scholarly journals Connectome-based predictive modeling of individual anxiety

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhihao Wang ◽  
Katharina S. Goerlich ◽  
Hui Ai ◽  
André Aleman ◽  
Yuejia Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Predictive Modeling ◽  
Limbic System ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Resting State Functional Connectivity ◽  
Whole Brain ◽  
Personality Differences ◽  
Individual Personality ◽  
High Trait Anxiety

AbstractAnxiety-related illnesses are highly prevalent in human society. Being able to identify neurobiological markers signaling high trait anxiety could aid the assessment of individuals with high risk for mental illness. Here, we applied connectome-based predictive modeling (CPM) to whole-brain resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) data to predict the degree of anxiety in 76 healthy participants. Using a computational “lesion” method in CPM, we then examined the weights of the identified main brain areas as well as their connectivity. Results showed that the CPM could predict individual anxiety from whole-brain rsFC, especially from limbic areas-whole brain and prefrontal cortex-whole brain. The prediction power of the model significantly decreased from (simulated) lesions of limbic areas, lesions of the connectivity within the limbic system, and lesions of the connectivity between limbic regions and the prefrontal cortex.Although the same model also predicted depression, anxiety-specific networks could be identified independently, centered at the prefrontal cortex. These findings highlight the important role of the limbic system and the prefrontal cortex in the prediction of anxiety. Our work provides evidence for the usefulness of connectome-based modeling of rsFC in predicting individual personality differences and indicates its potential for identifying personality structures at risk of developing psychopathology.

scholarly journals Is Extreme in the Eye of the Beholder? An Experimental Assessment of Extremist Cognitions

2020 ◽  
pp. 088626052095864
Author(s):  
Neil Shortland ◽  
Elias Nader ◽  
Lisa Thompson ◽  
Marek Palasinski
Keyword(s):  
Future Research ◽  
Personality Factors ◽  
Psychological Consequences ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Personality Differences ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Individual Personality ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
And Function

Scholars have extensively discussed the topic of “online radicalization,” often seeking to understand the form and function of online extremist material. However, this work has neglected to examine the role that the Internet plays alongside individual personality factors in the process through which someone develops violent extremist cognitions. This article aims to extend the understanding of the role of personality differences in the effect of exposure to extremist material online. In this study, we experimentally measure the short-term psychological consequences of exposure to extremist material on extremist cognitions. We use a between-group experimental design in which participants are shown extremist propaganda with either pre- or post-counter messages. Our results indicate that trait personality, and specifically aggression, may be more influential than exposure to extremist propaganda in influencing extremist cognitions. We discuss the implications of these results in the context of future research directions.

Novelty-seeking trait predicts the effect of methylphenidate on creativity

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 599-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hila Z Gvirts ◽  
Naama Mayseless ◽  
Aviv Segev ◽  
D Yael Lewis ◽  
Kfir Feffer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dopaminergic System ◽  
Novelty Seeking ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Personality Differences ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Individual Personality ◽  
The Cost ◽  
To Receive

In recent years the use of psychostimulants for cognitive enhancement in healthy individuals with no psychiatric disorders has been on the rise. However, it is still unclear whether psychostimulants improve certain cognitive functions at the cost of others, and how these psychostimulants interact with individual personality differences. In the current study, we investigated whether the effect of one common stimulant, methylphenidate (MPH), on creativity is associated with novelty seeking. Thirty-six healthy adults, without attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptomology, were assigned randomly in a double-blind fashion to receive MPH or placebo. We found that the effect of MPH on creativity was dependent on novelty-seeking (NS) personality characteristics of the participants. MPH increased creativity in individuals with lower NS, while it reduced creativity levels in individuals with high NS. These findings highlight the role of the dopaminergic system in creativity, and indicate that among healthy individuals NS can be seen as a predictor of the effect of MPH on creativity.

scholarly journals Model brain based learning (BBL) and whole brain teaching (WBT) in learning

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 153
Author(s):  
Baiq Sri Handayani ◽  
A. D. Corebima
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Limbic System ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
The Body ◽  
Learning System ◽  
Whole Brain ◽  
Whole Brain Teaching ◽  
Brain Based Learning ◽  
The Brain

