scholarly journals A novel reassortant canine H3N1 influenza virus between pandemic H1N1 and canine H3N2 influenza viruses in Korea

2012 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 551-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daesub Song ◽  
Hyoung-Joon Moon ◽  
Dong-Jun An ◽  
Hye-Young Jeoung ◽  
Hyekwon Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Influenza Surveillance ◽  
Pandemic H1n1 ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Canine Influenza Virus ◽  
Ha Gene ◽  
Pandemic Influenza H1n1 ◽  
Canine Influenza

During recent canine influenza surveillance in South Korea, a novel H3N1 canine influenza virus (CIV) that is a putative reassortant between pandemic H1N1 2009 and H3N2 CIVs was isolated. Genetic analysis of eight genes of the influenza virus revealed that the novel H3N1 isolate presented high similarities (99.1–99.9 %) to pandemic influenza H1N1, except for in the haemagglutinin (HA) gene. The HA gene nucleotide sequence of the novel CIV H3N1 was similar (99.6 %) to that of CIV H3N2 isolated in Korea and China. Dogs infected with the novel H3N1 CIV did not show any notable symptoms, in contrast to dogs infected with H3N2 CIV. Despite no visible clinical signs of disease, nasal shedding of virus was detected and the infected dogs presented mild histopathological changes.

Experimental infection of dogs with H3N2 canine influenza virus from China

2013 ◽  
Vol 141 (12) ◽  
pp. 2595-2603 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. J. ZENG ◽  
Y. LIN ◽  
Y. B. ZHAO ◽  
C. P. LU ◽  
Y. J. LIU
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Clinical Score ◽  
H3n2 Virus ◽  
Chinese Isolate ◽  
Infectious Dose ◽  
Virus Shedding ◽  
Canine Influenza Virus ◽  
Multiple Organs ◽  
Canine Influenza

SUMMARYCanine influenza virus (CIV) is an emerging pathogen that causes acute respiratory disease in dogs. The aim of this study was to investigate the pathogenicity of A/canine/Jiangsu/06/2010 (H3N2) virus isolated in China. Nine dogs were inoculated intranasally with 107·95 of 50% egg infectious dose (EID50) of the virus. The onset of clinical signs and virus shedding was observed on day 1 post-infection (p.i.). The peak clinical score occurred between days 4 and 6 p.i. The experimentally infected dogs were found to shed virus not only via the respiratory tract but also via the digestive tract. Viral RNA could be detected in multiple organs including the trachea, lung, liver, spleen, kidney, brain and duodenum. All the sampled organs from infected dogs showed significant lesions and viral antigen staining. The results differed from those reporting using previous CIV strains; the Chinese isolate could induce extrapulmonary infection and cause extensive lesions in dogs.

scholarly journals Origins and Evolutionary Dynamics of H3N2 Canine Influenza Virus

2015 ◽  
Vol 89 (10) ◽  
pp. 5406-5418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henan Zhu ◽  
Joseph Hughes ◽  
Pablo R. Murcia
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
North American ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Canine Influenza Virus ◽  
Zoonotic Infections ◽  
Avian Origin ◽  
Canine Influenza

ABSTRACTInfluenza A viruses (IAVs) are maintained mainly in wild birds, and despite frequent spillover infections of avian IAVs into mammals, only a small number of viruses have become established in mammalian hosts. A new H3N2 canine influenza virus (CIV) of avian origin emerged in Asia in the mid-2000s and is now circulating in dog populations of China and South Korea, and possibly in Thailand. The emergence of CIV provides new opportunities for zoonotic infections and interspecies transmission. We examined 14,764 complete IAV genomes together with all CIV genomes publicly available since its first isolation until 2013. We show that CIV may have originated as early as 1999 as a result of segment reassortment among Eurasian and North American avian IAV lineages. We also identified amino acid changes that might have played a role in CIV emergence, some of which have not been previously identified in other cross-species jumps. CIV evolves at a lower rate than H3N2 human influenza viruses do, and viral phylogenies exhibit geographical structure compatible with high levels of local transmission. We detected multiple intrasubtypic and heterosubtypic reassortment events, including the acquisition of the NS segment of an H5N1 avian influenza virus that had previously been overlooked. In sum, our results provide insight into the adaptive changes required by avian viruses to establish themselves in mammals and also highlight the potential role of dogs to act as intermediate hosts in which viruses with zoonotic and/or pandemic potential could originate, particularly with an estimated dog population of ∼700 million.IMPORTANCEInfluenza A viruses circulate in humans and animals. This multihost ecology has important implications, as past pandemics were caused by IAVs carrying gene segments of both human and animal origin. Adaptive evolution is central to cross-species jumps, and this is why understanding the evolutionary processes that shape influenza A virus genomes is key to elucidating the mechanisms underpinning viral emergence. An avian-origin canine influenza virus (CIV) has recently emerged in dogs and is spreading in Asia. We reconstructed the evolutionary history of CIV and show that it originated from both Eurasian and North American avian lineages. We also identified the mutations that might have been responsible for the cross-species jump. Finally, we provide evidence of multiple reassortment events between CIV and other influenza viruses (including an H5N1 avian virus). This is a cause for concern, as there is a large global dog population to which humans are highly exposed.

