scholarly journals α 1-Acid glycoprotein as a putative biomarkerfor monitoring the development of the type II reactional stage of leprosy

2010 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 400-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nishma Gupta ◽  
Nallakandy P. Shankernarayan ◽  
Kuppamuthu Dharmalingam
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Differential Expression ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Disease Stage ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Efficient Treatment ◽  
Acid Glycoprotein ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Erythema Nodosum Leprosum

Leprosy, a spectral disease manifested on the basis of host immune responses,is complicated by its reactional stages, namely type I reversal reaction (RR)and type II erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL). These reactional stagesare characterized by uncontrolled and aberrant immune responses. Biomarkersfor reactional stages would aid in early diagnosis, efficient treatment, preventionof neurological complications and prediction of predisposition to reactionalstages. In this study, comparative analysis of the serum proteome of leprosypatients by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) followed by massspectrometry showed differential expression of acute-phase protein α 1-acid glycoprotein (AGP; also known as orosomucoid).AGP levels in untreated ENL cases were significantly higher than in lepromatousleprosy (LL; a non-reactional disease stage) (P=0.0126),RR (P=0.0176) and healthy controls (P=0.0030).These data were confirmed using ELISA. The levels of AGP decreased to normallevels after treatment with multidrug therapy and thalidomide (P=0.0167). In a follow-up study, AGP levels, which were highin the untreated ENL stage, decreased significantly at 5 days (P=0.0084) and 21 days (P=0.0027)post-treatment. A stage-dependent increase in AGP in an LL patient who progressedinto the ENL stage was also shown. Glycosylation analysis by 2DE showed differentialexpression of acidic glycoforms of AGP in untreated ENL cases. Changes inAGP concentration and differential expression of isoforms correlated withthe inflammatory condition in ENL and also with the treatment regimen. Thus,initial validation of AGP as an ENL-specific biomarker and treatment indicatorwas shown in this study.

scholarly journals Role of Alternative Splicing in Regulating Host Response to Viral Infection

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1720
Author(s):  
Kuo-Chieh Liao ◽  
Mariano A. Garcia-Blanco
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Alternative Splicing ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Rna Splicing ◽  
Type I ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Transcriptional Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Host Virus Interactions

The importance of transcriptional regulation of host genes in innate immunity against viral infection has been widely recognized. More recently, post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms have gained appreciation as an additional and important layer of regulation to fine-tune host immune responses. Here, we review the functional significance of alternative splicing in innate immune responses to viral infection. We describe how several central components of the Type I and III interferon pathways encode spliced isoforms to regulate IFN activation and function. Additionally, the functional roles of splicing factors and modulators in antiviral immunity are discussed. Lastly, we discuss how cell death pathways are regulated by alternative splicing as well as the potential role of this regulation on host immunity and viral infection. Altogether, these studies highlight the importance of RNA splicing in regulating host–virus interactions and suggest a role in downregulating antiviral innate immunity; this may be critical to prevent pathological inflammation.

scholarly journals The Role of NKT Cells in Glioblastoma

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1641
Author(s):  
Emily E. S. Brettschneider ◽  
Masaki Terabe
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Nkt Cells ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Central Nervous System Diseases ◽  
Nkt Cell ◽  
Lipid Antigens ◽  
Immunoregulatory Mechanisms

Glioblastoma is an aggressive and deadly cancer, but to date, immunotherapies have failed to make significant strides in improving prognoses for glioblastoma patients. One of the current challenges to developing immunological interventions for glioblastoma is our incomplete understanding of the numerous immunoregulatory mechanisms at play in the glioblastoma tumor microenvironment. We propose that Natural Killer T (NKT) cells, which are unconventional T lymphocytes that recognize lipid antigens presented by CD1d molecules, may play a key immunoregulatory role in glioblastoma. For example, evidence suggests that the activation of type I NKT cells can facilitate anti-glioblastoma immune responses. On the other hand, type II NKT cells are known to play an immunosuppressive role in other cancers, as well as to cross-regulate type I NKT cell activity, although their specific role in glioblastoma remains largely unclear. This review provides a summary of our current understanding of NKT cells in the immunoregulation of glioblastoma as well as highlights the involvement of NKT cells in other cancers and central nervous system diseases.

scholarly journals Mutants of Type II Heat-Labile Enterotoxin LT-IIa with Altered Ganglioside-Binding Activities and Diminished Toxicity Are Potent Mucosal Adjuvants

2006 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 621-633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hesham F. Nawar ◽  
Sergio Arce ◽  
Michael W. Russell ◽  
Terry D. Connell
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Binding Activity ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Heat Labile ◽  
Enhanced Expression ◽  
Adhesin Protein ◽  
And Function

ABSTRACT The structure and function LT-IIa, a type II heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli, are closely related to the structures and functions of cholera toxin and LT-I, the type I heat-labile enterotoxins of Vibrio cholerae and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, respectively. While LT-IIa is a potent systemic and mucosal adjuvant, recent studies demonstrated that mutant LT-IIa(T34I), which exhibits no detectable binding activity as determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, with gangliosides GD1b, GD1a, and GM1 is a very poor adjuvant. To evaluate whether other mutant LT-IIa enterotoxins that also exhibit diminished ganglioside-binding activities have greater adjuvant activities, BALB/c mice were immunized by the intranasal route with the surface adhesin protein AgI/II of Streptococcus mutans alone or in combination with LT-IIa, LT-IIa(T14S), LT-IIa(T14I), or LT-IIa(T14D). All three mutant enterotoxins potentiated strong mucosal immune responses that were equivalent to the response promulgated by wt LT-IIa. All three mutant enterotoxins augmented the systemic immune responses that correlated with their ganglioside-binding activities. Only LT-IIa and LT-IIa(T14S), however, enhanced expression of major histocompatibility complex class II and the costimulatory molecules CD40, CD80, and CD86 on splenic dendritic cells. LT-IIa(T14I) and LT-IIa(T14D) had extremely diminished toxicities in a mouse Y1 adrenal cell bioassay and reduced abilities to induce the accumulation of intracellular cyclic AMP in a macrophage cell line.

