scholarly journals Plant SYP12 syntaxins mediate evolutionarily conserved general immunity to filamentous pathogens

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hector Molinelli Rubiato ◽  
Richard J. O’Connell ◽  
Mads Eggert Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Land Plant ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Marchantia Polymorpha ◽  
Polarized Secretion ◽  
Leaf Epidermal Cell ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Golgi Network ◽  
Immunity Function

AbstractMany filamentous fungal and oomycete plant pathogens invade by direct penetration through the leaf epidermal cell wall and cause devastating plant diseases. In response to attack, plants form evolutionarily conserved cell autonomous defense structures, named papillae and encasements, that are thought to block pathogen ingress. Previously, the syntaxin PEN1 in Arabidopsis, like its orthologue ROR2 in barley, was found to mediate pre-invasive immunity towards powdery mildew fungi, where it assures the timely formation of papilla defense structures. However, this powdery mildew-specific function of PEN1 in papilla timing, thought to take place at the trans-Golgi network, does not explain how plants generally ward off other filamentous pathogens. In the present study, we found that PEN1 has a second function, shared with its closest homologue SYP122, in the formation of papillae, as well as encasements. This second function provides pre-invasive immunity towards highly diverse non-adapted filamentous pathogens, underlining the versatility and efficacy of these defense structures. PEN1 and SYP122 belong to the broadly conserved land plant syntaxin clade SYP12, suggested to function in specialized forms of polarized secretion. In support of this, complementation studies using SYP12s from the basal plant, Marchantia polymorpha, showed that the SYP12 clade immunity function has survived 450 My of independent evolution. As saprophytic filamentous land fungi predate plant terrestrialization, we suggest ancestral land plants evolved the SYP12 clade to provide a durable immunity to facilitate their life on land.

scholarly journals An evolutionarily conserved NIMA-related kinase directs rhizoid tip growth in the basal land plant Marchantia polymorpha

Development ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 145 (5) ◽  
pp. dev154617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kento Otani ◽  
Kimitsune Ishizaki ◽  
Ryuichi Nishihama ◽  
Shogo Takatani ◽  
Takayuki Kohchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tip Growth ◽  
Land Plant ◽  
Marchantia Polymorpha ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved

scholarly journals An evolutionarily conserved mechanism for production of secondary meristems in land plants

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yukiko Yasui ◽  
Shigeyuki Tsukamoto ◽  
Tomomi Sugaya ◽  
Ryuichi Nishihama ◽  
Quan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Reproduction ◽  
Land Plant ◽  
Plant Evolution ◽  
Myb Transcription Factor ◽  
Marchantia Polymorpha ◽  
Vegetative Organs ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Land Plant Evolution ◽  
R2r3 Myb ◽  
Relationship Of

AbstractA variety of plants in diverse taxa can reproduce asexually via vegetative propagation, in which clonal propagules with new meristem(s) are generated directly from vegetative organs. A basal land plant, Marchantia polymorpha, develops clonal propagules, gemmae, in a specialized receptacle, gemma cup. Here we report an R2R3-MYB transcription factor, designated GEMMA CUP-ASSOCIATED MYB 1 (GCAM1), which is an essential regulator of gemma cup development in M. polymorpha. Although gemma cups are a characteristic gametophyte organ for vegetative reproduction in a taxonomically restricted group of liverwort species, phylogenetic and interspecific complementation analyses supported the orthologous relationship of GCAM1 to regulatory factors for axillary meristem formation, e.g. Arabidopsis RAXs and tomato Blind, in angiosperm sporophytes. The present findings in M. polymorpha suggest an ancient acquisition of a regulatory mechanism for production of secondary meristems, and the use of the mechanism for diverse developmental programs during land plant evolution.

scholarly journals Microbial antagonists against plant pathogens in Iran: A review

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 404-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehrdad Alizadeh ◽  
Yalda Vasebi ◽  
Naser Safaie
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Plant Disease Management ◽  
Published Research