scholarly journals Temperature-Sensitive Live-Attenuated Canine Influenza Virus H3N8 Vaccine

2016 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aitor Nogales ◽  
Laura Rodriguez ◽  
Caroline Chauché ◽  
Kai Huang ◽  
Emma C. Reilly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Influenza Vaccines ◽  
Respiratory Pathogen ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Canine Influenza Virus ◽  
Canine Influenza ◽  
Better Than

ABSTRACT Canine influenza is a respiratory disease of dogs caused by canine influenza virus (CIV). CIV subtypes responsible for influenza in dogs include H3N8, which originated from the transfer of H3N8 equine influenza virus to dogs; and the H3N2 CIV, which is an avian-origin virus that adapted to infect dogs. Influenza infections are most effectively prevented through vaccination to reduce transmission and future infection. Currently, only inactivated influenza vaccines (IIVs) are available for the prevention of CIV in dogs. However, the efficacy of IIVs is suboptimal, and novel approaches are necessary for the prevention of disease caused by this canine respiratory pathogen. Using reverse genetics techniques, we have developed a live-attenuated CIV vaccine (LACIV) for the prevention of H3N8 CIV. The H3N8 LACIV replicates efficiently in canine cells at 33°C but is impaired at temperatures of 37 to 39°C and was attenuated compared to wild-type H3N8 CIV in vivo and ex vivo. The LACIV was able to induce protection against H3N8 CIV challenge with a single intranasal inoculation in mice. Immunogenicity and protection efficacy were better than that observed with a commercial CIV H3N8 IIV but provided limited cross-reactive immunity and heterologous protection against H3N2 CIV. These results demonstrate the feasibility of implementing a LAIV approach for the prevention and control of H3N8 CIV in dogs and suggest the need for a new LAIV for the control of H3N2 CIV. IMPORTANCE Two influenza A virus subtypes has been reported in dogs in the last 16 years: the canine influenza viruses (CIV) H3N8 and H3N2 of equine and avian origins, respectively. To date, only inactivated influenza vaccines (IIVs) are available to prevent CIV infections. Here, we report the generation of a recombinant, temperature-sensitive H3N8 CIV as a live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV), which was attenuated in mice and dog tracheal, explants compared to CIV H3N8 wild type. A single dose of H3N8 LACIV showed immunogenicity and protection against a homologous challenge that was better than that conferred with an H3N8 IIV, demonstrating the feasibility of implementing a LAIV approach for the improved control of H3N8 CIV infections in dogs.

scholarly journals Emergence and Characterization of a Novel Reassortant Canine Influenza Virus Isolated from Cats

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1320
Author(s):  
Jin Zhao ◽  
Wanting He ◽  
Meng Lu ◽  
Haijian He ◽  
Alexander Lai
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Reassortant Virus ◽  
Human Influenza Virus ◽  
Canine Influenza Virus ◽  
Stray Cats ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Canine Influenza

Cats are susceptible to a wide range of influenza A viruses (IAV). Furthermore, cats can serve as an intermediate host, and transfer avian influenza virus (AIV) H7N2 to a veterinarian. In this report, a novel reassortant influenza virus, designated A/feline/Jiangsu/HWT/2017 (H3N2), and abbreviated as FIV-HWT-2017, was isolated from nasal swab of a symptomatic cat in Jiangsu province, China. Sequence analysis indicated that, whilst the other seven genes were most similar to the avian-origin canine influenza viruses (CIV H3N2) isolated in China, the NS gene was more closely related to the circulating human influenza virus (H3N2) in the region. Therefore, FIV-HWT-2017 is a reassortant virus. In addition, some mutations were identified, and they were similar to a distinctive CIV H3N2 clade. Whether these cats were infected with the reassortant virus was unknown, however, this random isolation of a reassortant virus indicated that domestic or stray cats were “mixing vessel” for IAV cannot be ruled out. An enhanced surveillance for novel influenza virus should include pet and stray cats.