<p class="Abstract">The learning process is a process of change in behavior as a form of the result of learning. The learning model is a crucial component of the success of the learning process. The learning model is growing fastly, and each model has different characteristics. Teachers are required to be able to understand each model to teach the students optimally by matching the materials and the learning model. The best of the learning model is the model that based on the brain system in learning that are the model of Brain Based Learning (BBL) and the model of Whole Brain Teaching (WBT). The purposes of this article are to obtain information related to (1) the brain’s natural learning system, (2) analyze the characteristics of the model BBL and WBT based on theory, brain sections that play a role associated with syntax, similarities, and differences, (3) explain the distinctive characteristics of both models in comparison to other models. The results of this study are: (1) the brain’s natural learning system are: (a) the nerves in each hemisphere do not work independently, (b) doing more activities can connect more brain nerves, (c) the right hemisphere controls the left side motoric sensor of the body, and vice versa; (2) the characteristics of BBL and WBT are: (a) BBL is based on the brain’s structure and function, while the model WBT is based on the instructional approach, neurolinguistic, and body language, (b) the parts of the brain that work in BBL are: cerebellum, cerebral cortex, frontal lobe, limbic system, and prefrontal cortex; whereas the parts that work WBT are: prefrontal cortex, visual cortex, motor cortex, limbic system, and amygdala, (c) the similarities between them are that they both rely on the brain’s system and they both promote gesture in learning, whereas the differences are on the view of the purposes of gestures and the learning theory that they rely on. BBL relies on cognitive theory while WBT relies on social theory; (3) the typical attribute of them compared to other models are that in BBL there are classical music and gestures in the form of easy exercises, while on the WBT model there are fast instructions and movements as instructions or code of every spoken word.</p>

scholarly journals Connectome-based model predicts individual psychopathic traits in college students

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuer Ye ◽  
Bing Zhu ◽  
Lei Zhao ◽  
Xuehong Tian ◽  
Qun Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
General Population ◽  
Limbic System ◽  
Psychopathic Traits ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Whole Brain ◽  
Secondary Psychopathy

Background: Psychopathic traits have been suggested to increase the risk of violations of socio-moral norms. Previous studies revealed that abnormal neural signatures are associated with elevated psychopathic traits; however, whether the intrinsic network architecture can predict psychopathic traits at the individual level remains unclear. Methods: The present study utilized connectome-based predictive modeling (CPM) to investigate whether whole-brain resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) can predict psychopathic traits in the general population. RS functional magnetic resonance imaging data were collected from 84 college students with varying psychopathic traits measured by the Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale (LSRP). Results: We found that RSFC of the negative networks predicted individual differences in total LSRP and secondary psychopathy scores but not primary psychopathy score. Particularly, nodes with the most connections in the predictive connectome anchored in the prefrontal cortex (e.g., anterior prefrontal cortex and orbitofrontal cortex) and limbic system (e.g., anterior cingulate cortex and insula). In addition, the connections between the occipital network (OCCN) and cingulo-opercular network (CON) served as a significant predictive connectome for total LSRP and secondary psychopathy score. Conclusion: CPM constituted by whole-brain RSFC significantly predicted psychopathic traits individually in the general population. The prefrontal cortex and limbic system at the anatomic level and the CON and OCCN at the functional network level plays a special role in the predictive model-reflecting atypical executive control and affective processing for individuals with elevated psychopathic traits. These findings may provide some implications for early detection and potential intervention of psychopathic tendency.

Context-dependency in the Cognitive Bias Task and Resting-state Functional Connectivity of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 749-762
Author(s):  
Yana Panikratova ◽  
Olga Dobrushina ◽  
Alexander Tomyshev ◽  
Tatiana Akhutina ◽  
Ekaterina Pechenkova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Cognitive Bias ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Context Dependency ◽  
Resting State Functional Connectivity ◽  
Whole Brain ◽  
Left Dlpfc ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal

AbstractObjective:Goldberg, the author of the “novelty-routinization” framework, suggested a new pair of cognitive styles for agent-centered decision-making (DM), context-dependency/independency (CD/CI), quantified by the Cognitive Bias Task (CBT) and supposedly reflecting functional brain hemispheric specialization. To date, there are only three lesion and activation neuroimaging studies on the CBT with the largest sample of 12 participants. The present study is the first to analyze whole-brain functional connectivity (FC) of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), involved in contextual agent-centered DM.Method:We compared whole-brain resting-state FC of the DLPFC between CD (n = 24) and CI (n = 22) healthy participants. Additionally, we investigated associations between CD/CI and different aspects of executive functions.Results:CD participants had stronger positive FC of the DLPFC with motor and visual regions; FC of the left DLPFC was more extensive. CI participants had stronger positive FC of the left DLPFC with right prefrontal and parietal-occipital areas and of the left and right DLPFC with ipsilateral cerebellar hemispheres. No sex differences were found. CD/CI had nonlinear associations with working memory.Conclusions:The findings suggest that CD and CI are associated with different patterns of DLPFC FC. While CD is associated with FC between DLPFC and areas presumably involved in storing representations of current situation, CI is more likely to be associated with FC between DLPFC and right-lateralized associative regions, probably involved in the inhibition of the CD response and switching from processing of incoming perceptual information to creation of original response strategies.

