scholarly journals Solanaceae specialized metabolism in a non-model plant: trichome acylinositol biosynthesis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan J. Leong ◽  
Steven M. Hurney ◽  
Paul D. Fiesel ◽  
Gaurav D. Moghe ◽  
A. Daniel Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Lycopersicum ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
South American ◽  
Common Evolutionary Origin ◽  
Specialized Metabolites ◽  
Solanaceae Family ◽  
Beneficial Organisms ◽  
Made In

AbstractPlants make hundreds of thousands of biologically active specialized metabolites varying widely in structure, biosynthesis and the processes that they influence. An increasing number of these compounds are documented to protect plants from harmful insects, pathogens, or herbivores, or mediate interactions with beneficial organisms including pollinators and nitrogen fixing microbes. Acylsugars – one class of protective compounds – are made in glandular trichomes of plants across the Solanaceae family. While most described acylsugars are acylsucroses, published examples also include acylsugars with hexose cores. The South American fruit crop Solanum quitoense (Naranjilla) produces acylsugars that contain a myo-inositol core. We identified an enzyme that acetylates triacylinositols, a function homologous to the last step in the Solanum lycopersicum acylsucrose biosynthetic pathway. Our analysis reveals parallels between S. lycopersicum acylsucrose and S. quitoense acylinositol biosynthesis, suggesting a common evolutionary origin.Material availabilityThe author responsible for distribution of materials integral to the findings presented in this article in accordance with the policy described in the Instructions for Authors (www.plantphysiol.org) is: Robert L. Last ([email protected]).One sentence summaryEvidence that the final step in Solanum quitoense acylinositol biosynthesis evolved from an acylsucrose acetyltransferase enzyme.

scholarly journals Sclareol and linalyl acetate are produced by glandular trichomes through the MEP pathway

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Camille Chalvin ◽  
Stéphanie Drevensek ◽  
Françoise Gilard ◽  
Caroline Mauve ◽  
Christel Chollet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Localization ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Enzyme Inhibitors ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Ionization Mass ◽  
Specialized Metabolites ◽  
Methylerythritol Phosphate ◽  
Feeding Experiments ◽  
Salvia Sclarea

AbstractSclareol, an antifungal specialized metabolite produced by clary sage, Salvia sclarea, is the starting plant natural molecule used for the hemisynthesis of the perfume ingredient ambroxide. Sclareol is mainly produced in clary sage flower calyces; however, the cellular localization of the sclareol biosynthesis remains unknown. To elucidate the site of sclareol biosynthesis, we analyzed its spatial distribution in the clary sage calyx epidermis using laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (LDI–FTICR-MSI) and investigated the expression profile of sclareol biosynthesis genes in isolated glandular trichomes (GTs). We showed that sclareol specifically accumulates in GTs’ gland cells in which sclareol biosynthesis genes are strongly expressed. We next isolated a glabrous beardless mutant and demonstrate that more than 90% of the sclareol is produced by the large capitate GTs. Feeding experiments, using 1-13C-glucose, and specific enzyme inhibitors further revealed that the methylerythritol-phosphate (MEP) biosynthetic pathway is the main source of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) precursor used for the biosynthesis of sclareol. Our findings demonstrate that sclareol is an MEP-derived diterpene produced by large capitate GTs in clary sage emphasing the role of GTs as biofactories dedicated to the production of specialized metabolites.

scholarly journals Evolution of metabolic novelty: A trichome-expressed invertase creates specialized metabolic diversity in wild tomato

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. eaaw3754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan J. Leong ◽  
Daniel B. Lybrand ◽  
Yann-Ru Lou ◽  
Pengxiang Fan ◽  
Anthony L. Schilmiller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Gland Cell ◽  
Metabolic Enzyme ◽  
South American ◽  
Metabolic Diversity ◽  
Solanum Pennellii ◽  
Wild Tomato ◽  
Specialized Metabolites ◽  
New Class ◽  
In The Wild

Plants produce a myriad of taxonomically restricted specialized metabolites. This diversity—and our ability to correlate genotype with phenotype—makes the evolution of these ecologically and medicinally important compounds interesting and experimentally tractable. Trichomes of tomato and other nightshade family plants produce structurally diverse protective compounds termed acylsugars. While cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) strictly accumulates acylsucroses, the South American wild relative Solanum pennellii produces copious amounts of acylglucoses. Genetic, transgenic, and biochemical dissection of the S. pennellii acylglucose biosynthetic pathway identified a trichome gland cell–expressed invertase-like enzyme that hydrolyzes acylsucroses (Sopen03g040490). This enzyme acts on the pyranose ring–acylated acylsucroses found in the wild tomato but not on the furanose ring–decorated acylsucroses of cultivated tomato. These results show that modification of the core acylsucrose biosynthetic pathway leading to loss of furanose ring acylation set the stage for co-option of a general metabolic enzyme to produce a new class of protective compounds.

