scholarly journals Genetic diversity and stability of the porA allele as a genetic marker in human Campylobacter infection

Microbiology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 155 (12) ◽  
pp. 4145-4154 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Cody ◽  
M. J. C. Maiden ◽  
K. E. Dingle
Keyword(s):  
Campylobacter Coli ◽  
Immune Selection ◽  
Extracellular Loops ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Normal Duration ◽  
Sporadic Cases ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Campylobacter Infection ◽  
Human Campylobacteriosis ◽  
Individual Human

The major outer-membrane protein (MOMP) of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli, encoded by the porA gene, is extremely genetically diverse. Conformational MOMP epitopes are important in host immunity, and variation in surface-exposed regions probably occurs as a result of positive immune selection during infection. porA diversity has been exploited in genotyping studies using highly discriminatory nucleotide sequences to identify potentially epidemiologically linked cases of human campylobacteriosis. To understand the overall nature and extent of porA diversity and stability in C. jejuni and C. coli we investigated sequences in isolates (n=584) obtained from a defined human population (approx. 600 000) over a defined time period (1 year). A total of 196 distinct porA variants were identified. Regions encoding putative extracellular loops were the most variable in both nucleotide sequence and length. Phylogenetic analysis identified three porA allele clusters that originated in (i) predominantly C. jejuni and a few C. coli, (ii) solely C. jejuni or (iii) predominantly C. coli and a few C. jejuni. The stability of porA within an individual human host was investigated using isolates cultured longitudinally from 64 sporadic cases, 27 of which had prolonged infection lasting between 5 and 98 days (the remainder having illness of normal duration, 0–4 days), and 20 cases from family outbreaks. Evidence of mutation was detected in two patients with prolonged illness. Despite demonstrable positive immune selection in these two unusual cases, the persistence of numerous variants within the population indicated that the porA allele is a valuable tool for use in extended typing schemes.

scholarly journals ART IN THE ERA OF CHANGE AND CHANGE IN ART

2020 ◽  
pp. 296-306
Author(s):  
L. D. Gerasimova ◽  
◽  
M. Yu. Sapunova ◽  
G. L. Rahubenko ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Culture ◽  
Negative Trend ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The World ◽  
Market Needs ◽  
Individual Human

The article examines and analyzes the changes in the world of culture and art that have involved the postmodernism era, which arose during a period of rapidly changing moods in society, which accept the appearance of culture, but are absolutely alien and ugly, bearing the decline and destruction. Art, which is a kind of mark of the epoch and a reflection of morality, established stereotypes, and lifestyle, has experienced many revolutionary trends caused by the demand of a particular time period. In modernculture, there is a negative trend in the development of artistic, literary, and cinematic production, everything is oriented to the market needs. Canons are being collapsed, content is being simplified, and technologies are being violated. Culture and art began to meet individual human needs, acquired a commercial character and became subject to the influence of the customer and the consumer.What is a "mass" culture? How much does the understanding of art depend on a person's wealth and education? For whom is culture now intelligible? How does the society standard of living influence culture and art in general?

scholarly journals Prevalence of Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni in Retail Chicken, Beef, Lamb, and Pork Products in Three Australian States

2019 ◽  
Vol 82 (12) ◽  
pp. 2126-2134 ◽  
Author(s):  
LIZ J. WALKER ◽  
RHIANNON L. WALLACE ◽  
JAMES J. SMITH ◽  
TRUDY GRAHAM ◽  
THEMY SAPUTRA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Chicken Meat ◽  
Campylobacter Coli ◽  
Pork Products ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Meat Samples ◽  
Campylobacter Infection ◽  
Campylobacter Spp

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and distribution of Campylobacter species in a variety of fresh and frozen meat and offal products collected from retail outlets in New South Wales (NSW), Queensland (Qld), and Victoria (Vic). A total of 1,490 chicken, beef, lamb, and pork samples were collected from Australian supermarkets and butcher shops over a 2-year sampling period (October 2016 to October 2018). Campylobacter spp. were detected in 90% of chicken meat and 73% of chicken offal products (giblet and liver), with significantly lower prevalence in lamb (38%), pork (31%), and beef (14%) offal (kidney and liver). Although retail chicken meat was frequently contaminated with Campylobacter, the level of contamination was generally low. Where quantitative analysis was conducted, 98% of chicken meat samples, on average, had <10,000 CFU Campylobacter per carcass, with 10% <21 CFU per carcass. Campylobacter coli was the most frequently recovered species in chicken meat collected in NSW (53%) and Vic (56%) and in chicken offal collected in NSW (77%), Qld (59%), and Vic (58%). In beef, lamb, and pork offal, C. jejuni was generally the most common species (50 to 86%), with the exception of pork offal collected in NSW, where C. coli was more prevalent (69%). Campylobacter prevalence was significantly higher in fresh lamb (46%) and pork (31%) offal than in frozen offal (17 and 11%, respectively). For chicken, beef, and pork offal, the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. was significantly higher on delicatessen products compared with prepackaged products. This study demonstrated that meat and offal products are frequently contaminated with Campylobacter. However, the prevalence is markedly different in different meats, and the level of chicken meat portion contamination is generally low. By identifying the types of meat and offal products types that pose the greatest risk of Campylobacter infection to consumers, targeted control strategies can be developed. HIGHLIGHTS

