scholarly journals How to read a baby’s mind: Re-imagining fMRI for awake, behaving infants

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. T. Ellis ◽  
L. J. Skalaban ◽  
T. S. Yates ◽  
V. R. Bejjanki ◽  
N. I. Córdova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
The Past ◽  
Software Packages ◽  
Evoked Activity ◽  
Behavioral Monitoring ◽  
Insight Into

Thousands of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have provided important insight into the human brain. However, only a handful of these studies tested infants while they were awake, because of the significant and unique methodological challenges involved. We report our efforts over the past five years to address these challenges, with the goal of creating methods for infant fMRI that can reveal the inner workings of the developing, preverbal mind. We use these methods to collect and analyze two fMRI datasets obtained from infants during cognitive tasks, released publicly with this paper. In these datasets, we explore data quantity and quality, task-evoked activity, and preprocessing decisions to derive and evaluate recommendations for infant fMRI. We disseminate these methods by sharing two software packages that integrate infant-friendly cognitive tasks and behavioral monitoring with fMRI acquisition and analysis. These resources make fMRI a feasible and accessible technique for cognitive neuroscience in human infants.

scholarly journals Re-imagining fMRI for awake behaving infants

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. T. Ellis ◽  
L. J. Skalaban ◽  
T. S. Yates ◽  
V. R. Bejjanki ◽  
N. I. Córdova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Software Packages ◽  
Evoked Activity ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract Thousands of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have provided important insight into the human brain. However, only a handful of these studies tested infants while they were awake, because of the significant and unique methodological challenges involved. We report our efforts to address these challenges, with the goal of creating methods for awake infant fMRI that can reveal the inner workings of the developing, preverbal mind. We use these methods to collect and analyze two fMRI datasets obtained from infants during cognitive tasks, released publicly with this paper. In these datasets, we explore and evaluate data quantity and quality, task-evoked activity, and preprocessing decisions. We disseminate these methods by sharing two software packages that integrate infant-friendly cognitive tasks and eye-gaze monitoring with fMRI acquisition and analysis. These resources make fMRI a feasible and accessible technique for cognitive neuroscience in awake and behaving human infants.

The developmental cognitive neuroscience approach to the study of developmental disorders

2002 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 771-771 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elise Temple
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Developmental Disorders ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Imaging Studies ◽  
Normal Cognition ◽  
Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience

Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of developmental disorders and normal cognition that include children are becoming increasingly common and represent part of a newly expanding field of developmental cognitive neuroscience. These studies have illustrated the importance of the process of development in understanding brain mechanisms underlying cognition and including children in the study of the etiology of developmental disorders.

scholarly journals Cluster failure: Why fMRI inferences for spatial extent have inflated false-positive rates

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (28) ◽  
pp. 7900-7905 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Eklund ◽  
Thomas E. Nichols ◽  
Hans Knutsson
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Permutation Test ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Familywise Error Rate ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Gaussian Shape ◽  
Familywise Error Rates ◽  
Software Packages

The most widely used task functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) analyses use parametric statistical methods that depend on a variety of assumptions. In this work, we use real resting-state data and a total of 3 million random task group analyses to compute empirical familywise error rates for the fMRI software packages SPM, FSL, and AFNI, as well as a nonparametric permutation method. For a nominal familywise error rate of 5%, the parametric statistical methods are shown to be conservative for voxelwise inference and invalid for clusterwise inference. Our results suggest that the principal cause of the invalid cluster inferences is spatial autocorrelation functions that do not follow the assumed Gaussian shape. By comparison, the nonparametric permutation test is found to produce nominal results for voxelwise as well as clusterwise inference. These findings speak to the need of validating the statistical methods being used in the field of neuroimaging.

Methods of Predicting the Brain Activity Based on Noun

2013 ◽  
Vol 347-350 ◽  
pp. 2516-2520
Author(s):  
Jian Hua Jiang ◽  
Xu Yu ◽  
Zhi Xing Huang
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Neural Representation ◽  
Fmri Data ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
The Past ◽  
Machine Learning Methods ◽  
The Brain

Over the last decade, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has become a primary tool to predict the brain activity.During the past research, researchers transfer the focus from the picture to the word.The results of these researches are relatively successful. In this paper, several typical methods which are machine learning methods are introduced. And most of the methods are by using fMRI data associated with words features. The semantic features (properties or factors) support words neural representation, and have a certain commonality in the people.The purpose of the application of these methods is used for prediction or classification.

The Aha! Moment

2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 210-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Kounios ◽  
Mark Beeman
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Brain States ◽  
Behavioral Methods ◽  
Different Time Scales

A sudden comprehension that solves a problem, reinterprets a situation, explains a joke, or resolves an ambiguous percept is called an insight (i.e., the “Aha! moment”). Psychologists have studied insight using behavioral methods for nearly a century. Recently, the tools of cognitive neuroscience have been applied to this phenomenon. A series of studies have used electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to study the neural correlates of the “Aha! moment” and its antecedents. Although the experience of insight is sudden and can seem disconnected from the immediately preceding thought, these studies show that insight is the culmination of a series of brain states and processes operating at different time scales. Elucidation of these precursors suggests interventional opportunities for the facilitation of insight.

