scholarly journals Impact of pediatric influenza vaccination on antibiotic resistance in England and Wales

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chungman Chae ◽  
Nicholas G. Davies ◽  
Mark Jit ◽  
Katherine E. Atkins
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Influenza Vaccination ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antibiotic Consumption ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Antibiotic Prescribing ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Health Burdens

Vaccines against viral infections have been proposed to reduce antibiotic prescribing and thereby help control resistant bacterial infections. However, by combining published data sources, we predict that pediatric live attenuated influenza vaccination in England and Wales will not have a major impact upon antibiotic consumption or health burdens of resistance.

A UK-based survey of cat owners’ perceptions and experiences of antibiotic usage

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Stallwood ◽  
Alex Shirlow ◽  
Angie Hibbert
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Stewardship ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Diagnostic Testing ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Good Communication ◽  
Long Acting ◽  
Veterinary Antibiotic

Objectives The aim of this study was to explore owners’ knowledge of antibiotics, experience of antibiotic use in their cats and involvement in decision-making regarding antibiotic prescriptions. Methods Cat owners were recruited via social media and veterinary practices to complete a survey designed to evaluate general knowledge of antibiotics, attitudes to antibiotic stewardship and experiences of antibiotic use in their own cat between November 2017 and March 2018. Data were analysed descriptively. Results A total of 1436 surveys were completed; 247 respondents (17.2%) had a veterinary background. The majority of the remaining respondents correctly identified that antibiotics treat bacterial infections (84.0%; n = 999) but do not treat viral infections (72.8%; n = 865). A minority (n = 338; 28.4%) agreed that antibiotic resistance was a problem in cats in the UK; 92.3% (n = 1097) identified that resistance was a problem in human medicine. Seventy percent (n = 832) of the respondents’ cats had received antibiotics; 29.6% (n = 246) received a long-acting injectable antibiotic (14 days’ duration). Diagnostic tests were performed before antibiotic prescription in 38.7% (n = 322) of cats; 1.4% (n = 7) of respondents reported declining suggested tests and 65.8% (n = 778) indicated that they would be happy to pay for diagnostic tests to allow selection of the most appropriate antibiotic. Most respondents (95.8%; n = 792) indicated that they were happy to follow their veterinarian’s advice and recommendations; however, 49.2% (n = 405) had expected antibiotics to be prescribed. Conclusions and relevance Cat owners demonstrated good knowledge of antibiotic action; however, greater owner education regarding the potential for veterinary antibiotic resistance, requirement for diagnostic testing and training in the administration of oral medication with first-line antibiotics, as well as the use of veterinary antibiotic guidelines, will improve antibiotic stewardship. Good communication between veterinarians and owners is necessary for rational antibiotic use.

scholarly journals A review on antibiotic resistance and way of combating antimicrobial resistance

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 087-097
Author(s):  
Shifa Begum ◽  
Tofa Begum ◽  
Naziza Rahman ◽  
Ruhul A. Khan
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Revolutionary Era ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Effective Medication

Antibiotics are widely used most effective medication since the twentieth century against bacterial infections (Tetanus, Strep Throat, Urinary Tract Infections, etc.) and thus save one’s life. Before 20th-century infectious disease played the main role in the death. Thus, antibiotics opened a revolutionary era in the field of medication. These cannot fight against viral infections. Antibiotics are also known as an antibacterial that kill or slow down bacterial growth and prohibit the bacteria to harm. Resistance comes as a curse with antibiotics that occurs when bacteria change in some way that reduces or eliminates the effectiveness of drugs, chemicals or other agents designed to cure or prevent infections. It is now a significant threat to public health that is affecting humans worldwide outside the environment of the hospital. When a bacterium once become resistant to antibiotic then the bacterial infections cannot be cured with that antibiotic. Thus, the emergence of antibiotic-resistance among the most important bacterial pathogens causing more harm. In this context, the classification of antibiotics, mode of action of antibiotics, and mechanism of resistance and the process of overcoming antibiotic resistance are discussed broadly.

scholarly journals Improving the Rational Use of Medicines by Assessing Antibiotic Consumption to Solve the Problem of Antibiotic Resistance in the Republic of Kazakhstan

2021 ◽  
pp. 31-35
Author(s):  
Gulzira Zhussupova ◽  
◽  
Saule Zhaldybayeva ◽  
Aiym Skakova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Antibiotic Consumption ◽  
Policy Option ◽  
Policy Options ◽  
Self Medication ◽  
Antibacterial Drugs ◽  
Rational Use ◽  
Rational Use Of Medicines ◽  
The Republic