scholarly journals Evolution of metabolic novelty: a trichome-expressed invertase creates specialized metabolic diversity in wild tomato

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan J. Leong ◽  
Daniel Lybrand ◽  
Yann-Ru Lou ◽  
Pengxiang Fan ◽  
Anthony L. Schilmiller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Gland Cell ◽  
Metabolic Enzyme ◽  
South American ◽  
Metabolic Diversity ◽  
Solanum Pennellii ◽  
Wild Tomato ◽  
Specialized Metabolites ◽  
New Class ◽  
In The Wild

AbstractPlants produce myriad taxonomically restricted specialized metabolites. This diversity – and our ability to correlate genotype with phenotype – makes the evolution of these ecologically and medicinally important compounds interesting and experimentally tractable. Trichomes of tomato and other nightshade family plants produce structurally diverse protective compounds termed acylsugars. While cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) accumulates strictly acylsucroses, the South American wild relative Solanum pennellii produces copious amounts of acylglucoses. Genetic, transgenic and biochemical dissection of the S. pennellii acylglucose biosynthetic pathway identified a trichome gland cell expressed invertase-like enzyme that hydrolyzes acylsucroses (Sopen03g040490). This enzyme acts on the pyranose ring-acylated acylsucroses found in the wild tomato but not the furanose ring-decorated acylsucroses of cultivated tomato. These results show that modification of the core acylsucrose biosynthetic pathway leading to loss of furanose ring acylation set the stage for co-option of a general metabolic enzyme to produce a new class of protective compounds.

scholarly journals The biosynthetic pathway of potato solanidanes diverged from that of spirosolanes due to evolution of a dioxygenase

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryota Akiyama ◽  
Bunta Watanabe ◽  
Masaru Nakayasu ◽  
Hyoung Jae Lee ◽  
Junpei Kato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicum ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Potato Breeding ◽  
Chemical Diversity ◽  
Evolutionary Divergence ◽  
Food Crop ◽  
Common Pathway ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
Key Enzyme

AbstractPotato (Solanum tuberosum), a worldwide major food crop, produces the toxic, bitter tasting solanidane glycoalkaloids α-solanine and α-chaconine. Controlling levels of glycoalkaloids is an important focus on potato breeding. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) contains a bitter spirosolane glycoalkaloid, α-tomatine. These glycoalkaloids are biosynthesized from cholesterol via a partly common pathway, although the mechanisms giving rise to the structural differences between solanidane and spirosolane remained elusive. Here we identify a 2-oxoglutarate dependent dioxygenase, designated as DPS (Dioxygenase for Potato Solanidane synthesis), that is a key enzyme for solanidane glycoalkaloid biosynthesis in potato. DPS catalyzes the ring-rearrangement from spirosolane to solanidane via C-16 hydroxylation. Evolutionary divergence of spirosolane-metabolizing dioxygenases contributes to the emergence of toxic solanidane glycoalkaloids in potato and the chemical diversity in Solanaceae.

scholarly journals Molecular variability in Amerindians: widespread but uneven information

2002 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
FRANCISCO M. SALZANO
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Ancient Dna ◽  
Genetic Heterogeneity ◽  
Applied Research ◽  
South American ◽  
Chromosome Variation ◽  
North Central ◽  
Molecular Variability ◽  
Present Trend ◽  
Made In

A review was made in relation to the molecular variability present in North, Central, and South American Indian populations. It involved results from ancient DNA, mitochondrial DNA in extant populations, HLA and other autosomal markers, X and Y chromosome variation, as well as data from parasitic viruses which could show coevolutionary changes. The questions considered were their origin, ways in which the early colonization of the continent took place, types and levels of the variability which developed, peculiarities of the Amerindian evolutionary processes, and eventual genetic heterogeneity which evolved in different geographical areas. Although much information is already available, it is highly heterogeneous in relation to populations and types of genetic systems investigated. Unfortunately, the present trend of favoring essentially applied research suggest that the situation will not basically improve in the future.

scholarly journals Mechanical distribution of beneficial arthropods in greenhouse and open field: A review

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita Papa ◽  
Giuseppe Manetto ◽  
Emanuele Cerruto ◽  
Sabina Failla
Keyword(s):  
Food Production ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Collective Consciousness ◽  
Agricultural Activities ◽  
Beneficial Arthropods ◽  
Sustainable Food ◽  
Mechanical Devices ◽  
Beneficial Organisms ◽  
Made In