Preparatory Activity in Visual Cortex Indexes Distractor Suppression During Covert Spatial Orienting

2004 ◽  
Vol 92 (6) ◽  
pp. 3538-3545 ◽  
Author(s):  
John T. Serences ◽  
Steven Yantis ◽  
Andrew Culberson ◽  
Edward Awh
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Signal Enhancement ◽  
Visual Selective Attention ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Spatial Orienting ◽  
Preparatory Activity ◽  
Evoked Activity

The deployment of spatial attention induces retinotopically specific increases in neural activity that occur even before a target stimulus is presented. Although this preparatory activity is thought to prime the attended regions, thereby improving perception and recognition, it is not yet clear whether this activity is a manifestation of signal enhancement at the attended locations or suppression of interference from distracting stimuli (or both). We investigated the functional role of these preparatory shifts by isolating a distractor suppression component of selection. Behavioral data have shown that manipulating the probability that visual distractors will appear modulates distractor suppression without concurrent changes in signal enhancement. In 2 experiments, functional magnetic resonance imaging revealed increased cue-evoked activity in retinotopically specific regions of visual cortex when increased distractor suppression was elicited by a high probability of distractors. This finding directly links cue-evoked preparatory activity in visual cortex with a distractor suppression component of visual selective attention.

scholarly journals A Multi-Domain Task Battery Reveals Functional Boundaries in the Human Cerebellum

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maedbh King ◽  
Carlos R. Hernandez-Castillo ◽  
Russell A. Poldrack ◽  
Richard B. Ivry ◽  
Jörn Diedrichsen
Keyword(s):  
Cerebellar Cortex ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Functional Data ◽  
Fundamental Question ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Functional Heterogeneity ◽  
Free Data ◽  
Human Cerebellum

AbstractThere is compelling evidence that the human cerebellum is engaged in a wide array of motor and cognitive tasks. A fundamental question centers on whether the cerebellum is organized into distinct functional sub-regions. To address this question, we employed a rich task battery, designed to tap into a broad range of cognitive processes. During four functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) sessions, participants performed a battery of 26 diverse tasks comprising 47 unique conditions. Using the data from this multi-domain task battery (MDTB), we derived a comprehensive functional parcellation of the cerebellar cortex and evaluated it by predicting functional boundaries in a novel set of tasks. The new parcellation successfully identified distinct functional sub-regions, providing significant improvements over existing parcellations derived from task-free data. Lobular boundaries, commonly used to summarize functional data, did not coincide with functional subdivisions. This multi-domain task approach offers novel insights into the functional heterogeneity of the cerebellar cortex.

scholarly journals Laminar Specific fMRI Reveals Directed Interactions in Distributed Networks During Language Processing

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Sharoh ◽  
Tim van Mourik ◽  
Lauren J. Bains ◽  
Katrien Segaert ◽  
Kirsten Weber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Word Reading ◽  
Distributed Networks ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Noninvasive Technique ◽  
Whole Brain ◽  
Critical Regions

AbstractLaminar resolution, functional magnetic resonance imaging (lfMRI) is a noninvasive technique with the potential to distinguish top-down and bottom-up signal contributions on the basis of laminar specific interactions between distal regions. Hitherto, lfMRI could not be demonstrated for either whole-brain distributed networks or for complex cognitive tasks. We show that lfMRI can reveal whole-brain directed networks during word reading. We identify distinct, language critical regions based on their association with the top-down signal stream and establish lfMRI for the noninvasive assessment of directed connectivity during task performance.

scholarly journals Network dynamics scale with levels of awareness

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Coppola ◽  
Lennart R. B. Spindler ◽  
Andrea I. Luppi ◽  
Ram Adapa ◽  
Lorina Naci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Small World ◽  
Information Architecture ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Imaging Studies ◽  
Insight Into

Small world topologies are thought to provide a valuable insight into human brain organisation and consciousness. However, functional magnetic resonance imaging studies in consciousness have not yielded consistent results. Given the importance of dynamics for both consciousness and cognition, here we investigate how the diversity of brain dynamics pertaining to small world topology (quantified by sample entropy; dSW-E) scales with decreasing levels of awareness (i.e., sedation and disorders of consciousness). Paying particular attention to result reproducibility, we show that dSW-E is a consistent predictor of levels of awareness even when controlling for the underlying functional connectivity dynamics. We find that dSW-E of subcortical and cortical areas are predictive, with the former showing higher and more robust effect sizes across analyses. Consequently, we propose that the dynamic reorganisation of the functional information architecture, in particular of the subcortex, is a characteristic that emerges with awareness and has explanatory power beyond that of the complexity of dynamic functional connectivity.

A Review of Neuroimaging Studies on Working Memory Paradigms in Patients with Bipolar Disorder

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (21) ◽  
pp. 1883-1892 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asen Beshkov ◽  
Mariyan Topolov ◽  
Feryhan Ahmed-Popova ◽  
Stefan Sivkov
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Mental Disease ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Imaging Studies ◽  
Powerful Means ◽  
Bipolar Patients

New brain technologies including neuroimaging studies are powerful means for providing new insights into clinical and cognitive neuroscience. Bipolar disorder is a severe chronic phasic mental disease characterized by various cognitive dysfunctions. Working memory is one prominent domain of cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder. Disruptions in working memory are observed even in euthymic bipolar patients which makes it a potential endophenotypic marker for the disorder. Finding such markers may help in providing firm neurobiological basis for psychiatric nosologies and symptomatic presentations. This review aims to summarize some of the important aspects of findings from functional magnetic resonance imaging studies on the activation of brain structures in relation to working memory paradigms.

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