Five-Year Stability Study of Free and Total Prostate-Specific Antigen Concentrations in Serum Specimens Collected and Stored at – 70°C or Less

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 206-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.A. Scaramuzzino ◽  
K. Schulte ◽  
B.N. Mack ◽  
T.F. Soriano ◽  
H.A. Fritsche
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Specific Antigen ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Stability Study ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Altman Analysis ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Total Prostate Specific Antigen ◽  
Deming Regression ◽  
Lower Temperature ◽  
The Stability

The stability of total (t) and free (f) prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in male serum specimens stored at –70°C or lower temperature for 4.7 to 4.9 years was studied. Until now, the stability of these analytes in serum has not been evaluated systematically beyond 2 years of storage at –70°C. Aliquots of frozen serum were thawed in 2001 and 2006 and assayed for tPSA and fPSA using a Dade Behring Dimension(r) RxL analyzer and reagents. tPSA values ranged from 0.07 to 69.94 and 0.00 to 69.83 ng/mL in 2001 and 2006, respectively, whereas fPSA values for the tested specimens ranged from 0.02 to 5.72 and 0.00 to 5.92, respectively. Deming regression analyses showed agreement in assay values over time as tPSA values yielded a slope of 1.0112 and a y-intercept of 0.0195; fPSA values produced a slope 1.0538 and a y-intercept of –0.0442; f/tPSA values yielded a slope of 0.9631 and a y-intercept of 0.1195. A Bland-Altman analysis of the data demonstrated analyte and ratio stability over this time period. We conclude that serum, when collected properly and stored at –70°C or lower temperature, may be used for tPSA and fPSA clinical studies for at least 5 years after collection.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance Determinants Circulating among Thermophilic Campylobacter Isolates Recovered from Broilers in Ireland Over a One-Year Period

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caoimhe T. Lynch ◽  
Helen Lynch ◽  
Sarah Burke ◽  
Kayleigh Hawkins ◽  
Colin Buttimer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Tetracycline Resistance ◽  
Campylobacter Coli ◽  
Tetracycline Resistance Genes ◽  
Resistance Determinants ◽  
Thermophilic Campylobacter ◽  
Nucleotide Mutation ◽  
Bacterial Gastroenteritis ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Stability

Campylobacteriosis is the leading cause of human bacterial gastroenteritis, very often associated with poultry consumption. Thermophilic Campylobacter (Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli) isolates (n = 158) recovered from broiler neck skin and caecal contents in Ireland over a one-year period, resistant to at least one of three clinically relevant antimicrobial classes, were screened for resistance determinants. All ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates (n = 99) harboured the C257T nucleotide mutation (conferring the Thr-86-Ile substitution) in conjunction with other synonymous and nonsynonymous mutations, which may have epidemiological value. The A2075G nucleotide mutation and amino acid substitutions in L4 and L22 were detected in all erythromycin-resistant isolates (n = 5). The tetO gene was detected in 100% (n = 119) of tetracycline-resistant isolates and three of which were found to harbour the mosaic tetracycline resistance gene tetO/32/O. Two streptomycin-resistant C. jejuni isolates (isolated from the same flock) harboured ant(6)-Ib, located in a multidrug resistance genomic island, containing aminoglycoside, streptothricin (satA) and tetracycline resistance genes (truncated tetO and mosaic tetO/32/O). The ant(6)-Ie gene was identified in two streptomycin-resistant C. coli isolates. This study highlights the widespread acquisition of antimicrobial resistance determinants among chicken-associated Campylobacter isolates, through horizontal gene transfer or clonal expansion of resistant lineages. The stability of such resistance determinants is compounded by the fluidity of mobile genetic element.

scholarly journals Who is promoting the stability of the human rights pillar? Lessons from our own experience of dictatorship

European View ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-114
Author(s):  
Günter Nooke
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Cultural Diversity ◽  
Secretary General ◽  
World Peace ◽  
Individual Rights ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Individual Human

According to former UN Secretary General Kofi Annan, world peace is based on the pillars of security, development and human rights. The defence of human rights is a particular foreign policy strength of both the EU and Germany. Despite advances, human rights are currently under threat from two angles. The first is a tendency to demand so much in the realm of human rights that, in the end, very little is achieved. The second is a growing movement that prioritises the rights of the collective over individual rights. However, it is individual human rights that are paramount and it is possible to extend individual rights without trampling cultural diversity. Given Europe's history of freeing itself from the shackles of dictatorship, its role in the defence of human rights is invaluable.

