scholarly journals Epizootiology and transmission of a newly discovered baculovirus from the mosquitoes Culex nigripalpus and C. quinquefasciatus

2001 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
James J. Becnel ◽  
Susan E. White ◽  
Bettina A. Moser ◽  
Tokuo Fukuda ◽  
Margaret J. Rotstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Divalent Cations ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Great Part ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
The United States ◽  
Culex Nigripalpus ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Laboratory Bioassays

Reports of mosquito baculoviruses are extremely uncommon and epizootics in field populations are rarely observed. We describe a baculovirus that was responsible for repeated and extended epizootics in field populations of Culex nigripalpus and C. quinquefasciatus over a 2 year period. These mosquito species are important vectors of St Louis and Eastern equine encephalitis in the United States. Our initial attempts to transmit this baculovirus to mosquitoes in the laboratory were unsuccessful. A salt mixture similar to that found in water supporting infection in the field was used in laboratory bioassays and indicated that certain salts were crucial to transmission of the virus. Further investigations revealed conclusively that transmission is mediated by divalent cations: magnesium is essential, whereas calcium inhibits virus transmission. These findings represent a major advancement in our understanding of the transmission of baculoviruses in mosquitoes and will allow characterization of the virus in the laboratory. In addition, they can explain, in great part, conditions that support epizootics in natural populations of mosquitoes that vector life-threatening diseases of man and animals.

Detection of West Nile Virus RNA in Mosquitoes and Identification of Mosquito Blood Meals Collected at Alligator Farms in Louisiana

2010 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 625-633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isik Unlu ◽  
Wayne L. Kramer ◽  
Alma F. Roy ◽  
Lane D. Foil
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
The United States ◽  
Alligator Mississippiensis ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Culex Nigripalpus ◽  
Coquillettidia Perturbans ◽  
Initial Source ◽  
Blood Meals

Abstract Since 2001, alligator farms in the United States have sustained substantial economic losses because of West Nile virus (WNV) outbreaks in American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis). Once an initial infection is introduced into captive alligators, WNV can spread among animals by contaminative transmission. Some outbreaks have been linked to feeding on infected meat or the introduction of infected hatchlings, but the initial source of WNV infection has been uncertain in other outbreaks. We conducted a study to identify species composition and presence of WNV in mosquito populations associated with alligator farms in Louisiana. A second objective of this study was to identify the origin of mosquito blood meals collected at commercial alligator farms. Mosquitoes were collected from 2004 to 2006, using Centers for Disease Control light traps, gravid traps, backpack aspirators, and resting boxes. We collected a total of 58,975 mosquitoes representing 24 species. WNV was detected in 41 pools of females from 11 mosquito species: Anopheles crucians, Anopheles quadrimaculatus, Coquillettidia perturbans, Culex coronator, Culex erraticus, Culex nigripalpus, Culex quinquefasciatus, Mansonia titillans, Aedes sollicitans, Psorophora columbiae, and Uranotaenia lowii. The blood meal origins of 213 field-collected mosquitoes were identified based on cytochrome B sequence identity. Alligator blood was detected in 21 mosquitoes representing six species of mosquitoes, including Cx. quinquefasciatus and Cx. nigripalpus. Our results showed that mosquitoes of species that are known to be competent vectors of WNV fed regularly on captive alligators. Therefore, mosquitoes probably are important in the role of transmission of WNV at alligator farms.

scholarly journals Characterization of the Black Shank Pathogen, Phytophthora nicotianae, Across North Carolina Tobacco Production Areas

Plant Disease ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 102 (6) ◽  
pp. 1108-1114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Courtney A. Gallup ◽  
Kestrel L. McCorkle ◽  
Kelly L. Ivors ◽  
David Shew
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Phytophthora Nicotianae ◽  
Mating Types ◽  
Black Shank ◽  
Nuclear Regions

Black shank disease of tobacco, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora nicotianae, is a major threat to production in the United States and tobacco-producing areas worldwide. In a statewide survey of North Carolina, the rapid shift from race 0 to race 1 was documented. Collected pathogen isolates were characterized phenotypically for mating type and mefenoxam sensitivity, and genotypically by comparing sequences from three cytoplasmic and two nuclear regions. Both the A1 and A2 mating types were found throughout the state. When both mating types were recovered from the same field, pairings of isolates yielded viable oospores, indicating for the first time the potential for sexual sporulation by P. nicotianae in natural populations. Because the loss of complete resistance required a renewed use of the fungicide mefenoxam, a subset of the survey isolates was screened for sensitivity to the fungicide. All isolates were sensitive, with a mean effective concentration to inhibit 50% of hyphal growth of 0.4 μg/ml that was similar across mating types and races. Molecular characterization of 226 isolates revealed that the pathogen exists as multiple clonal types within the state. Genetic diversity among the pathogen population and the potential for sexual recombination may help explain the ability of the pathogen to rapidly adapt to host resistance genes.