The aim. Develop policy options to improve the rational use of medicines by assessing antibiotic consumption to address antibiotic resistance in the Republic of Kazakhstan. We used the data of the Republican Center for Healthcare Development’s report on the assessment of the consumption of antibiotics in the Republic of Kazakhstan, purchased by the Single Distributor within the guaranteed volume of free medical care for 2019, in comparison with the period 2017-2018. Three policy options have been developed: 1. Improving the rational prescription and use of antibacterial drugs. 2. Raising awareness and understanding of antimicrobial resistance issues through information policy and increased training 3. Strengthening control of prescription dispensing of antibacterial drugs in pharmacies. For each policy option, measures are identified to achieve them, as well as possible barriers. A combined implementation of each policy option is necessary, as this issue requires a systematic approach. The implementation of all points of measures will contribute to ensuring the use of antibacterials rationally, according to strict therapeutic indications, with an individual selection of dosages and will exclude self-medication with antibiotics, which in turn will help prevent antibiotic resistance in the future and will give a chance for effective, high-quality and successful treatment of bacterial infections. Key words: medicines, systemic antibiotics, consumption of antibiotics, antibiotic resistance, rational use of medicines, Kazakhstan.

scholarly journals The Knowledge on antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance among Polish medical students

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
T Sobierajski ◽  
M Wanke-Rytt ◽  
B Mazińska ◽  
K Karpierz ◽  
W Hryniewicz
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Prescribing ◽  
Medical University ◽  
Future Education

Abstract Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the biggest threats to public health worldwide, compromising ability to treat infections. Medical students as a future doctors will have an important role to play in preventing the spread of antibiotic resistance. The aim of this study was to analyse the knowledge and attitudes of Polish medical students towards antibiotics and AMR. Methods A questionnaire containing 24 questions, on medical students’ knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of antibiotic prescribing and antibiotic resistance was developed. The survey was conducted in May-June 2018 among medical students of Medical University of Warsaw at various years of their studies. Results The study group consisted of 291 students (70% women, 30% men). Forty six of the students had used antibiotics within the previous 12 months. The prevailing reasons for taking an antibiotic were: pharyngitis (25%), bronchitis (12,8%), sore throat (12%), cough (8.3%), pneumonia (7.9%), urinary tract infection (7.6%), cold (6.6%). Ninety-two percent of the respondents considered AMR to be a significant problem, and 7.9% stated it will become in the future. Four percent of respondents believed that antibiotics are effective in treating common cold. The majority of students (83.5%) expressed the opinion that doctors often prescribe an antibiotic without need. Most respondents think that too frequent prescription and low awareness of the consequences of their overuse have an impact on the rise and spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria. The vast majority of respondents (80%) declared that university studies enabled the gaining of a wider knowledge about the use of antibiotics. The vast majority of respondents (92.4%) indicated a willingness to extend their knowledge on antibiotic use. Conclusions Medical students are aware that AMR is a growing problem resulting in diminishing treatment options. The results of the study should be taken into future education programs. Key messages Medical students have a good understanding of the health risk of AMR but consider antibiotics for viral infections. More training on rationale antibiotic use included in the curriculum is warranted.

scholarly journals Global increase and geographic convergence in antibiotic consumption between 2000 and 2015

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (15) ◽  
pp. E3463-E3470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eili Y. Klein ◽  
Thomas P. Van Boeckel ◽  
Elena M. Martinez ◽  
Suraj Pant ◽  
Sumanth Gandra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Consumption ◽  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
Antibiotic Prescribing ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Defined Daily Doses ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Global Increase