In the last decades, political policies and collective consciousness focused on the importance of sustainable food and environmentally friendly approaches in agriculture. Distribution of beneficial organisms is a very important factor in integrated pest management, and mechanical release could improve application uniformity as well as reduce costs and working time. Several mechanisation experiences have been carried out through the years, however none of them has still found a massive application in common agricultural practices. This review paper analyses all the efforts made in this direction, by evaluating main strengths and weakness points of manually brought, tractor mounted, or aerial mechanical devices. In this way development opportunities can be identified, in a field that could achieve a substantial role in food production and agricultural activities while respecting the environment and human health.

scholarly journals Recognized and Emerging Features of Erythropoietic and X-Linked Protoporphyria

Diagnostics ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 151
Author(s):  
Elena Di Pierro ◽  
Francesca Granata ◽  
Michele De Canio ◽  
Mariateresa Rossi ◽  
Andrea Ricci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Aminolevulinic Acid ◽  
Protoporphyrin Ix ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Zinc Protoporphyrin ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
Inherited Disorders ◽  
Rate Limiting ◽  
Systemic Accumulation ◽  
Made In

Erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) and X-linked protoporphyria (XLP) are inherited disorders resulting from defects in two different enzymes of the heme biosynthetic pathway, i.e., ferrochelatase (FECH) and delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase-2 (ALAS2), respectively. The ubiquitous FECH catalyzes the insertion of iron into the protoporphyrin ring to generate the final product, heme. After hemoglobinization, FECH can utilize other metals like zinc to bind the remainder of the protoporphyrin molecules, leading to the formation of zinc protoporphyrin. Therefore, FECH deficiency in EPP limits the formation of both heme and zinc protoporphyrin molecules. The erythroid-specific ALAS2 catalyses the synthesis of delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), from the union of glycine and succinyl-coenzyme A, in the first step of the pathway in the erythron. In XLP, ALAS2 activity increases, resulting in the amplified formation of ALA, and iron becomes the rate-limiting factor for heme synthesis in the erythroid tissue. Both EPP and XLP lead to the systemic accumulation of protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) in blood, erythrocytes, and tissues causing the major symptom of cutaneous photosensitivity and several other less recognized signs that need to be considered. Although significant advances have been made in our understanding of EPP and XLP in recent years, a complete understanding of the factors governing the variability in clinical expression and the severity (progression) of the disease remains elusive. The present review provides an overview of both well-established facts and the latest findings regarding these rare diseases.

scholarly journals Initial Development of Carnival Fish of Sweet Water: Systematic Review of Literature

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-31
Author(s):  
Marcela Ribeiro Tosta ◽  
Mariane Leão Freitas ◽  
Rodrigo Diana Navarro
Keyword(s):  
Digestive System ◽  
South American ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Carnivorous Fish ◽  
Scientific Databases ◽  
Sweet Water ◽  
Carnivorous Species ◽  
Key Words Fish ◽  
Made In

The initial development of carnivorous fish in farms requires intensive care regarding nutrition and management, in order to avoid the stress that can lead to cannibalistic behavior, a major cause of mortality in larvae and juveniles of cultivated carnivorous species. The objective of this article was to evaluate the initial development of carnivorous freshwater fish in South American territory, focusing on the development of the digestive tract and feeding, through a systematic literature review, resulting from research in scientific databases, with the strategy of searching for the key-words: fish and larvae and development and digestive and Brazil and "name of the different species found", besides manual searches made in the bibliographical references of the articles selected. At the end of the selection, 17 articles, published between 2007 and 2017, were included in the review. It was verified that the ontological evaluation of the digestive system of the larvae’s is of major importance to adapt the nutritional management to the needs of the young animals, reaching higher productivity of carnivorous fish.

scholarly journals Reproduction of a South American population of pumpkinseed sunfish Lepomis gibbosus (Linnaeus) (Osteichthyes, Centrarchidae): a comparison with the European and North American populations

2005 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 477-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
André L. B. de Magalhães ◽  
Thiago F. Ratton
Keyword(s):  
Gonadosomatic Index ◽  
Brazilian Population ◽  
Lepomis Gibbosus ◽  
South American ◽  
South American Population ◽  
Multiple Spawning ◽  
Pumpkinseed Sunfish ◽  
Introduced Populations ◽  
Egg Diameter ◽  
Made In

The reproductive biology of the introduced pumpkinseed sunfish Lepomis gibbosus (Linnaeus, 1758) in the Custódio's Dam, rio Doce high basin, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil was studied from February/2001 to March/2002 and compared with introduced and native populations. Reproduction occurred almost along the entire period of study with a high frequency of fishes in the advanced ripening/mature and spawned/spent stages. The microscopic analyses indicated that the pumpkinseed sunfish presents multiple spawning. The egg diameter of the Brazilian population is similar to the Spanish, Greek and American ones. The standard length at maturity and the gonadosomatic index of the introduced populations are smaller when compared with native ones. The spawning season of the Brazilian population was the longest among all comparisons made in the present work.

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