Individualized event structure drives individual differences in whole-brain functional connectivity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard F. Betzel ◽  
Sarah A. Cutts ◽  
Sarah Greenwell ◽  
Olaf Sporns
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Developmental State ◽  
High Amplitude ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Resting State Functional Connectivity ◽  
Whole Brain ◽  
Brain Functional Connectivity ◽  
Dense Sampling ◽  
Insight Into

Resting-state functional connectivity is typically modeled as the correlation structure of whole-brain regional activity. It is studied widely, both to gain insight into the brain’s intrinsic organization but also to develop markers sensitive to changes in an individual’s cognitive, clinical, and developmental state. Despite this, the origins and drivers of functional connectivity, especially at the level of densely sampled individuals, remain elusive. Here, we leverage novel methodology to decompose functional connectivity into its precise framewise contributions. Using two dense sampling datasets, we investigate the origins of individualized functional connectivity, focusing specifically on the role of brain network “events” – short-lived and peaked patterns of high-amplitude cofluctuations. Here, we develop a statistical test to identify events in empirical recordings. We show that the patterns of cofluctuation expressed during events are repeated across multiple scans of the same individual and represent idiosyncratic variants of template patterns that are expressed at the group level. Lastly, we propose a simple model of functional connectivity based on event cofluctuations, demonstrating that group-averaged cofluctuations are suboptimal for explaining participant-specific connectivity. Our work complements recent studies implicating brief instants of high-amplitude cofluctuations as the primary drivers of static, whole-brain functional connectivity. Our work also extends those studies, demonstrating that cofluctuations during events are individualized, positing a dynamic basis for functional connectivity.

The Ecological Rationality of Situations

2019 ◽  
pp. 142-158
Author(s):  
Peter M. Todd ◽  
Gerd Gigerenzer
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Research Program ◽  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
Ecological Rationality ◽  
Decision Heuristics ◽  
Situation Theory ◽  
Personality Differences ◽  
Individual Personality ◽  
Precise Mapping ◽  
Adaptive Toolbox

The study of situations involves asking how people behave in particular environmental settings, often in terms of their individual personality differences. The ecological rationality research program explains people’s behavior in terms of the specific decision-making tools they select and use from their mind’s adaptive toolbox when faced with specific types of environment structure. These two approaches can be integrated to provide a more precise mapping from features of situation structure to decision heuristics used and behavioral outcomes. This chapter presents three examples illustrating research on ecological rationality and its foundations, along with initial directions for incorporating it into an integrated situation theory.

Alcohol Dependence Conceptualized as a Stress Disorder

2019 ◽  
pp. 198-220
Author(s):  
Leandro F. Vendruscolo ◽  
George F. Koob
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Alcohol Dependence ◽  
Glucocorticoid Receptors ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Brain Circuits ◽  
Negative Emotional State ◽  
Alcohol Alcohol

Alcohol use disorder is a chronically relapsing disorder that involves (1) compulsivity to seek and take alcohol, (2) difficulty in limiting alcohol intake, and (3) emergence of a negative emotional state (e.g., dysphoria, anxiety, irritability) in the absence of alcohol. Alcohol addiction encompasses a three-stage cycle that becomes more intense as alcohol use progresses: binge/intoxication, withdrawal/negative affect, and preoccupation/anticipation. These stages engage neuroadaptations in brain circuits that involve the basal ganglia (reward hypofunction), extended amygdala (stress sensitization), and prefrontal cortex (executive function disorder). This chapter discusses key neuroadaptations in the hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic stress systems and the critical role of glucocorticoid receptors. These neuroadaptations contribute to negative emotional states that powerfully drive compulsive alcohol drinking and seeking. These changes in association with a disruption of prefrontal cortex function that lead to cognitive deficits and poor decision making contribute to the chronic relapsing nature of alcohol dependence.

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