Tracking antibiotic consumption patterns over time and across countries could inform policies to optimize antibiotic prescribing and minimize antibiotic resistance, such as setting and enforcing per capita consumption targets or aiding investments in alternatives to antibiotics. In this study, we analyzed the trends and drivers of antibiotic consumption from 2000 to 2015 in 76 countries and projected total global antibiotic consumption through 2030. Between 2000 and 2015, antibiotic consumption, expressed in defined daily doses (DDD), increased 65% (21.1–34.8 billion DDDs), and the antibiotic consumption rate increased 39% (11.3–15.7 DDDs per 1,000 inhabitants per day). The increase was driven by low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where rising consumption was correlated with gross domestic product per capita (GDPPC) growth (P = 0.004). In high-income countries (HICs), although overall consumption increased modestly, DDDs per 1,000 inhabitants per day fell 4%, and there was no correlation with GDPPC. Of particular concern was the rapid increase in the use of last-resort compounds, both in HICs and LMICs, such as glycylcyclines, oxazolidinones, carbapenems, and polymyxins. Projections of global antibiotic consumption in 2030, assuming no policy changes, were up to 200% higher than the 42 billion DDDs estimated in 2015. Although antibiotic consumption rates in most LMICs remain lower than in HICs despite higher bacterial disease burden, consumption in LMICs is rapidly converging to rates similar to HICs. Reducing global consumption is critical for reducing the threat of antibiotic resistance, but reduction efforts must balance access limitations in LMICs and take account of local and global resistance patterns.

scholarly journals 2742. The Impact of Influenza Vaccination on Antibiotic Use in the United States, 2010–2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S965-S966
Author(s):  
Eili Klein ◽  
Emily Schueller ◽  
Katie K Tseng ◽  
Arindam Nandi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Influenza Vaccination ◽  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Seasonal Influenza ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
The United States ◽  
Antibiotic Prescribing ◽  
Coverage Rates ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Antibiotic resistance is a cause of morbidity and mortality driven by inappropriate prescribing. In the United States, a third of all outpatient antibiotic prescriptions may be inappropriate. Seasonal influenza rates are significantly associated with antibiotic prescribing rates. The impact of influenza vaccination coverage on antibiotic prescribing is unknown. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of state-level vaccination coverage and antibiotic prescribing rates from 2010 to 2017. We used fixed effects regression to analyze the relationship between cumulative vaccine coverage rates for a season and the per capita number of prescriptions for systemic antibiotics for the corresponding season (January–March) controlling for temperature, poverty, healthcare infrastructure, population structure, and vaccine effectiveness. Results Rates of vaccination coverage ranged from 33% in Nevada to 52% in Rhode Island for the 2016–2017 season, while antibiotic use rates ranged from 25 prescriptions per 1,000 inhabitants in Alaska to 377 prescriptions per 1,000 inhabitants in West Virginia (Figure 1). Vaccination coverage rates were highly correlated with reduced prescribing rates, and controlling for other factors, we found that a one percent increase in the influenza vaccination rate was associated with 1.40 (95% CI: 2.22–0.57, P < 0.01) fewer antibiotic prescriptions per 1,000 inhabitants (Table 1). Increases in the vaccination coverage rate in the pediatric population (aged 0–18) had the strongest effect, followed by the elderly (aged 65+). Conclusion Vaccination can reduce morbidity and mortality from seasonal influenza. Though coverage rates are far below levels necessary to generate herd immunity, we found that higher coverage rates in a state were associated with lower antibiotic prescribing rates. While the effectiveness of the vaccine varies from year to year and the factors that drive antibiotic prescribing rates are multi-factorial, these results suggest that increased vaccination coverage for influenza would have significant benefit in terms of reducing antibiotic overuse and correspondingly antibiotic resistance. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

scholarly journals 2062. Improving Antibiotic Prescribing in the Ambulatory Care Setting—Stewardship through Influenza Vaccination, US Flu VE Network 2013–2014 Through 2017–2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S695-S695
Author(s):  
Emily Smith ◽  
Alicia M. Fry ◽  
Lauri Hicks ◽  
Katherine E Fleming-Dutra ◽  
Emily T Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Influenza Vaccination ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Improve Patient Safety ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
The United States ◽  
Antibiotic Prescribing ◽  
Ambulatory Care Setting