AbstractThe purpose of this article was to give a comprehensive review of the published research works on biological control of different fungal, bacterial, and nematode plant diseases in Iran from 1992 to 2018. Plant pathogens cause economical loss in many agricultural products in Iran. In an attempt to prevent these serious losses, chemical control measures have usually been applied to reduce diseases in farms, gardens, and greenhouses. In recent decades, using the biological control against plant diseases has been considered as a beneficial and alternative method to chemical control due to its potential in integrated plant disease management as well as the increasing yield in an eco-friendly manner. Based on the reported studies, various species of Trichoderma, Pseudomonas, and Bacillus were the most common biocontrol agents with the ability to control the wide range of plant pathogens in Iran from lab to the greenhouse and field conditions.

scholarly journals Peculiar Evolutionary History of miR390-Guided TAS3-Like Genes in Land Plants

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria S. Krasnikova ◽  
Denis V. Goryunov ◽  
Alexey V. Troitsky ◽  
Andrey G. Solovyev ◽  
Lydmila V. Ozerova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genomic Dna ◽  
Physcomitrella Patens ◽  
Land Plant ◽  
Plant Evolution ◽  
Marchantia Polymorpha ◽  
History Of ◽  
Molecular Machinery ◽  
Specific Mrnas ◽  
Land Plant Evolution ◽  
Phylogenetic Profiling

PCR-based approach was used as a phylogenetic profiling tool to probe genomic DNA samples from representatives of evolutionary distant moss taxa, namely, classes Bryopsida, Tetraphidopsida, Polytrichopsida, Andreaeopsida, and Sphagnopsida. We found relatives of allPhyscomitrella patensmiR390 and TAS3-like loci in these plant taxa excluding Sphagnopsida. Importantly, cloning and sequencing ofMarchantia polymorphagenomic DNA showed miR390 and TAS3-like sequences which were also found among genomic reads ofM. polymorphaat NCBI database. Our data suggest that the ancient plant miR390-dependent TAS molecular machinery firstly evolved to target AP2-like mRNAs in Marchantiophyta and only then both ARF- and AP2-specific mRNAs in mosses. The presented analysis shows that moss TAS3 families may undergone losses of tasiAP2 sites during evolution toward ferns and seed plants. These data confirm that miR390-guided genes coding for ARF- and AP2-specific ta-siRNAs have been gradually changed during land plant evolution.

Development and Molecular Genetics of Marchantia polymorpha

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Takayuki Kohchi ◽  
Katsuyuki T. Yamato ◽  
Kimitsune Ishizaki ◽  
Shohei Yamaoka ◽  
Ryuichi Nishihama
Keyword(s):  
Model Organism ◽  
Land Plant ◽  
Marchantia Polymorpha ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Molecular Tools ◽  
Genetic Redundancy ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Evo Devo ◽  
Basal Position

Bryophytes occupy a basal position in the monophyletic evolution of land plants and have a life cycle in which the gametophyte generation dominates over the sporophyte generation, offering a significant advantage in conducting genetics. Owing to its low genetic redundancy and the availability of an array of versatile molecular tools, including efficient genome editing, the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha has become a model organism of choice that provides clues to the mechanisms underlying eco-evo-devo biology in plants. Recent analyses of developmental mutants have revealed that key genes in developmental processes are functionally well conserved in plants, despite their morphological differences, and that lineage-specific evolution occurred by neo/subfunctionalization of common ancestral genes. We suggest that M. polymorpha is an excellent platform to uncover the conserved and diversified mechanisms underlying land plant development. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Plant Biology, Volume 72 is May 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals An Evolutionarily Conserved Abscisic Acid Signaling Pathway Regulates Dormancy in the Liverwort Marchantia polymorpha

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (22) ◽  
pp. 3691-3699.e3 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Magnus Eklund ◽  
Masakazu Kanei ◽  
Eduardo Flores-Sandoval ◽  
Kimitsune Ishizaki ◽  
Ryuichi Nishihama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Marchantia Polymorpha ◽  
Abscisic Acid Signaling ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved

scholarly journals First Report of Powdery Mildew, Caused by Erysiphe cichoracearum, on Coneflowers

Plant Disease ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 83 (7) ◽  
pp. 694-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. Sholberg ◽  
J. H. Ginns ◽  
T. S. C. Li
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Echinacea Purpurea ◽  
The United States ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Conidial Suspension ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Erysiphe Cichoracearum ◽  
Epidermal Surface ◽  
Medicinal Properties

