC REGIONS OF YAKUTIA: INMERO EXPEDITION NO. 1 (1952–1953)

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-140
Author(s):  
A.A. Suleymanov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Development ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Arctic Regions ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
First Time ◽  
Cryogenic Processes

Presents a historical analysis of the research activities of the members of the Expedition No. 1, which was organized by the Obruchev Permafrost Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Moscow) in the Arctic regions of Yakutia in 1952– 1953. This expedition turned out to be the first large-scale geocryological initiative implemented in the named region. In this regard, mainly on the basis of the revealed archival materials, including those introduced by the author for the first time into scientific circulation, a characteristic of the personal composition of the research participants is presented. The geography of the work carried out has been established, covering the previously poorly geocryologically studied Yano- Indigirsky interfluve, the coast of the Laptev Sea and the Bolshoi Lyakhovsky Island, the main routes made by scientists are shown. The key directions of scientific search for permafrost scientists have been identified. The significance of the research carried out for the replenishment of knowledge about the permafrost in the Arctic regions of Yakutia and, in general, the development of geocryological science has been determined. In this regard, plots are presented that characterize the specifics of the geocryological surveys, as well as the improvement of the methodological arsenal of permafrost research in the region. At the same time, it was noted that the work of the members of Expedition No. 1 made it possible to determine a number of the most important features of cryogenic processes and the extent of the spread of permafrost in the Arctic Yakutia, to establish the thickness of the permafrost and its temperature parameters at different depths. In addition, it was found that during the survey a number of important practical results were obtained, including the identification of the composition of permafrost and the depth of the seasonally thawed layer, necessary to optimize the process of transport and industrial development of the region.

scholarly journals XVI. An analysis of the waters of the Dead Sea and the river Jordan

1807 ◽  
Vol 97 ◽  
pp. 296-314 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Dead Sea ◽  
Académie Des Sciences ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Modern Analysis ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Dead

The Dead Sea, or Lake Asphaltite, is situated in the southern part of Syria, near Jerusalem, and occupies an extent of about 60 or 70 miles in length, and from 10 to 20 in breadth. This lake has been from time immemorial celebrated on account of the intense saltness of its waters, which is such as to prevent either animals or vegetables from living in it, a peculiarity from which it has derived its name. It appears that this saline quality has existed in the earliest ages; for independently of the frequent allusions made to it in the Scriptures, we find it described by several ancient authors, amongst others by Strabo, who wrote during the reign of Augustus, by Tacitus, and by Pliny. Amongst modern travellers, Pococke, Volney, and others, have noticed and described this singular spot. But although the most obvious peculiarities have for a long time been in some degree known, the only chemical analysis I have been able to find on record is that which was published In the “ Memoires de lʼ Academie des Sciences ” for the year 1778, by Messrs. Macquer, Lavoisier, and Sage. The names of Lavoisier, and of his two distinguished associates, might appear to render any further investigation of the nature of this water superfluous; but whoever has perused the paper in question, must be convinced, that these gentlemen, however correct in their general statements, neither attained that degree of accuracy of which modern analysis is susceptible, nor did they bestow on the subject that share of attention which is indispensable in minute analytical experiments.

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