scholarly journals An Updated Overview of Almond Allergens

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 2578
Author(s):  
Mário Bezerra ◽  
Miguel Ribeiro ◽  
Gilberto Igrejas
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Food Allergens ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Important Food ◽  
Binding Properties ◽  
Dietary Consumption ◽  
Healthy Diets ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Big Eight

Tree nuts are considered an important food in healthy diets. However, for part of the world’s population, they are one of the most common sources of food allergens causing acute allergic reactions that can become life-threatening. They are part of the Big Eight food groups which are responsible for more than 90% of food allergy cases in the United States, and within this group, almond allergies are persistent and normally severe and life-threatening. Almond is generally consumed raw, toasted or as an integral part of other foods. Its dietary consumption is generally associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases. Several almond proteins have been recognized as allergens. Six of them, namely Pru du 3, Pru du 4, Pru du 5, Pru du 6, Pru du 8 and Pru du 10, have been included in the WHO-IUIS list of allergens. Nevertheless, further studies are needed in relation to the accurate characterization of the already known almond allergens or putative ones and in relation to the IgE-binding properties of these allergens to avoid misidentifications. In this context, this work aims to critically review the almond allergy problematic and, specifically, to perform an extensive overview regarding known and novel putative almond allergens.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF MULTIPLE TRAP TYPES FOR THE CAPTURE OF VECTOR MOSQUITOES OF EASTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS IN SAINT JOHNS COUNTY, FLORIDA

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-19
Author(s):  
Daniel Dixon
Keyword(s):  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Light Trap ◽  
The United States ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Vector Surveillance ◽  
Eastern Equine Encephalitis ◽  
Mosquito Abundance ◽  
Equine Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Culex Nigripalpus

Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) is a highly dangerous alphavirus vectored by multiple mosquito species in the United states. Vector surveillance and control is used to prevent the spread of EEEV, so highly efficient and attractive traps are needed to accurately assess mosquito abundance. Mosquitoes can be captured in various physiological states (host-seeking, gravid, resting, etc.), depending on what trap type is used. this study analyzed 6 trap types to determine which captured the most EEEV vectors in saint Johns county. the trap types analyzed were the biogents sentinel trap, centers for Disease control (cDc) Light trap, the sentinel Mosquito Arbovirus capture Kit, Mosquito Magnet X trap, cDc resting trap, and gravid traps. For the gravid traps, two different infusions were tested: hay infusion and cattail infusion. Aedes atlanticus Dyar and Knab was the most abundant EEEV vector captured in this study. Other EEEV vectors collected were Aedes vexans (Meigen), Culex erraticus (Dyar and Knab), and Culex nigripalpus theobald. bG traps caught the highest abundance of EEEV vectors (1520 ± 743) compared to all the other trap types analyzed. Despite capturing multiple EEEV vectors during the testing period at the chosen site, Culiseta melanura (coquillett) and Coquillettidia perturbans (Walker) were never captured.

Physical - Chemical Issues of Cephalosporin Intercalated Nanoparticles for Life - Threatening Infections Treatment

2001 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 342-349
Author(s):  
Lucian Eva ◽  
Letitia Doina Duceac ◽  
Liviu Stafie ◽  
Constantin Marcu ◽  
Geta Mitrea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Advanced Characterization ◽  
Generation Cephalosporin ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Exchange Method ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Double Hydroxide ◽  
Double Hydroxides

The fourth generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent, cefepime, was loaded into layered double hydroxides for enhancing antibiotic efficiency, reducing side effects, as well as achieving the sustained release property. The intercalation of antibiotic into the inter-gallery of ZnAl-layered double hydroxide (LDH) was carried out using ion exchange method, by this constituting a nano-sized organic-inorganic hybrid material for a controlled release novel formulation. Although cefepime is a broad spectrum antibiotic, it has various adverse effects and a significant degradation rate. Thus, the preparation and physico-chemical characterization of nanomaterials able to intercalate this drug is an important study for medical and pharmaceutical field. The antibiotic inclusion into LDHs nanostructure was confirmed by advanced characterization techniques and the release profile of cefepime was analysed with the respect to pH of the simulated media.