Characteristics of cellular immune responses to collagen type I or collagen type II

1986 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 314-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Butler ◽  
B. Simmons ◽  
J. Zimmermann ◽  
P. DeRiso ◽  
K. Phadke
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Collagen Type ◽  
Collagen Type I ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Collagen Type Ii ◽  
Cellular Immune Responses ◽  
Cellular Immune

scholarly journals A single polymorphic amino acid on Toxoplasma gondii kinase ROP16 determines the direct and strain-specific activation of Stat3

2009 ◽  
Vol 206 (12) ◽  
pp. 2747-2760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiro Yamamoto ◽  
Daron M. Standley ◽  
Seiji Takashima ◽  
Hiroyuki Saiga ◽  
Megumi Okuyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Single Amino Acid ◽  
Type I ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Enhanced Production ◽  
Stat3 Phosphorylation

Infection by Toxoplasma gondii down-regulates the host innate immune responses, such as proinflammatory cytokine production, in a Stat3-dependent manner. A forward genetic approach recently demonstrated that the type II strain fails to suppress immune responses because of a potential defect in a highly polymorphic parasite-derived kinase, ROP16. We generated ROP16-deficient type I parasites by reverse genetics and found a severe defect in parasite-induced Stat3 activation, culminating in enhanced production of interleukin (IL) 6 and IL-12 p40 in the infected macrophages. Furthermore, overexpression of ROP16 but not ROP18 in mammalian cells resulted in Stat3 phosphorylation and strong activation of Stat3-dependent promoters. In addition, kinase-inactive ROP16 failed to activate Stat3. Comparison of type I and type II ROP16 revealed that a single amino acid substitution in the kinase domain determined the strain difference in terms of Stat3 activation. Moreover, ROP16 bound Stat3 and directly induced phosphorylation of this transcription factor. These results formally establish an essential and direct requirement of ROP16 in parasite-induced Stat3 activation and the significance of a single amino acid replacement in the function of type II ROP16.

Differential expression of IL-1 and TNF receptors in murine macrophages infected with virulent vs. avirulentLegionella pneumophila

2000 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. 885-891 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon McHugh ◽  
Yoshimasa Yamamoto ◽  
Thomas W Klein ◽  
Herman Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Differential Expression ◽  
Legionella Pneumophila ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Flow Cytometric Analysis ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Cytokine Receptors ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Receptor Mrna

Infection of macrophages from genetically susceptible A/J mice with Legionella pneumophila induces high levels of various cytokines in serum as well as in cultures of spleen or peritoneal cells from the mice. However, modulation of receptor expression for these cytokines during infection has not been studied in detail, even though these receptors on macrophages have a critical role in inflammatory responses during the infection. In the present study, the differential expression of mRNA for TNF and IL-1 receptors as well as receptor antigens during infection of macrophages with virulent vs. avirulent L. pneumophila was investigated. Mouse thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal macrophages showed by RT-PCR constitutive steady-state levels of mRNA for TNF-type I and -type II receptors as well as IL-1 type I receptor. However, IL-1 type II receptor mRNA was not expressed in thioglycollate-elicited macrophages. Infection of macrophages with virulent bacteria caused an upregulation of IL-1 type I and TNF type I receptor mRNA, but had no effect on TNF type II receptor message. Avirulent L. pneumophila infection caused much less induction of these receptor mRNAs. The amount of receptor antigen of IL-1 type I on the surface of macrophages was also increased by infection with virulent L. pneumophila determined by flow cytometric analysis. These results indicate that L. pneumophila infection not only causes induction of various cytokines, but also modulation of certain cytokine receptors, which may regulate the susceptibility to infection.Key words: Legionella pneumophila, cytokine receptors, macrophages.

scholarly journals Type I and II Interferons in the Anti-Tumor Immune Response

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1037
Author(s):  
Sarah E. Fenton ◽  
Diana Saleiro ◽  
Leonidas C. Platanias
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Tumor Response ◽  
Cancer Surveillance ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Malignant Cells ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Feedback Mechanisms ◽  
Essential Components

The interferons (IFNs) are essential components of the immune response against infections and malignancies. IFNs are potent promoters of the anti-tumor response, but there is also evidence that feedback mechanisms regulated by IFNs negatively control immune responses to avoid hyper-activation and limit inflammation. This balance of responses plays an important role in cancer surveillance, immunoediting and response to anticancer therapeutic approaches. Here we review the roles of both type I and type II IFNs on the control of the immune response against malignancies in the context of effects on both malignant cells and cells of the immune system in the tumor microenvironment.

An uncommon variant of erythema nodosum leprosum responding well to methotrexate: Report of two cases

2021 ◽  
pp. 004947552110166
Author(s):  
Seema Rani ◽  
Sweta Singh ◽  
Diksha Agrawal ◽  
Kabir Sardana ◽  
Arvind Ahuja
Keyword(s):  
Low Dose ◽  
Erythema Nodosum ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Permanent Disability ◽  
Atypical Features ◽  
Erythema Nodosum Leprosum

Reactions in leprosy are acute inflammatory episodes that can be classified as type I or type II. Recognition and timely management of these patients is critical to avoid permanent disability. We present two cases of erythema nodosum leprosum, presenting with recurrent atypical features, responding well to a low dose of methotrexate.

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