scholarly journals Host-range shift of H3N8 canine influenza virus: a phylodynamic analysis of its origin and adaptation from equine to canine host

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanting He ◽  
Gairu Li ◽  
Ruyi Wang ◽  
Weifeng Shi ◽  
Kemang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Range Shift ◽  
Interspecies Transmission ◽  
Mammalian Host ◽  
Equine Influenza Virus ◽  
Canine Influenza Virus ◽  
Canine Influenza ◽  
Phylodynamic Analysis

Abstract Prior to the emergence of H3N8 canine influenza virus (CIV) and the latest avian-origin H3N2 CIV, there was no evidence of a circulating canine-specific influenza virus. Molecular and epidemiological evidence suggest that H3N8 CIV emerged from H3N8 equine influenza virus (EIV). This host-range shift of EIV from equine to canine hosts and its subsequent establishment as an enzootic CIV is unique because this host-range shift was from one mammalian host to another. To further understand this host-range shift, we conducted a comprehensive phylodynamic analysis using all the available whole-genome sequences of H3N8 CIV. We found that (1) the emergence of H3N8 CIV from H3N8 EIV occurred in approximately 2002; (2) this interspecies transmission was by a reassortant virus of the circulating Florida-1 clade H3N8 EIV; (3) once in the canine species, H3N8 CIV spread efficiently and remained an enzootic virus; (4) H3N8 CIV evolved and diverged into multiple clades or sublineages, with intra and inter-lineage reassortment. Our results provide a framework to understand the molecular basis of host-range shifts of influenza viruses and that dogs are potential “mixing vessels” for the establishment of novel influenza viruses.

scholarly journals Sequential Seasonal H1N1 Influenza Virus Infections Protect Ferrets against Novel 2009 H1N1 Influenza Virus

2012 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 1400-1410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald M. Carter ◽  
Chalise E. Bloom ◽  
Eduardo J. M. Nascimento ◽  
Ernesto T. A. Marques ◽  
Jodi K. Craigo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
H1n1 Influenza ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
H1n1 Influenza Virus ◽  
Virus Shedding ◽  
2009 H1n1 ◽  
Novel H1n1 Influenza

ABSTRACTIndividuals <60 years of age had the lowest incidence of infection, with ∼25% of these people having preexisting, cross-reactive antibodies to novel 2009 H1N1 influenza. Many people >60 years old also had preexisting antibodies to novel H1N1. These observations are puzzling because the seasonal H1N1 viruses circulating during the last 60 years were not antigenically similar to novel H1N1. We therefore hypothesized that a sequence of exposures to antigenically different seasonal H1N1 viruses can elicit an antibody response that protects against novel 2009 H1N1. Ferrets were preinfected with seasonal H1N1 viruses and assessed for cross-reactive antibodies to novel H1N1. Serum from infected ferrets was assayed for cross-reactivity to both seasonal and novel 2009 H1N1 strains. These results were compared to those of ferrets that were sequentially infected with H1N1 viruses isolated prior to 1957 or more-recently isolated viruses. Following seroconversion, ferrets were challenged with novel H1N1 influenza virus and assessed for viral titers in the nasal wash, morbidity, and mortality. There was no hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) cross-reactivity in ferrets infected with any single seasonal H1N1 influenza viruses, with limited protection to challenge. However, sequential H1N1 influenza infections reduced the incidence of disease and elicited cross-reactive antibodies to novel H1N1 isolates. The amount and duration of virus shedding and the frequency of transmission following novel H1N1 challenge were reduced. Exposure to multiple seasonal H1N1 influenza viruses, and not to any single H1N1 influenza virus, elicits a breadth of antibodies that neutralize novel H1N1 even though the host was never exposed to the novel H1N1 influenza viruses.

scholarly journals Canine Influenza Virus is Mildly Restricted by Canine Tetherin Protein

Viruses ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 565
Author(s):  
Yun Zheng ◽  
Xiangqi Hao ◽  
Qingxu Zheng ◽  
Xi Lin ◽  
Xin Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Transmembrane Domain ◽  
Transmembrane Protein ◽  
Cellular Damage ◽  
Interferon Response ◽  
Type I ◽  
Canine Influenza Virus ◽  
Immune Factor ◽  
Canine Influenza ◽  
The Impact