scholarly journals I’m Every Woman: Advancing the Intersectional Leadership of Black Women School Leaders as Anti-Racist Praxis

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 7-28
Author(s):  
April L. Peters ◽  
Angel Miles Nash
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
The United States ◽  
Women's Leadership ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Leadership Framework ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Resisting Oppression ◽  
Epistemological Basis

The rallying, clarion call to #SayHerName has prompted the United States to intentionally include the lives, voices, struggles, and contributions of Black women and countless others of her ilk who have suffered and strived in the midst of anti-Black racism. To advance a leadership framework that is rooted in the historicity of brilliance embodied in Black women’s educational leadership, and their proclivity for resisting oppression, we expand on intersectional leadership. We develop this expansion along three dimensions of research centering Black women’s leadership: the historical foundation of Black women’s leadership in schools and communities, the epistemological basis of Black women’s racialized and gendered experiences, and the ontological characterization of Black women’s expertise in resisting anti-Black racism in educational settings. We conclude with a four tenet articulation detailing how intersectional leadership: (a) is explicitly anti-racist; (b) is explicitly anti-sexist; (c) explicitly acknowledges the multiplicative influences of marginalization centering race and gender, and across planes of identity; and (d) explicitly leverages authority to serve and protect historically underserved communities.

scholarly journals An Efficient Alternative to the CDC Gravid Trap for Southern House Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) Surveillance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy D McNamara ◽  
Thomas A O’Shea-Wheller ◽  
Nicholas DeLisi ◽  
Emily Dugas ◽  
Kevin A Caillouet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Light Trap ◽  
The United States ◽  
Light Traps ◽  
Efficient Alternative ◽  
Gravid Trap ◽  
Trapping Trials

Abstract West Nile virus (WNV) is the most prevalent arbovirus found throughout the United States. Surveillance of surface breeding Culex vectors involved in WNV transmission is primarily conducted using CDC Gravid traps. However, anecdotal claims from mosquito abatement districts in Louisiana assert that other trap types may be more suited to WNV surveillance. To test the validity of these assertions, we conducted a series of trapping trials and WNV surveillance over 3 yr to compare the efficacy of multiple trap types. First, we compared the CDC Gravid trap, CO2-baited New Standard Miniature Blacklight traps, and CO2-baited CDC light traps with either an incandescent light, a red light, or no light. We found that the CDC Gravid trap and CO2-baited no-light CDC Light trap collected the most mosquitoes. Second, we conducted additional, long-term trapping and WNV surveillance to compare these two trap types. We found that CO2-baited no-light CDC traps collected more of the local WNV vector, Culex quinquefasciatus (Say, Diptera, Culicidae), and detected WNV with greater sensitivity. Finally, we conducted trapping to compare the physiological states of Cx. quinquefasciatus and diversity of collected mosquitoes. CO2-baited no-light CDC light traps collected more unfed Cx. quinquefasciatus while Gravid traps collected more blooded Cx. quinquefasciatus; both traps collected the same number of gravid Cx. quinquefasciatus. Additionally, we found that CO2-baited no-light CDC light traps collected a larger diversity of mosquito species than Gravid traps.

scholarly journals Transmission Potential of Zika Virus by Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) and Ae. mediovittatus (Diptera: Culicidae) Populations From Puerto Rico

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca A Zimler ◽  
Donald A Yee ◽  
Barry W Alto
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
The United States ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Transmission Potential ◽  
Transmission Rates ◽  
Higher Doses ◽  
Local Transmission

Abstract Recurrence of local transmission of Zika virus in Puerto Rico is a major public health risk to the United States, where mosquitoes Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) and Aedes mediovittatus (Coquillett) are abundant. To determine the extent to which Ae. mediovittatus are capable of transmitting Zika virus and the influence of viremia, we evaluated infection and transmission in Ae. mediovittatus and Ae. aegypti from Puerto Rico using serial dilutions of infectious blood. Higher doses of infectious blood resulted in greater infection rates in both mosquitoes. Aedes aegypti females were up to twice as susceptible to infection than Ae. mediovittatus, indicating a more effective midgut infection barrier in the latter mosquito species. Aedes aegypti exhibited higher disseminated infection (40–95%) than Ae. mediovittatus (<5%), suggesting a substantial midgut escape barrier in Ae. mediovittatus. For Ae. aegypti, transmission rates were low over a range of doses of Zika virus ingested, suggesting substantial salivary gland barriers.

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