The Effect of Freeze/Thaw Cycles on the Stability of Compounds in DMSO

2003 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara A. Kozikowski ◽  
Thomas M. Burt ◽  
Debra A. Tirey ◽  
Lisa E. Williams ◽  
Barbara R. Kuzmak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput Screening ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Freeze Thaw ◽  
Thaw Cycle ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Freeze Thaw Cycle ◽  
Low Humidity ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Short Time

A diverse set of 320 compounds from the Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals organic compound repository was prepared as 20-mM DMSO solutions and stored at 4°C under argon in pressurized canisters to simulate a low-humidity environment. The plates were subjected to 25 freeze/thaw cycles while being exposed to ambient atmospheric conditions after each thaw to simulate the time and manner by which compound plates are exposed to the atmosphere during typical liquid-handling and high-throughput screening processes. High-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry with evaporative light-scattering detection was used to quantitate the amount of compound remaining after every 5th freeze/thaw cycle. Control plates were stored either at room temperature under argon or at 4°C under argon without freeze/thaw cycling and were evaluated at the midpoint and the endpoint of the study. The study was conducted over a short time period (i.e., 7 weeks) to minimize the effect of compound degradation over time due to the exposure of the compounds to DMSO.The results from this study will be used to determine the maximum number of freeze/thaw cycles that can be achieved while maintaining acceptable compound integrity.(Journal of Biomolecular Screening 2003:210-215)

The stability of viscous fluid flow between rotating cylinders

1937 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Goldstein
Keyword(s):  
Angular Velocity ◽  
Wave Length ◽  
Steady Motion ◽  
Circular Cylinders ◽  
Critical Flow ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Component Velocity ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Image Position

The stability of the motion of viscous incompressible fluid, of density ρ and kinematic viscosity ν, between two infinitely long coaxial circular cylinders, of radiiaanda+d, whered/ais small, is investigated mathematically by the method of small oscillations. The inner cylinder is rotating with angular velocity ω and the outer one with angular velocity αω, and there is a constant pressure gradient parallel to the axis. The fluid therefore has a component velocityWparallel to the axis, in addition to the velocity round the axis. A disturbance is assumed which is symmetrical about the axis and periodic along it. The critical disturbance, which neither increases nor decreases with the time, is periodic with respect to the time (except whenW= 0, when the critical disturbance is a steady motion). As Reynolds number of the flow we take ||d/ν, whereis the average value ofWacross the annulus, and we denote bylthe wave-length of the disturbance along the axis, by σ/2π the time period of the critical flow, bycthe wavelength of the critical flow, byωcthe critical value of ω, and we putapproximately, if α is not nearly equal to 1.

scholarly journals Multi drug resistance of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli to tested antibiotics in strains originating from humans, poultry and swine

2010 ◽  
pp. 27-35
Author(s):  
Zoran Tambur ◽  
Igor Stojanov ◽  
Sonja Konstantinovic ◽  
Dara Jovanovic ◽  
Desanka Cenic-Milosevic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Campylobacter Coli ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Disc Diffusion Method ◽  
Sensitivity Testing ◽  
Campylobacter Infection

Thermophilic Campylobacter are among the most common cause of bacterial enteritis in humans. Food animals are considered one of the most important sources of Campylobacter causing infections in man. Campylobacter infection is clinically mild and resolves spontaneously. In severe or long-lasting cases, treatment with antibiotics is necessary. Resistance of Campylobacter spp. to drugs used in treatment of infection is a matter of concern. The aim of this paper is to determine presence of multi drug resistant strains of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from animals and man. Material for testing was obtained by scraping the cecum surface from boilers, pig cecum and colon, and human feces. For isolation Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli microaerophilic conditions, temperature of 42?C and antibiotic supplement were required to inhibit the growth of other intestinal bacteria. In this research, for sensitivity testing of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli three different methods were used: disc diffusion test, E-test, and dilution agar method. A total of 55 strains of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. Out of the total, 24 strains originated from man, 16 from broilers were isolated, and 15 from pigs. Multidrug resistance was determined in cases when the strains were resistant to two or more antibiotics. Applying E-test, we detected that the largest number of Campylobacter jejuni were multi drug resistant to two antibiotics (41.2%), and three antibiotics (11.8%). Applying disc diffusion method it was detected that 5.9% of Campylobacter jejuni from man was resistant to four tested antibiotics. Applying all three methods, it was detected that the largest number of Campylobacter strains was resistant to two antibiotics and three antibiotics. Applying disc diffusion method it was detected that 50% of Campylobacter coli strains from pigs were resistant to three tested antibiotics.

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