Tetherin (BST2/CD317/HM1.24) has emerged as a key host-cell ·defence molecule that acts by inhibiting the release and spread of diverse enveloped virions from infected cells. We analysed the biological features of canine tetherin and found it to be an unstable hydrophilic type I transmembrane protein with one transmembrane domain, no signal peptide, and multiple glycosylation and phosphorylation sites. Furthermore, the tissue expression profile of canine tetherin revealed that it was particularly abundant in immune organs. The canine tetherin gene contains an interferon response element sequence that can be regulated and expressed by canine IFN-α. A CCK-8 assay showed that canine tetherin was effective in helping mitigate cellular damage caused by canine influenza virus (CIV) infection. Additionally, we found that the overexpression of canine tetherin inhibited replication of the CIV and that interference with the canine tetherin gene enhanced CIV replication in cells. The impact of canine tetherin on CIV replication was mild. However, these results elucidate the role of the innate immune factor, canine tetherin, during CIV infection for the first time.

Equine and canine influenza: a review of current events

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Paul J. Gibbs ◽  
Tara C. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
One Health ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Emerging Diseases ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Canine Influenza

AbstractIn the past decade, the pandemics of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 and the novel H1N1 influenza have both illustrated the potential of influenza viruses to rapidly emerge and spread widely in animals and people. Since both of these viruses are zoonotic, these pandemics have been the driving force behind a renewed commitment by the medical and veterinary professions to practice One World, One Health for the control of infectious diseases. The discovery in 2004 that an equine origin H3N8 influenza virus was the cause of an extensive epidemic of respiratory disease in dogs in the USA came as a surprise; at that time dogs were thought to be refractory to infection with influenza viruses. In 2007, a second emerging canine influenza was confirmed in Korea, but this time the causal virus was an H3N2 avian influenza virus. This review focuses on recent events associated with equine and canine influenza viruses. While these viruses do not appear to be zoonotic, the close association between humans and dogs, and to a lesser extent horses, demands that we develop better surveillance and control strategies for emerging diseases in companion animals within the context of One World, One Health.

scholarly journals Genetic Characterization and Pathogenicity of H7N7 and H7N9 Avian Influenza Viruses Isolated from South Korea

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 2057
Author(s):  
Eun-Jee Na ◽  
Young-Sik Kim ◽  
Yoon-Ji Kim ◽  
Jun-Soo Park ◽  
Jae-Ku Oem
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
The Body ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Receptor Binding Site ◽  
Phylogenetic Tree Analysis ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Ha Gene

H7 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) can mutate into highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs). In addition to avian species, H7 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) also infect humans. In this study, two AIVs, H7N9 (20X-20) and H7N7 (34X-2), isolated from the feces of wild birds in South Korea in 2021, were genetically analyzed. The HA cleavage site of the two H7 Korean viruses was confirmed to be ELPKGR/GLF, indicating they are LPAIVs. There were no amino acid substitutions at the receptor-binding site of the HA gene of two H7 Korean viruses compared to that of A/Anhui/1/2013 (H7N9), which prefer human receptors. In the phylogenetic tree analysis, the HA gene of the two H7 Korean viruses shared the highest nucleotide similarity with the Korean H7 subtype AIVs. In addition, the HA gene of the two H7 Korean viruses showed high nucleotide similarity to that of the A/Jiangsu/1/2018(H7N4) virus, which is a human influenza virus originating from avian influenza virus. Most internal genes (PB2, PB1, PA, NP, NA, M, and NS) of the two H7 Korean viruses belonged to the Eurasian lineage, except for the M gene of 34X-2. This result suggests that active reassortment occurred among AIVs. In pathogenicity studies of mice, the two H7 Korean viruses replicated in the lungs of mice. In addition, the body weight of mice infected with 34X-2 decreased 7 days post-infection (dpi) and inflammation was observed in the peribronchiolar and perivascular regions of the lungs of mice. These results suggest that mammals can be infected with the two H7 Korean AIVs. Our data showed that even low pathogenic H7 AIVs may infect mammals, including humans, as confirmed by the A/Jiangsu/1/2018(H7N4) virus. Therefore, continuous monitoring and pathogenicity assessment of AIVs, even of LPAIVs, are required.

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