Abstract Background Improving antibiotic use is a key strategy to combat antibiotic resistance and improve patient safety. Acute respiratory illness (ARI) is a common cause of outpatient visits and accounts for ~41% of antibiotics used in the United States. We sought to determine the proportion of antibiotic prescriptions (Rx) prescribed among outpatients with ARI that can be potentially averted through influenza vaccination. Methods From 2013–2014 through 2017–2018 influenza seasons, we enrolled patients aged ≥6 months with ARI in the US Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness (VE) Network of >50 outpatient clinics. Antibiotic Rx and diagnosis codes were collected from medical records. Study influenza test results were not available to treating clinicians at most sites, and clinical influenza testing was infrequently performed (a), prevalence of influenza among unvaccinated ARI patients (b), prevalence of antibiotic Rx among unvaccinated influenza-positive ARI patients (c) and prevalence of antibiotic Rx among ARI patients overall (d), we derived estimates of the proportion of ARI antibiotic Rx that can be averted by influenza vaccination [(a × b × c)/d]. Results Among 37487 outpatients with ARI, 13,316 (36%) were prescribed an antibiotic and 9,689 (26%) tested positive for influenza. Of those positive, 2,496 (26%) were prescribed an antibiotic. Adjusted VE against influenza-associated ARI was 35% (95% confidence interval (CI), 32 to 39). Among unvaccinated patients with ARI, 30% were influenza-positive and 24% received antibiotics. Based on these estimates, we determined that influenza vaccination may prevent 10.6% of all ARI syndromes and may avert 1 in 14 or 7.3% of antibiotic Rx among ARI patients. Conclusion By preventing influenza-associated ARI syndromes, influenza vaccination may substantially reduce antibiotic prescribing. Increasing influenza vaccine coverage and improving protection may facilitate national goals to improve antibiotic use and reduce the global threat of antibiotic resistance. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

scholarly journals Misuse of Antibiotic during COVID 19 Outbreaks

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6-S) ◽  
pp. 181-187
Author(s):  
Rajendran Vinoth ◽  
R Sambath Kumar ◽  
N. Venkateswaramurthy
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Self Administration ◽  
Medical Institutions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Patients At Risk ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact

The COVID-19 outbreak, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, has been detected in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and is accompanied by significant degrees of morbidity and mortality. Antibiotic resistance (AMR) threatens to wreak havoc on healthcare system and the impact of globalization, and COVID-19 is intended to keep it at bay for the time being. During the COVID-19 crisis, a wide range of antimicrobial medicines were promoted as viable treatments. While both industrialized and industrializing nations have seen a rise in antimicrobial medication usage, use and abuse have been significantly more prevalent in developing countries. Antibiotic resistance is still a concern since microorganisms that cause resistant infections develop in hospitals and medical institutions, placing all patients at risk, complicating the care of COVID-19. Improper prescriptions, a lack of care management policies and needless self-administration by the general population are examples of these. Antibiotics seem to be more motivated to abuse and misusing antibiotics than to keep them safe and take them only when prescribed. Almost all of the substantial antibiotic usage in COVID-19 patients is inevitable. Patients having lung viral infections are more likely to develop subsequent bacterial infections, which lead to higher disease severity and death. Immediately crucial components of any AMR mitigation approach are increased spending in education and increased public knowledge of AMR. More studies are needed to better understand the health risks and rate of co-infection in COVID-19 patients in order to promote a decrease in any unnecessary antimicrobial prescribing. Keywords: COVID-19; Antibiotic use and misuse; Antimicrobial Resistance.

scholarly journals SARS-Cov-2 and drug shortages- Trends and lessons from a Caribbean perspective

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satish Jankie ◽  
Shalini Pooransingh ◽  
Arlene Stuart ◽  
Lexley Pinto-Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
General Level ◽  
Normal Flora ◽  
Tertiary Referral ◽  
Self Medication ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Knowledge Attitudes And Practices

Aim and Objectives To investigate the knowledge, attitudes and practices towards antibiotic use among patients attending a tertiary referral urology unit in south Trinidad. We aimed to investigate the general level of awareness of antibiotics as well as identify patterns of antibiotic misuse which could potentially lead to antibiotic resistance. Results 150 patients were evaluated. Most patients (75.5%) were aware that antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections. 57.9% also believed that antibiotics may be used to treat viral infections. 48.4% were aware of the potential deleterious effects of antibiotics on the body’s normal flora while 78% were aware of the concept of antibiotic resistance. 28.9% reported using antibiotics without a prescription. Overall, 23.3% reported having done so for a fever or cold while 12.6% did so for urinary symptoms. 68 persons (42.8%) stopped their antibiotics prior to completion of the course duration with most (76.5%) indicating that they did so because they felt better. Conclusion This study demonstrates that while most patients were aware of issues surrounding the use of antibiotics, a significant percentage still harboured several misconceptions. Also, high rates of self-medication with antibiotics were noted, among several worrying patterns of usage.

scholarly journals Effect of Pediatric Influenza Vaccination on Antibiotic Resistance, England and Wales

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 138-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chungman Chae ◽  
Nicholas G. Davies ◽  
Mark Jit ◽  
Katherine E. Atkins
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Influenza Vaccination ◽  
England And Wales
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