Purple coneflowers (Echinacea purpurea) are grown in North America and Europe for their medicinal properties and as ornamental plants. In September 1997 and again in 1998, a previously undescribed disease was noticed on fully grown coneflower plants in Summerland and Oliver, British Columbia. Mycelia were observed on stems, foliage, and flowers, and distinct dark red to black, round (approximately 5 mm in diameter) lesions were observed on the flower petals. The disease appeared similar to powdery mildews that have been reported on numerous genera of the Asteraceae. Samples of the diseased tissue were examined and the salient features of the fungus on two specimens were determined: cleistothecia infrequent, subglobose or flattened on the side next to the leaf surface, 121 to 209 μm in diameter; epidermal (surface) cells 20 μm in diameter; appendages hyphoid, 5 μm in diameter, up to 200 μm long; asci, 10 to 19 in each cleistothecium, broadly ellipsoid, 47 to 85 × 28 to 37 μm with a short stalk, about 8 to 13 μm long and 8 μm in diameter; ascospores, immature, two per ascus, ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, 17 to 25 × 11 to 13 μm, thin walled, hyaline, and smooth; conidia oblong with sides slightly convex and apices truncate, 27 to 40 × 14 to 20 μm, walls hyaline, thin, smooth. Based on the occurrence of asci that contained two ascospores and the hyphoid appendages on the cleistothecia we concluded that the fungus was Erysiphe cichoracearum DC. Damage due to this disease was minimal in 1997 and 1998 because it developed very late in the growing season and occurred sporadically within the plantings. In order to complete Koch's postulates, Echinacea purpurea plants grown in the greenhouse were inoculated with a conidial suspension (105 to 106 conidia per ml) from field-infected plants. Powdery mildew first appeared 3 months later, eventually infecting leaves and stems of 12 of 49 inoculated plants. It was distinctly white and in discrete patches on leaves, compared with coalescing dark brown areas on the stems. Microscopic examination of the conidia confirmed that they were E. cichoracearum. Although powdery mildew caused by E. cichoracearum has been widely reported on lettuce, safflower, and other cultivated and wild Compositae, we found no reference to it on Echinacea spp. in Canada (1,2), the U.S. (3), or elsewhere in the world (4). The specimens have been deposited in the National Mycological Herbarium of Canada (DAOM) with accession numbers 225933 and 225934 for Oliver and Summerland, B.C., respectively. References: (1) U. Braun. Beih. Nova Hedwigia 89:1, 1987. (2) I. L. Conners. 1967. An annotated index of plant diseases in Canada and fungi recorded on plants in Alaska, Canada, and Greenland. Canada Dept. of Agric. Pub. 1251. (3) D. F. Farr et al. 1989. Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. (4) J. Ginns. 1986. Compendium of plant disease and decay fungi in Canada, 1960-1980. Agriculture Canada Pub. 1813.

scholarly journals Cooperation of two opposite flagella allows high-speed swimming and active turning in zoospores

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quang D. Tran ◽  
Eric Galiana ◽  
Philippe Thomen ◽  
Céline Cohen ◽  
François Orange ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Active Process ◽  
Motility Pattern ◽  
Anterior Flagellum ◽  
Active Turning ◽  
Posterior Flagellum ◽  
Run And Tumble

Phytophthora species cause diseases in a large variety of plants and represent a serious agricultural threat, leading, every year, to multibillion dollar losses. Infection occurs when these biflagellated zoospores move across the soil at their characteristic high speed and reach the roots of a host plant. Despite the relevance of zoospore spreading in the epidemics of plant diseases, it is not known how these zoospores swim and steer with two opposite beating flagella. Here, combining experiments and modeling, we show how these two flagella contribute to generate thrust when beating together, and identify the mastigonemes-attached anterior flagellum as the main source of thrust. Furthermore, we find that steering involves a complex active process, in which the posterior flagellum is stopped, while the anterior flagellum keeps on beating, as the zoospore reorients its body. Our study is a fundamental step towards a better understanding of the spreading of plant pathogens’ motile forms, and shows that the motility pattern of these biflagellated zoospores represents a distinct eukaryotic version of the celebrated “run-and-tumble” motility class exhibited by peritrichous bacteria.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document